Particulate Matter in
New Haven:
Local Diesel Sources and Solutions
A Project of Environment Northeast’s
New England Diesel Initiative
26 October, 2004
Conclusions
„
New Haven is home to significant heavy duty diesel
traffic
„
Diesel traffic in New Haven generates fine particulate
matter (PM2.5) and ultrafine particulate matter pollution
which:
„
contributes to elevated levels of air pollution
is known to harm human health
Solutions – cleaner fuels, retrofit emission controls, and
reduced idling –
are readily available and affordable
will significantly cut local diesel particulate matter pollution, and
will improve local air quality and human health
2
Why Here, Why Now, Why Diesel?
„
Public health and environmental objectives
New Haven is experiencing high levels of fine particulate air pollution and high
rates of respiratory illness
EPA preliminary designation of “non-attainment” for PM2.5
City of New Haven and the State of Connecticut are pursuing climate change
goals
„
Diesels emit high levels of fine particulates
„
Federal (EPA) rules do not adequately reduce pollution from
currently “in-use” heavy duty diesel engines, which last decades
„
Linked to respiratory illness
Linked to cancer and heart attacks
Linked to global warming
EPA rules only apply to “new” engine sales
New heavy duty diesels sold later the decade will be 90% cleaner than “in-use”
diesels
New fuels and technologies make diesel solutions achievable
3
PM2.5 = Fine particulate matter
Microscopic particles penetrate deep into lung tissue
Hair cross section (60 µm)
Human Hair
(60 µm diameter)
Source: U.S. EPA
PM10
(10 µm)
PM2.5
(2.5 µm)
4
Diesels contribute to local health risk
„
New Haven
18%
of school aged children have asthma
Highest asthma hospitalization rate in the
state
„
Connecticut
202,000
adults and 75,000 children with
asthma
Elevated levels of PM2.5 along highway
corridors
5
PM2.5 air pollution is linked to:
„
Premature death from heart and lung
disease
„
Aggravation of heart and lung diseases
Hospital admissions
Doctor and ER visits
Medication use
School and work absences
„
And possibly to
Lung cancer deaths
Infant mortality
Developmental problems, such as low
birth weight in children
Source: US EPA
6
Diesel PM contributes to local haze
Hartford
Hourly
conc. of
fine
particles –
4 µg/m3
Oct. 8, 2002
4 p.m. EDT
Hourly
conc. of
fine
particles –
24 µg/m3
Hartford
Oct. 2, 2002
4 p.m. EDT
Source: CT DEP
7
CT among highest exposures to Diesel PM
8
New Haven Area PM 2.5
Ag Station
New Haven 12.2 ug/m3
Mill Rock Basin
Hamden 12.6 ug/m3
State Street
New Haven 14.2 ug/m3
Stiles Street
New Haven 15.7 ug/m3
Toll Plaza
West Haven 13.6 ug/m3
Woodward Fire House
New Haven 11.9 ug/m3
PM2.5 Monitor Location
Apr-Sept 2003 avg. from DEP air quality monitors located in New Haven. The annual federal
standard is 15 ug (micrograms). EPA may lower standard in future. Map Source: CT DEP.
9
PM2.5 levels in New Haven
A Bad Week in 2003 (State St. Monitor)
100
O ffic ia l D E P A m b ie n t A ir Q u a lity
R e a d in g s fo r th e W o rk W e e k o f
O c t. 6 -1 0 , 2 0 0 3
90
80
C u rre n t E P A s ta n d a rd fo r 1 -d a y a v g .
60
50
40
P o s s ib le n e w s ta n d a rd
fo r 1 -d a y a vg .
30
20
C u rre n t E P A s ta n d a rd fo r 1 2 -m o n th a v g .
10
P o s s ib le n e w s ta n d a rd fo r 1 2 -m o n th a v g .
0
3: 0
0
6: 0
0
9: 0
12 00
:
1 5 00
:
1 8 00
:
2 1 00
:0
0: 0
0
3: 0
0
6: 0
0
9: 0
12 00
:
1 5 00
:
1 8 00
:
2 1 00
:0
0: 0
0
3: 0
0
6: 0
0
9: 0
12 00
:
1 5 00
:
1 8 00
:
2 1 00
:0
0: 0
0
3: 0
0
6: 0
0
9: 0
12 00
:
1 5 00
:
1 8 00
:
2 1 00
:0
0: 0
0
3: 0
0
6: 0
0
9: 0
12 00
:
1 5 00
:
1 8 00
:
2 1 00
:0
0
0
0:
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
70
M on.
O c t. 6
Tue.
O c t. 7
W ed.
O c t. 8
T h u rs .
O c t. 9
F ri.
O c t. 1 0
10
Repercussions
of air pollution problem in CT
„
EPA preliminary designation of “non-attainment”
for PM2.5 in New Haven and Fairfield Counties
Final
determination in November ’04
„
EPA designated all of CT in “non-attainment” for
ozone
„
American Lung Association report card
CT
received an “F” for air quality
11
Citizen Monitoring
Project
May 4-6, 2004
October 26, 2003
Monitoring Local Sources
Environment Northeast is implementing a project to identify and
report local sources of particulate pollution in New Haven while
involving local constituencies.
„
„
„
Raise awareness about the problem and
solution
Build local constituencies
Identify priority local opportunities to cut pollution
study
target areas of town
study different vehicle types
„
Report findings to City’s Clean Air Initiative Diesel Reduction Strategy, and state
policymakers
13
Gathering Data
Volunteers helped experts monitor particulate matter (PM) levels in the
air near where diesel vehicles operate
„
Volunteers from:
„
Technical Experts
„
Clean Air Task Force
Environment and Human Health, Inc.
Project Organizer
„
New Haven Environmental Justice
Network
Common Ground High School
Conn. Fund for the Environment
Archdiocese of Hartford Office of
Urban Affairs
Cold Spring School 4th and 5th
Graders
Sierra Club
Environment Northeast
Dates
October 26, 2003
May 4, 5, and 6, 2004
14
Findings:
Graphs and Images
PM2.5 and Ultrafine Particle
Measurements, May 4-6, 2004
Inquiry 1 – Construction
Inquiry 2 – Other Industrial Diesels
Inquiry 3 – Public Transportation
Inquiry 4 – School Buses
Summary Findings
„
Construction and Other Industrial Diesels
The concentration of construction work and local industrial diesel
traffic in New Haven contributes to high PM2.5 levels in
residential neighborhoods
Super-emitting diesels cause very high PM2.5 readings, and are
avoiding detection/enforcement
„
Public Transportation
Diesel trains idling at Union Station are causing high PM2.5
levels near apartments across the street
Older CT Transit and other buses cause high curbside PM2.5
readings
„
School Buses
„
Cause high curbside PM2.5 readings at morning drop-off and
afternoon-pickup, but problem should be addressed with planned
retrofits
For more info, see “Detailed Findings,” below.
16
Inquiry 1 -Construction
Non-Road
Equipment
Dump Trucks
Profile: Dump Truck
Forbes Commons Apartments
P M 2 .5
U ltra fin e
50
Monitors
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
1 0 :2 1 :0 0
Vehicle Passing
Monitor
Before
1 0 :2 1 :1 0
1 0 :2 1 :2 0
1 0 :2 1 :3 0
1 0 :2 1 :4 0
After
1 0 :2 1 :5 0
50000
0
1 0 :2 2 :0 0
18
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
45
500000
Episode: Construction Traffic
Forbes Commons Apartments
P M 2.5
U ltrafine
50
45
red
dum p
truck
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
35
20
400000
350000
orange
tanker
truck
30
25
450000
300000
green
dum p
truck
new
transit
bus
250000
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
10:15
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
40
brow n
dum p
truck
500000
red
dum p
truck
50000
10:16
10:17
10:18
10:19
10:20
10:21
10:22
10:23
10:24
0
10:25
19
Episode: Construction
Frontage Ave, Q Bridge Work
P M 2 .5
U ltra fin e
(1 0 9 )
(7 0 )
50
500000
Excavator
fills idling
dump truck
45
40
450000
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
Excavator
Idling
15
150000
10
100000
00
9:
:2
13
13
:2
8:
00
00
13
:2
7:
00
6:
:2
13
13
:2
5:
00
00
13
:2
4:
00
3:
:2
13
13
:2
2:
00
13
:2
1:
00
0:
:2
13
13
:1
9:
00
8:
:1
13
13
:1
7:
00
6:
:1
13
5:
:1
13
00
0
00
0
00
50000
00
5
20
Inquiry 2 -Other Industrial Diesels
Solid Waste Haulers
Fuel Tankers
Cement Mixers
Solid Waste Hauler
Intersection of Forbes Ave. and Stiles St.
U ltra fin e s
PM2.5 (um/m^3)
(3 2 6 )
(8 9 )
50
500000
45
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
7 :4 8 :0 5
50000
7 :4 8 :1 5
7 :4 8 :2 5
7 :4 8 :3 5
7 :4 8 :4 5
7 :4 8 :5 5
0
7 :4 9 :0 5
22
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
P M 2 .5
Fuel Tanker
Stiles St. On-ramp
PM2.5
50
Ultrafines
500000
(482)
45
40
400000
30
300000
25
20
200000
15
10
100000
5
0
8:43:00
8:43:15
8:43:30
8:43:45
8:44:00
Time
8:44:15
8:44:30
8:44:45
0
8:45:00
23
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
35
Profile: Cement Mixer
Intersection of Forbes Ave and Stiles St.
P M 2.5
D epart
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
(89)
(77)
50
500000
45
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
9:51:00
50000
9:51:15
9:51:30
9:51:45
9:52:00
T im e
9:52:15
9:52:30
9:52:45
0
9:53:00
24
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
Arrive @ red light
U ltrafines
Profile: Cement Mixer (2)
Corner of East St. and Chapel St.
PM 2.5
Ultrafine
(83)
50
500000
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
Depart
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
11:01:00
50000
11:01:15
11:01:30
11:01:45
11:02:00
Tim e
11:02:15
11:02:30
11:02:45
0
11:03:00
25
Ultrafine (particles/cc)
Arrive @
red light
45
Episode: Industrial Trucks
Woodward School on Forbes Ave.
26
Episode: Three Trucks
Woodward School on Forbes Ave.
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
50
Ultras
500000
Three trucks arrive/depart at red light
45
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
10:05:00
50000
10:05:10
10:05:20
10:05:30
10:05:40
10:05:50
0
10:06:00
27
Ultrafine (particles/cc)
PM2.5
Episode: Waste Hauler + Delivery Truck
Arrive/depart intersection of Forbes Ave. and Stiles St.
P M 2.5
S cale
C hanged
from 50
500000
(2,695)
450000
2500
400000
350000
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
2000
300000
250000
1500
200000
1000
150000
100000
500
Standard S cale = 50
0
8:43:00
8:43:15
8:43:30
8:43:45
8:44:00
50000
8:44:15
8:44:30
8:44:45
0
8:45:00
28
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
3000
U ltrafine
Cumulative Effect - PM2.5
Intersection of Forbes Ave. and Stiles St.
P M 2 .5
5 m in . m o v . a v g .
(7 2 )
50
45
40
35
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
30
25
20
15
10
5
1 -h r. a v g . = 1 1
1 -h r. a v g . = 1 2 .5
1 -h r. a v g . = 1 7
30
:0
9:
0
:3
10
59
9:
49
:3
0
0
9:
:3
39
9:
29
:3
0
0
9:
:3
19
9:
09
:3
0
0
9:
:3
59
8:
49
:3
0
0
8:
39
:3
0
8:
:3
29
8:
19
:3
0
0
8:
:3
09
8:
59
:3
0
0
7:
49
:3
0
7:
:3
39
7:
:3
29
7:
7:
19
:3
0
0
0
29
Cumulative Effect - Ultrafines
Intersection of Forbes Ave. and Stiles St.
U ltra fin e s
5 m in . m o v. a vg .
5 00 00 0
4 50 00 0
4 00 00 0
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
3 50 00 0
3-hour
average
= 97,000
3 00 00 0
2 50 00 0
2 00 00 0
1 50 00 0
1 00 00 0
50 00 0
0
7:2 0:0 0
7 :40 :00
8 :00 :00
8:2 0:0 0
8 :40 :00
9 :00 :00
9:2 0:0 0
9 :40 :00
1 0:0 0:0 0
1 0:2 0:00
30
Industrial Traffic @ Forbes Commons Apts.
31
Inquiry 3 -Public Transportation
Trains
Transit
Buses
Cumulative Effect -- PM2.5
Passenger Trains @ Union Station
PM 2.5
(161)
5 m in. m ov. avg.
(228)
(127)
50
45
Idling Trains
40
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
9:30:00
9:40:00
9:50:00
10:00:00
10:10:00
10:20:00
10:30:00
10:40:00
10:50:00
11:00:00
11:10:00
33
Profile: Older CT Transit Bus
Bus Stop on The Green
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
50
U ltra fin e
500000
(1 5 2 )
45
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
1 0 :0 7 :4 5
50000
1 0 :0 7 :5 5
1 0 :0 8 :0 5
1 0 :0 8 :1 5
1 0 :0 8 :2 5
1 0 :0 8 :3 5
0
1 0 :0 8 :4 5
34
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
P M 2 .5
Profile: Transit Bus (#471)
Bus Stop on The Green
U ltra fin e
50
500000
45
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
9 :3 3 :3 0
50000
9 :3 3 :4 0
9 :3 3 :5 0
9 :3 4 :0 0
9 :3 4 :1 0
9 :3 4 :2 0
0
9 :3 4 :3 0
35
Ultrafine (particles/cc)
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
P M 2 .5
Profile: New Haven Bus Service
Chapel Street, Downtown
U ltra fin es
45
4 500 00
40
4 000 00
35
3 500 00
30
3 000 00
25
2 500 00
20
2 000 00
15
1 500 00
10
1 000 00
55
8:
:3
11
11
:3
8:
35
8:
:3
11
11
:3
8:
15
8:
:3
11
11
:3
8:
55
7:
:3
11
11
:3
7:
35
11
:3
7:
25
7:
:3
11
45
0
25
0
05
5 000 0
45
5
7:
:3
11
5 000 00
(112)
15
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
50
36
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
P M 2.5
Episode: Transit Bus Queue
Temple St. Bus Stop on The Green
(122) (155)
(143)
50
5 m in.
average = 32
45
40
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7:48:00
(m ultiple buses arrive, queue w hile
passengers get on and off, and idle)
7:49:00
7:50:00
1 hr. average at
sam e location 4
hours later = 15.5
7:51:00
7:52:00
7:53:00
37
Cumulative Effect – PM2.5
Rush Hour @ Bus Stop on The Green
P M 2.5
(163)
50
5 m in. m ov. avg
(240)
(167)
45
40
35
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
30
25
20
15
10
5
30
4:
:3
11
11
:1
4:
30
30
4:
:5
10
10
:3
4:
30
30
:1
10
54
9:
T im e
4:
0
:3
0
9:
34
:3
0
9:
14
:3
0
8:
54
:3
0
8:
34
:3
0
:3
14
8:
7:
54
:3
0
7:
34
:3
0
:3
14
7:
0
0
38
Cumulative Effect – Ultrafines
Rush Hour @ Bus Stop on The Green
U ltrafin e s
5 m in . m o v. a vg .
50 000 0
45 000 0
35 000 0
30 000 0
25 000 0
20 000 0
15 000 0
10 000 0
50 00 0
31
11
:3
4:
31
4:
:1
11
10
:5
4:
31
31
10
:3
4:
31
4:
:1
10
9:
54
:3
1
1
:3
34
9:
9:
14
:3
1
1
8:
54
:3
1
:3
34
8:
8:
14
:3
1
1
7:
54
:3
1
:3
34
7:
14
:3
1
0
7:
Ultrafines (particles/cc)
40 000 0
39
Trailing a Transit Bus in Traffic
through downtown New Haven
PM2.5
Ultrafines
50
500000
45
450000
40
400000
35
350000
30
300000
25
250000
20
200000
15
150000
10
100000
5
0
15:32:00
50000
15:33:00
15:34:00
15:35:00
15:36:00
0
15:37:00 40
Inquiry 4 -School Buses
Profile: School Bus
High School in the Community
Drop Off Area
50
45
Bus
arrives
Drop
off
Control Area
Bus
departs
40
PM2.5 ug/m^3
35
30
Instrument located
by school front door
25
20
15
10
Instrument located at
back of parking lot
5
0
7:11:26
7:11:31
7:11:36
7:11:41
7:11:46
7:11:51
7:11:56
42
Episode: School Bus Pickup
East Rock Magnet School (Oct. 2003)
P M 2 .5
5 m in. m o v. avg.
(311)
(90)
(174)
(111)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
4-6 S chool
B uses Q ueued,
N ot R unning
15
10
S chool B uses S tart E ngines, Load
O ne at a T im e, D epart W hen F ull
5
0
1 3:31 :3 0
13 :4 1:30
1 3:51 :30
14 :0 1 :3 0
Last B us
D eparts
43
Detailed Findings
Findings – Construction Diesels
„
Excavators, bulldozers, and dump trucks on the job site of the Q Bridge
project are active in East Haven, Fair Haven, and moving toward downtown
New Haven
„
Dump trucks travel from the job site through neighborhood streets
„
Curbside PM2.5 readings doubled
„
Notable “sensitive receptors” include Forbes Commons Apartments, Forbes
Diner, workers at New Haven Terminal
„
when an excavator filled an idling dump truck (this compared 1-minute averages
before, during and after excavator was in operation)
At least 4 secondary schools are located within ¼ mile of upcoming Q Bridge
construction
The steady traffic and emissions of local heavy duty diesels around the New
Haven Terminal and Forbes Avenue are compounded by
diesel emissions from advancing construction on the Q Bridge project and
interstate highway trucks
45
Findings – Other Industrial Diesels
„
Solid waste haulers, fuel tankers and cement mixers concentrate
around the New Haven Terminal and Forbes Ave.
Traffic – 168.2 industrial trucks/hour crossed the intersection of Forbes
Ave. and Stiles St.
Curbside PM2.5 measurements @ Corner of Forbes and Stiles
„
„
„
„
Curbside ultrafine particle measurements
„
„
„
Highest sustained 5-minute moving avg. PM2.5 = 72 ug/m3
Average from 7:20 am – 8:20 am = 11 ug/m3
Average from 8:20 am – 9:20 am = 17 ug/m3
Average over 3.5 hours = 13.4 ug/m3
counter maxed out the monitoring instruments at 500,000 particles/cc on 18
separate occasions from 7 – 10:30 a.m.
Average over 3.5 hours = 97,000 particles/cc
Numerous super-emitter (aka “smoker”) trucks passed from
industrial zone through residential neighborhood
Highest measured curbside PM2.5 level -- 3000 ug/m3
These trucks would NOT pass DMV emission (“opacity”) test but are not
being caught on local streets
46
Findings – Public Transportation
„
Trains at Union Station
Amtrak
and other trains idle in the yard for extended
periods
Large residential apartments are located within ¼
mile
Curbside PM2.5 measurements @ Union Ave.
„
2 hour average = 21.5 ug/m3
Curbside
„
Ultrafine measurements @ Union Ave.
2 hour average = 22,000 particles/cc
Cabin
air quality on diesel commuter trains has not
been measured
47
Findings – Public Transportation (2)
„
CT Transit Buses on The Green
There is a temporary cumulative effect around bus stops, which is
worse when buses queue at rush hour
„
PM2.5 measurements at @ Elm and Temple Streets
„
„
„
„
„
Roughly 20 buses/hr stop at Elm and Temple Street during this period
7:30-8:30 a.m. avg. = 22.5 ug/m3
11-noon avg. = 15.5 ug/m3
5-minute moving avg. PM2.5 rose 50% (to 32 ug/m3) as transit buses
queued to drop off and pick up commuters
Older CT Transit buses temporarily caused curbside PM2.5 levels to spike
from 13.5 ug/m3 to over 150 ug/m3.
The oldest CT Transit buses are recently retired, replaced with 20032004 buses. 20+ buses are from Model Year 1996-2000, some of
which are being replaced
Trailing a transit bus in traffic causes extended exposure to higher
PM2.5 levels
New Haven Bus Service and Yale buses
Tend to be older and more polluting
48
Findings – Public School Buses
„
Morning Drop-Off
„
„
Curbside PM2.5 increased about 50% as buses arrived/departed
at morning drop-off at H.S. in the Community
Afternoon pick-up @ East Rock School
Buses complied with anti-idling rule. While engines were off,
background levels of PM2.5 were about 15 ug/m3.
During 5-minute interval after buses started engines (but before
they departed), PM2.5 levels exceeded 50 ug/m3 more than 60
times
New Haven Ahead of the Curve
All New Haven school buses already use Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
Fuel
183 full size New Haven school buses will be retrofitted with
emission controls this year; smaller buses are already using
oxidation catalysts
49
Recommendations and
Next Steps
Recommendations
1. Construction and Highway Maintenance
On state owned, leased or contracted construction diesels and dump
trucks ...
require each engine to emit the lowest achievable particulate matter
levels using ...
„
ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) and the best available emission control
technology
„
filters if technically feasible, or oxidation catalysts if not
or any alternative that achieves an equivalent PM reduction
Allow exceptions, e.g., for small contracts
2. Other Industrial Trucks around New Haven
Terminal and Forbes Ave.
Enhance State inspection and maintenance program to catch and fix
“super-emitters”
Develop incentive program to retire/replace or retrofit of priority fleets
51
Recommendations in New Haven (2)
3. Public Transportation
Trains
Evaluate locomotive anti-idling options (APUs, electric, etc.)
Require the lowest achievable PM levels, using ULSD and retrofit emission
controls if technically feasible
Study cabin air quality on diesel lines
Buses
Replicate ConnDOT Stamford Program to New Haven Fleet
„ Convert all CT Transit buses to Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel
„ Retire/replace or retrofit filters onto 20+ CTTransit buses MY1996 – 2000
„ Phase in filters onto remainder of new (blue) buses
Encourage New Haven Bus Service to retrofit or retire dirty buses
4. School Buses
Complete planned retrofit and use of ULSD fuel
Consider needs/options for small buses and neighboring school districts
Encourage Yale to retrofit or retire dirty buses
52
Next Steps (1)
Outreach
„
Share results of this monitoring
Constituencies
„
„
„
„
Clean diesel advocates
Health care professionals
EJ community
School system
Policymakers
„
„
Mayor, City staff, Aldermen, State Legislators, Federal
Delegation
DEP, DOT, Dept. of Health, EPA
Opinion-makers
and the Media
53
Next Steps (2)
Policy Advocacy
„
State Legislation
Construction and Highway Maintenance
„
Public Transportation
„
„
Enhance identification and clean-up
City Policies
„
Set timetable for retrofitting all school buses in CT
“Super-emitters”
„
„
Trains – reduce idling, use low sulfur fuel, retrofit if feasible
Set timetable for CTTransit Buses to reach Best Available Control Technology standard
School Buses
„
Set rule for State owned and contracted fleets
Consider procurement rule for construction contracts
Retrofit other municipal fleets
Consider routing rules for industrial traffic
Federal
Coordinated effort to seek federal help addressing interstate sources (e.g., longhaul trucks, marine vessels) as well as in-state sources
Resist any rollback of EPA standards for “new” diesel engines
54
Next Steps (3)
Research and Analysis
„
Solutions:
settle
definition of Best Available Control Technology
establish appropriate timetables for implementation
identify financial incentives
devise means to enhance inspection/testing
„
„
„
Commuter train air cabin quality
Projected local health impacts of diesel
Other costs-benefits
55
Reference Info
Equipment
Instrumentation, technical support and video were provided by the
Clean Air Task Force
„
PM 2.5 Meter - DustTrak
„
Ultrafine Meter - PTrak
„
measures ultrafine particles
(<0.1 um or microns)
Units: number of particles
each second per cubic
centimeter
Black Carbon Aethelometer
„
measured PM 2.5 mass
units: micrograms per cubic
meter (ug/m3)
NOT calibrated to DEP units
marker for diesel PM
results not reported here
Digital video and cameras
57
Calibration
Divide by 2 – Raw measurements of PM2.5 mass from the DustTrak were
divided by two as an approximate calibration to DEP hourly monitoring
data.
„
“DustTrak reported higher PM2.5 concentrations than
collocated 12-hr PM2.5 PEM samples, by approximately
a factor of 2.”
„
Li-Te Chang et al, “Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Measurement Methods for One-Hour
Exposures to O3, PM2.5, and CO,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
Volume 51, October 2001, p. 1414
See also, Levy, J., “Fine Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Concentration Patterns in Roxbury, Massachusetts: A Community-Based GIS Analysis,”
Environmental Health Perspectives , VOLUME 109, NUMBER 4, April 2001, p. 342
DustTrak is calibrated by the manufacturer using emery oil aerosol and nominally adjusted to
respirable mass of standard ISO 12103-1, A1 test dust (Arizona test dust).
All graphs in the Environment Northeast presentations of
New Haven monitoring reflect this calculation
58
Baseline Reference
DEP Downtown PM2.5 Levels during 3 days of ENE project
P M 2 .5 - M a y 4 -6 , 2 0 0 4
45
M ay 4
M ay 5
M ay 6
40
35
Conditions dry, cool, breezy
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
PM2.5 (ug/m^3)
30
End
heavy
ra in ,
som e
w in d
H our of Day
Calibration to ENE results would require simultaneous measurements in identical locations. This
was not done. ENE results are best used to show relative changes over time.
59
Contacts
Michael Stoddard
Madeleine Weil
mstoddard@env-ne.org
mweil@env-ne.org
(207) 761-4566
(203) 495-8224
101 Whitney Ave.
New Haven, CT 06511
www.env-ne.org