: Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƩơDŽƴǼŭơ ǂǐƷ ǵƢǷȋơ ńƛ Ǫȇǂǘdzơȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơȁ
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ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƧǁƢººƴƬǴdz ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ǶººǷȋơ ǂººŤƚǷ ƩơDŽƴǼŭơ ǂǐƷ :Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǵƢǷȋơ ńƛ Ǫȇǂǘdzơȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƧǁƢººƴƬǴdz ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ǶººǷȋơ ǂººŤƚǷ ƩơDŽƴǼŭơ ǂǐƷ :Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǵƢǷȋơ ńƛ Ǫȇǂǘdzơȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ÏÍÍÕ ǦȈǼƳȁ ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ii ƨǜƷȐǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǷȂǜǼǷ Ŀ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹȁƚnjdz ǪďLjǼŭơ ǁȁƾƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ǵȂǬȇ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƨƦǠºNj DZȐºƻ ǺǷ DzǸǠȇ Ȃǿȁ .śdzƢĐơ Ǻȇǀǿ Ŀ ƧŐŬơ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ÐÍ ńƛ ơƆƾǼƬLjǷ ƨǴǐºƬŭơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǶȀǧ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ȄǴǟ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơȁ ƢºȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơȁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƨƦǠNj ƾǟƢLjƫ ƢǸǯ .ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ DzǬǻȁ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƔƢǼƥ ȄǴǟȁ ǾǼǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơȁ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣǀƳ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ DzºǷƢǰƬǷ ƲȀºǼƥ ǀºƻȋơ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ Ƥ Č ǐǼȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈLjǧƢǼƬdzơ Ƣēǁƾǫȁ ƨȈƳƢƬǻȍơ Ƣēơǁƾǫ .ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ƩơǁƾǬdzơ ƔƢǼƥȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdz ƔƢǔƬǫȏơ ƤLjƷ ƆƢǔȇƗ Śnjȇ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǵăƾƼƬLjĄǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸƦLjƷ "ƾǴƥ" ƶǴǘǐǷȁ Ǒǂºǟ ƨºǬȇǂǗ Ŀ ȏȁ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨǷăƾƼƬLjƌŭơ ƩƢȈǸLjƬdzơ Ŀ džȈdzȁ ǪǗƢǼǷ ȁƗ ǶȈdzƢǫƗ ńƛ ňȂǻƢºǬdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǻƢǷȌdz ǹƢǯ ȅƗǁ ȅƗ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƢǷ ƢēƽƢǷ ȁƗ ƢºȀǷȂţ śȈºǠƫ ǹƘnjºƥ ȁƗ ƢȀºǼǷ ȅƗ ƩƢǘǴLjdz ȁƗ ƨǬǘǼǷ ȁƗ ƨǼȇƾǷ ȁƗ ǶȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ ƾǴƥ ȅȋ DzºǸǠdzơ ŚLjºȈƫ Ǒơǂǣȋ ȏƛ ƪLjȈdz ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƢǟȂǸů ƨȈǸLjƫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǥƢǔĄȇ .ƢǿƽȁƾƷ ƾºǴƥ ƢºȀǤǴƥ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ȅȂǘǼƫ ȏȁ ȆǴȈǴƸƬdzơ ȁƗ ȆƟƢǐƷȍơ .ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƨǬǘǼǷ ȁƗ ǾǼȈǠƥ :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǃȂǷǂdzơ DZȁơƾŪơ Ŀ ƪǷƾƼĄƬLJơ ƾǫȁ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƽǂƫ Ń ƢĔƗ ȁƗ ƨƷƢƬǷ Śǣ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ (..) ǹƢƬǘǬǼdzơ DZƾƫ ǺºǷ ǂǐºǼǟ ȅƘƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǻƢȈƦdzơ ǂǧơȂƫ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ DZȁơƾŪơ ǺǷ ǥȂǨǐdzơ ƪǧǀĄƷ Ǧǐdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƧƾȈǿǃ ǾƬǸȈǫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ơƆǂǨǏ ȅȁƢLjȇ ƾǼƦdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ (-) ƨǗǂnjdzơ DZƾƫȁ ƾǼƦdzơ ǩƢƦǘǻơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ DZȁƾŪơ Ŀ ǡơǂǨdzơ DZƾȇȁ ȄǴººǟ ÎÖÖÒ/ÎÖÖÑ DzưǷ ƩơȂǼLjdz ƨǴŏưǸŭơ ƺȇǁơȂƬdzơ śƥ (/) ƨǴƟƢŭơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ DZƾƫȁ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƨǼLJ ǹƗ ÎÖÖÒ-ÎÖÖÑ DzưǷ ƩơȂǼLjdz ƨǴưǸŭơ ƺȇǁơȂƬdzơ śƥ (-) ƨǴǏȂdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ řǠȇȁ ƔƢȀƬǻȏơ ƨǼLJȁ ƔƾƦdzơ ƨǼLJ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƢȀǴǸǯƘƥ ƨdzȂǸnjǷ Ƨƾŭơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ iii Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ǂǯǀĄȇ Ń ƢǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǁȏȁƽ "ǁȏȁƾdzơ" ƨǜǨǴƥ ƾǐǬĄȇȁ ǂǯǀºĄȇ Ń ƢºǷ ƨƦǯǂǷ ƨȇȂǼLJ ƩȏƾǠǷ ńƛ ŚǤƬdzơ ȁƗ ȂǸǼǴdz ƨȇȂǼLjdzơ ƩȏƾǠŭơ Śnjƫȁ Ǯdzƿ ǥȐƻ ǞººȈǷƢĐơ ƧǁȁǂºǔºdzƢƥ ȅȁƢLjƫ ȏ DZȁơƾŪơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȇȂƠŭơ ƤLjǼdzơȁ DzȈǏƢǨƬdzơȁ ƤȇǂǬƬdzơ Ȇǟơȁƾdz ȄºǴǟ Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƨǘȇǂNj ƨȇǂŞ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƽơȂŭơ DžƢƦƬǫơ ǃȂŸȁ .ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǾƳȂdzơ UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/2007/3 ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ A. 08.II.D.1 :ǞȈƦŭơ Ƕǫǁ ISBN A.978-92-1-611022-2 ISSN 1819-6535 ÏÍÍÕ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ǦȈdzƘƬdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ƨǛȂǨŰ ǩȂǬūơ ǞȈŦ ơǂLjȇȂLJ Ŀ ǞƦƌǗ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ iv ƾȈȀŤ ŘºǠĄȇ ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ ǀºȈǨǼƬƥ (ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ) ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷ ƨǻƢǷƗ ǵȂǬƫ ƨǯǁƢnjºŭơ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ńƛ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ơǀǿ ȆǷǂȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬƥ ǂȇȂǘƫȁ ƮŞ ƨǘnjǻƗ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƨǼǰŲ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ȄǐǫƘƥ ƽǁơȂºŭơ Ʃơǁƾºǫ ƔƢºǼƥȁ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƩƢLJơǁƽ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƽơƾǟƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjǴdz Ʃơǁȁƽȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ Ʃơȁƾǻȁ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƨȈLJơǁƽ ƩƢǬǴƷ ǶȈǜǼƫ DzǸnjƫ ǩǂǘƥ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ƔƢǼƥȁ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ .Ņȁƾdzơ ȆǷȂǰūơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƫ ƔƢǼƥ Ƕǟƽȁ ƨȈƦȇǁƾƫ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢLJơǁƽ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ǽǀǿȁ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨºƷȁǂǘŭơ ƢȇƢǔºǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ńƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ Ȇǿȁ .ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƨǴLjǴLjdzơ ǹƘNj ƢĔƘNj ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǴLjǴLjdzơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ǞLJȂƬƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Śºǣ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ȆǴưŲȁ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ Ŀ śȇǀȈǨǼƬdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơȁ śȈǷȂǰūơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ńƛ ƨȀċƳȂǷ .śưƷƢƦdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩȏƢǯȂdzơ ȆǨǛȂǷȁ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƱȂȀºǼdzơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƘnjǼƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬǴdz ǹǃơȂƬǷ DzȈǴŢ ƨƷƢƫƛ ńƛ ƨǴLjǴLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǥƾēȁ Ŀ ǵƢȀLJȍơ Ȃǿ ƢȀǼǷ ǑǂǤdzơȁ .ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƢǿŚƯƘƫȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƨǷăƾƼƬLjƌŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǶǿƢLjºƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƧǂǰƬƦƌŭơ ǁƢǰǧȋơȁ ƢȀǴǟƢǨƫȁ ƨƦǠǐdzơ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬǴdz DzǔǧƗ ǶȀǧ ǪȈǬŢ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ȅǁƢºǷƗ ȆǴȈǰȈƥ ǪȇǂǨdzơ Ƕǔȇȁ .ǹơǃ džǸȈƳ ǾLJƗǂȇ Ǫȇǂǧ ƨǴLjǴLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ƽơƾǟƛ ńȂƬȇȁ .ŐºȈǧ ǡǁȂȇȁ ȅǁ DzȈƬLJơ - ȅǁƢǷȁ DZǁƢǯ ǶȈǯơȂȇȁ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƾǷƢƷȁ ƪȇǂƥ - ǹƢƥȂƳ Ƣǻƕȁ ơĈǁƢƥ ȂȈǻȂǘǻƗȁ ȆǰLjǼȈǴNjȂǷ ǂƬȈƥȁ ǺȇȐǯ ǹȂƳȁ ǁȂƬǻƢǯ ǭǁƢǷ ǶȀǧ ƨǠƳơǂŭơ ƨǼŪ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƢǷƗ .ȅƾǴȈǨȇƾǻƢǧ ƮȈǼȈǯȁ ǽƢƳơǁƢǻǁȂºLJ .ǵȁ ĿȂLJ ŚȈƥȁ ǹƢǧȂLJ DZǁƢǯȁ ǹȂLjǼƥȁǁ ǮȇǂƫƢƥȁ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƽƢǨƬLJơȁ ȅƾǴȈǨȇƾǻƢǧ ƮȈǼȈǯ ƢǿƾǟƗ ƨǗȂǘű ńƛ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾǼƬLjƫȁ ƩƢºǿƢšȏơ :Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ" ǹƘnjƥ ƔơŐƼǴdz ǎǐű ǝƢǸƬƳơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƪȇƾƥƌƗ Ŗdzơ ȆǷȂǰūơ ƔơŐŬơ Ǫȇǂǧ ǝƢǸƬƳơ ƔƢǼƯƗȁ ÏÍÍÔ DžǁƢǷ/ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ƾǬĄǟ "ǁƢƯȉơȁ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơȁ Ŀ "Ņȁƾºdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƾºǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǁƢƯȉơ" ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǺºǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǬȈǴǠƫ Ʃƽǁȁȁ .ǦȈǼƳ Ŀ śǟƢǸƬƳȏơ Ȑǯ ƾǬĄǟ ƾǫȁ ÏÍÍÔ ǾȈǻȂȇ/ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ v DZǁƢºǯ ǶȈǯơȂºȇȁ ȆǓƢǬdzơ ƾǷƢƷ ǵƢǫȁ .ǂȇȁǂNj ǥȂƬLjȇǂǯȁ ǹȂLjǼƥȁǁ ǮȇǂƫƢƥȁ ǺȇȐǯ ǹȂƳ .ƨLJơǁƾǴdz ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǞǓȂƥ ŐȈǧ ǡǁȂȇȁ ƩƢºLJƢȈLJ ǞºǓȁ DZƢů Ŀ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƨdzƢƸǴdz ƪȈǫȂƬdzơ ƤLJƢǼǷ ƢƆǸȈȈǬƫ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾǬƫȁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ DZƢů Ŀ ƧƽċƾĐơ ǾƬȇȏȁ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ǝȁǂNj ǞǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .(ÎÒÎ ƧǂǬǨdzơ) ơǂǯƗ ǩƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ȅƾǯƢƦnjƬȈǻƢƥ ȅƢnjƫƢƥȂLJ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz ǵƢǠdzơ śǷȋơ ÏÍÍÕ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǦȈǼƳ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ v ................................................................ ƾ ȈȀŤ Î ....................................................... ȅǀȈǨǼƫ DŽƳȂǷ Ò ............................................................... ƨǷƾǬǷ Ô ............. ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ŃƢǠdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ - ƆȏȁƗ Ô ÎÍ .............................. ÎÖÕÖ - ÎÖÑÒ :ńȁȋơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ - ǦdzƗ ................... ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ ŕƷ ÎÖÕÖ ǺǷ :ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ - ƔƢƥ ÎÒ . ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǞǴǘǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ - ƢƆȈǻƢƯ ÎÒ ÎÒ ÎÒ ÎÖ ÏÍ ÏÍ ÏÍ ÏÏ ÏÐ ÏÑ ÏÑ ÏÔ ÏÖ ÐÎ ........................... ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǁȂǘƫ - ǦdzƗ ........... ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠdz ǂǸƬLjŭơ ǞLJȂƬdzơ -Î .......................ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ (Ɨ) ...................... œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ (ƣ) ............. ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ (Ʊ) ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫ ƾºȇơDŽƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǩƢǘǻ ǝƢLjƫơ -Ï ................................. ƢȀǴǟƢǨƫ ǾƳȁƗȁ ƢȀǟȂǼƫȁ .................. ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǩƢǘǻ (Ɨ) .................. ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƾȈǬǠƫ (ƣ ) .................. ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǝȂǼƫ (Ʊ) .....ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Dzƻơƽ DzǟƢǨƬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ (ƽ) ........................ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ -Ð .............................ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ǁȁƾdzơ -Ñ .............. ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ƽơƾƫǁơ ǁƽơȂƥ -Ò .......... ŅƢūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠdz ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƩƢǸLjdzơ - ƔƢƥ (A) GE.08-51161 031208 091208 Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ viii (ǞƥƢƫ) ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢºǬǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ŀ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ - ƆƢưdzƢƯ ÐÔ ................. ................................ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ÐÔ ...................................... ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ - ǦdzƗ ÐÖ ÑÍ ÑÍ ÑÔ ÑÖ ÒÎ ÒÐ ÒÓ ÒÔ ÒÕ ..................................... ȃȂƬƄƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ................................. ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ DŽȇDŽǠƫ -Î .................. ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢǸƬdz ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƽƢǠƥȋơ (Ɨ) .............................ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ƨȈŷƗ (ƣ) ............................... ƨǼǰǸŭơ ƱȐǠdzơ ǾƳȁƗ (Ʊ) .... ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƨǻǃơȂŭơ -Ï ................ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨǤȈǏ Ŀ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ (Ɨ) ..................... ƩƢǯǂnjǴdz ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ (ƣ ) .............................................ǁƢƯȉơ (Ʊ) ............ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ -Ð ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨºLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ (Ɨ) ........................................... ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾºǠĄƦdzơ DŽºȇDŽǠƬdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ (ƣ ) ............................ ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .......... ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǝơȂǻȋơ (Ʊ) ........................ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨǴȇƾƦdzơ DzƦLjdzơ (ƽ) ÒÕ ÒÖ ÓÍ ÓÎ - ƔƢƥ ÓÒ .......... ................................ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ǩƢǧƕ - ƆƢǠƥơǁ ÓÔ ........................ ................................ ǞƳơǂŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz ƧǁƢƬű ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ ÓÔ ................. ................................ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ÕÐ ........................ ................................ ǹƢȈƦƬLJơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ix (ǞƥƢƫ) ƩƢȇȂƬƄơ ƩơǁƢǗȍơ ÑÐ ................. ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ -Î ǁƢǗȍơ DZƢǰNjȋơ ÎÓ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ DZơȂǷƗ Džȁƙǁ Ŀ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ -Î Dzǰnjdzơ .......................... (ÏÍÍÔ -ÎÖÓÍ) ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ÎÓ ... (ÏÍÍÔ ƨȇƢĔ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ -Ï Dzǰnjdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ ƨºǷŐŭơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢºǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ ƽƾºǟ -Ð Dzǰnjdzơ ÎÔ ........................................ (ÏÍÍÔ-ÎÖÓÍ) ÎÕ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ" ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨº ȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢº ǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ -Ñ Dzǰnjdzơ .................... (ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ŕƷ) "ńȁȋơ ƧǂnjǠdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤºLjƷ ƨºǷŐŭơ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ ƽƾºǟ -Ò Dzǰnjdzơ ÎÖ .......................................... ÏÍÍÔ -ÎÖÓÍ ÏÎ ... ÏÍÍÔ-ÎÖÓÍ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȂŶ -Ó Dzǰnjdzơ ƽƾºǠdzơ ǁƢº ǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǧȁǂǠŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƢȇƢǔǫ -Ô Dzǰnjdzơ ÏÒ ......... ÏÍÍÔ-ÎÖÕÖ ƆƢưȇƾƷ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơȁ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ DZȁƾŪơ ŕƷ) ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƤLjƷ ƨºǷŐŭơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢºǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ -Î DZȁƾŪơ ÏÔ ............................................ (ÏÍÍÔ ƨȇƢĔ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ȅǀȈǨǼƫ DŽƳȂǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ ƨǼLJ ÓÍ ǑǂǠƬLjƫ ȆȀǧ .ƨƯȐƯ ǥơƾǿƗ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ǽǀŮ ǎƟƢǐºŬơ ȄǴǟ ǦǬƫ ƢǸǯ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ ƽƾŢȁ ơǀºǿ ńƛ ơƆƽƢǼƬºLJơȁ .ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǞǴǘǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǹȂǓȁƢǨƬŭơȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ȂǠǓơȁ ƢȀȀƳơȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ Ǧǐȇ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ǺºǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ǵƾǬȇȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀŮ ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǠǫȂƬǴdz ơƆDŽƳȂǷ ƢƆǓǂǟ Ǟƥơǂdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .ƢŮ ȅƾǐƬdzơ ƨȈǨȈǯ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǁȂǘƬƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ DZƢů Ŀ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ Ŀ ƪºǷǂƥƗƌ ƾºǬǧ .ƢƆǠȇǂLJ ǞLjƬƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨǰƦnjdzơ ƪƠƬǧ ƢǷ ǹƢºǯ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ǂǷ ȄǴǟ ǝȂƦLJƗ Dzǯ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƭȐƯ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǖLJȂƬŭơ Ŀ Ƣǿƽƾºǟ ǃȁƢš ȄǔǷ ƾǬǟ ǀǼǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ð ÑÍÍ ǺǷ DzǫƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ƧŚƦǰdzơ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢŮơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǺǷȁ .ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ò ÒÍÍ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ȁƗ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ."ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ" ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ DzŰ DzŢ ȁƗ DzǸǰƫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ǹȂǰƬȇ ȂȀǧ .ƢƆǟȂǼƫȁ ơƆƾȈǬǠƫȁ ơƆƙDŽš ƽơƽDŽȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Ƶǂƥ ƢǷȁ ȅƗ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ǵƢǜǻ Ȃǿȁ .ǪȈLjǼƬdzơ ǺǷ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǥȏƕ ƨºȈǸȈǴǫƛȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ǹȁƽȁ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ - ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǷŐǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ǦdzƚǷ ǾǻƗ ƢºǸȈǧ DzƻơƾƬƫ ƾǫ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ Ȇǿȁ - ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽȁƾŰȁ ƨȈǟƢǘǫȁ ƨȈǸȈdzƢǫƗȁ ƢȇƢǔºǫ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ŘǠŠ ǽȂƳȂdzơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢȀǼȈƥ ƩƢǷƾºŬơȁ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ DzưǷ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ DzƟƢLjǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Dzƥ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨºȈƠȈƦdzơ DzǣơȂnjºdzơȁ śǴǷƢºǠdzơ ƨǯǂƷȁ ƨdzƢǸǠdzơ ƢȇƢǔǫȁ ƨȈǟƢǼǐdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơȁ ƾƳȂȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǾǻƗ ŘǠŠ ǾǧơǂǗƗ Ŀ ƢƆǟȂǼƫ ƽơƽDŽȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ ǾƦǴǏ Ŀ ƢƆLjǻƢƴƬǷ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƢǿŚǣȁ ȃǂºƻȋơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǹƜǧ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƩƢǸLjdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǶLjƬȇ ơƆŚƻƗȁ .ǝȂǼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ǶLjƬƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀđ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ȄºǴǟ ȁƗ ƩơƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǁȂǘƫ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟ ƔÆ ơȂLJ ǁƢǰƬƥȏơȁ ƨȈǷƢǼȇƾdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .(UNCTAD 2007a) ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƾȈǠǏ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 2 ȂºŴ ǂǸƬLjŭơ ǽƢšȏơ Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǼdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǸLjdzơ ȃƾƷƛȁ ƨȇȂLjºƬdz ƨºǧȁǂǠŭơ ƢȇƢǔºǬdzơ ƽƾǟ ƽơǃ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ȆǨǧ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DZƢů Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ŅƢºŦȍơ ƽƾºǠdzơ ƶƦºǏƗ ƮȈŞ ƨȈǔǫ ÐÒ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ƢǷ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛȁ .ÏÍÍÔ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƨȈǔǫ ÏÖÍ ƩơƾǿƢǠŠ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǧȁǂǠŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬǴdz Ʃơǁơǂºǫ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ǹƜǧ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƽƢȈLJ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ńƛ ƨǷƢǿ ƨǴȈLJȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ŚLjǨƫ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ śǬȇȐdzơ ǺǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƤǻơȂƳ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƩǁƢƯƗ ƨƥǁƢǔƬŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨºȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ƶȈǬǼƫ ńƛ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƽƗȁ .ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ .(UNCTAD 2007b) ƾºǟơȂǫ ǞºǓȁ Ŀ ƨºȈŷȋơ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ǁȁƾƥ ǞǴǘǔƫ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪƷǂƥ ƢǷ ƆơŚƻƗȁ ƢƆºǠȈǫȂƫ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǂưǯƗ śƥ ǺǷ Ȇǿ ǂǐǷȁ śǐdzơ DzưǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DZƢů Ŀ ƣȂǼŪơ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƾȇơDŽƬȇ ƢǸǯ .ǞŦƗ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȐdz ơƆǁƾǐǷ ƪƸƦǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƽƾǟ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǞǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȆºǓȁƢǨƬdzơ ƢºǿDŽǯǂǷ Ŀ ŚƯƘƫ ƾȇƾŪơ ǁȁƾdzơ ơǀŮ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .(UNCTAD 2005a) ƱǁƢŬơ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơȁ ǍǂǨdzơ ƶȈºƬȇ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ǝȂǼƬǷȁ ƾǬǠǷ ǵƢǜǻ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǁȂǘƫ ǹƛ ǺºǷ ƽć ƾºǟ ǵȂȈdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƾƳȂȇ ńȁƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǸǧ .ƔơȂLJ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢȇƾŢ Ƶǂǘȇȁ ƢƆǏǂǧ ƤºLJƢǼȇ ȅǀºdzơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥȍ ȄǔǷ ƪǫȁ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ ǺºǷȁ .ǥơƾǿȋơ ǮǴƬƥ ȆǨƫ ƨȇƽǂǧ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƨǣƢȈǐdzȁ ǾƳȁ Śƻ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬǴdz ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƾȇDŽǷ ƢȀǼǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǏƢşȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǾƳơȂƫ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ .ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ƨǴǫȁ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ƾȇơDŽƬƥ ǶLjƬȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƲȇDŽǷ .ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ DZȁȋơ ȅƾƸƬdzơ DzưǸƬȇ :ƩƢȇƾŢ ƨƯȐƯ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ǃŐƫȁ ǂºưǯƗ ƤǠǐºdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢƥ ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫ ƾȇơDŽƫȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ȆǷƢǼƫ ǞǸǧ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ ƢȀƬǰƦNj ǮLJƢŤ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ ƢȀǼǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǏƢşȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂưǯƘǧ ǦȈưǰƫ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ .ǂȇƾǬƫ DzǫƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ĿȐƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƢȀƬǻȁǂǷ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǹơƾǬǧ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨǰƦNj ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 3 ȅǀȈǨǼƫ DŽƳȂǷ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ƽƢŸƜƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǴƠLJƗ Ƶǂǘȇ ƾǫȁ œǼƳȋơ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ ƨǤǴdzơ ƶȈǓȂƫ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǟǂNj Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨºȈƦǴƫ ƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǕȁǂNj ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ Ʊơǁƽƛ Ŀȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ŀ ƨȇȂLjºƫ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ƪdzƾºǟȁ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨƸǐdzơ ȁƗ řǗȂdzơ ǺǷȋơ DzưǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǷƢǟ DzǣơȂnjdz ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ ƨȈŷƗ ƩƢǯǂnjǴdz ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨȈǔǫ ƽơƽDŽƫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƾºǫ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƢƆǻơƾºǴƥ ƢȀǨºǏȂƥ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ Ǿƥ ǞǴǘǔƫ ȅǀdzơ ƾȇƾŪơ ǁȁƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǴǰnjǷ Śưƫ Ŀ ƢȀȇǂǸưƬLjǷ ƨȇƢŧ DŽȇDŽǠƫ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽǀǿ Ƥǣǂƫ ƾǫ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǂdz ƧǁƾǐǷ ǶȈºȈǬƫ ƧƽƢºǟƛ ńƛ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƥ Ƨƾǟ ƩƾǸǟ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ ƩơŚǤƬºdzơ ǽǀºŮ ǹȂºǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ƧƾȇƾƳ ơƆƽȂȈǫ ƪǓǂǧȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂŢ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ ƢēƢLJƢȈLJ ƨdzƘLjºǷ ǭƢǼǿ ƆƢưdzƢƯ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ŀ ŚƯƘƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈƫƢLJƢȈLjdzơ DzǸnjºƫȁ .ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƨǷƔȐǷ ǂưǯƗ ŚǤƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǗƛ DzǠƳ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ȄǴǟ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ ƾȈǫ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǾƳȁ Śƻ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǃDŽǠƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǝơȂǻƗ ƾȇƾŢȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DZƢů Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz śǴȇƾƥ śǴƸǯ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơȁ ƨǗƢLJȂdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ Ŗºdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǑǂǠƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȃȂƬƄƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨƴȈƬǻȁ NJȈǸȀºƬǴdz ŚǤƬºŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ ǁơȂūơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ńƛ ƨƳƢƷ ƾƳȂƫ ơǀŮȁ .Ȑ Ɔ ƦǬƬLjǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ ƽƢǠƦƬLJȏơȁ Ǿºƥ ǵȂǬȇ ƢǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǹơƾȈŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǵƢǿ ǁȁƾƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ǞǴǘǔȇȁ .ƩơǁƾǬdzơ ƔƢǼƥȁ ļƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨºȇǁƢnjƬLJơ ƩƢºǷƾƻȁ ƨȈǼǬƫ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ǺǷ ǾǷƾǬȇ ƢǷȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ DZƢů Ŀ DzȈǴŢȁ ƮŞ ǺǷ śºƥ ƩƢºǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjºƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ǚǨƬŹ ƢǷȁ ǵƢºǜǻ ƽƢºŸƛ Ŀ ƨǸȈǫ ƨŷƢLjǷ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǶǿƢLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ .ƨȈǸǼƬǴdz ƧƢǟơǂǷȁ ƢƆǫƢLjƫơȁ ƨȈǧƢǨNj ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƩƢǠǫȂƬdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ŀ ƨǴǏƘƬŭơ ǁȂǐǬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ ńƛ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƤǻƢƳ ȃDŽǠȇĄ ƨǨȈǠºǓ ƩȏƢǸƬƷȏơ ǹƜǧ ƾȈǠƥ ƾƷ ńƛ ƨƟDŽƴƬǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǺºǷȁ .ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ DzǣơȂnjƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơȁ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơȁ džǻƢƴƬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆŚưǯ ŐǯƗ ƨƳǁƽ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 4 ƾºǟơȂǬdzơ ǺºǷ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ǥƢǨNj Śǣ ƲȇDŽǷ ńƛ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȃƽǂƬȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ƨºǫȂǠŭơ ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǏƢşȁ ƢȀǠǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƾš Ŗdzơ ƨƥǁƢǔƬŭơ Dzǜȇ Ǯdzǀdz .ǾLjǨǻ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁȂǘƫ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ ǽǀǿ ǁȂǐǬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ ƨŪƢǠǷ ńƛ DzȈƦLJ ȏȁ .Ƣēơǁƾǫ ȃȂºLJ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ ȏȁ .ƧDŽƴǼǷ Śǣ ƨǸȀǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ǁƢǗƛ ǞǓȁ .DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ DžȂǸǴǷ ǵƾǬƫ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ǦȈǠǓ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƾºǟơȂǬdz ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzǠƳ Ŀ ơƆŚƦǯ ƢƆǷƢȀLJƛ ǶȀLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǟƢŦ ƾȀƳ DZǀƥ ǹƘNj ǺǷȁ ƵȂºǓȁ ƧƽƢȇDŽƥ Ǯdzƿ ƶǸLjȈLJȁ .ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ȂǸǼǴdz ȄǟƽƗȁ ƧƔƢǨǯȁ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞºƳǂǷ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰȈLJȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǩƢLjƫơ śLjŢȁ ƨȈŸǁƾƫ ƨǨǐƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫȐǟ ǁơǂǬƬLJơȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞȈŦ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ DzǨǰȈLJȁ ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂdz ȆLjȈƟǁ .ƢȀƬȈǸǼƫ ȃȂƬLjǷ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ƨƠǧƢǰƬǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƨǷƾǬǷ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Dzſ ƾǫȁ .ơƆƾȈǬǠƫȁ ơƆƽƾǟ ȂǸǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ƶǂƥ ƢǷ ƢƆǧǂǗ ǵȂȈdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƽƢǰȇ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƾǴƥ Dzǯ ǹƛ ŕƷ ƾȈǠƥ ƾǷƗ ǀǼǷ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǞȈŦ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǺºǷ ƨǬƷƢLjºdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƾƷơȁ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ǃȁƢš ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .ƢȀǼǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ ǥơǂǗƗ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟȁ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ï ÓÍÍ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ ƽơǃȁ ǩƢǨƫơ Ò ÒÍÍ ǺºǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥȁ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ï ÔÍÍ ȄǴǟ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ĿȐƫ ƢºǸȈǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjĄȇ) ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ UNCTAD 2008a, 2007b,) ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ ÏÒÑ ("ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ" ǶLJƢƥ ȆǴȇ ƔƢºǘǟƛ ȄºǴǟ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵDŽǟ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ǵȂǸƄơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ơǀǿ džǰǠȇȁ .(2006a ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ ǽǂǧȂƫ ƢǷ ńƛ ǥƢǔȇ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơȁ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ȃȂƬLjǷ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ǂºȇǂŢ ȂŴ ǂǸƬLjŭơ ǵƢǠdzơ ǽƢšȏơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ơǀǿ DzĈǸǰȇ ȂƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ .ŃƢǠdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǶǜǠǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƢƆǏǂǧ ǹƢƸȈƬȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ǹơƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơȁ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ǪºȈǬŢ ȂŴ ȆǠLjǴdz ƩơȁƽƘǯ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ƢŮ ǪƥƢLJ ȏ ƩƢȇƾŢ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹƢƷǂǘȇ ƢǸĔƜǧ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ ǵƢǜǻ ǮLJƢŤ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ǶȈǴLjdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơȁ "ƶȈƸǐdzơ" ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ ƽơƽDŽƫȁ .ǾƬȈǧƢǨNjȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ŚȈºǤƫ ƢºȀȈǧ ǂºưǰȇȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǹȁƚNj Ŀ DzǫƗ ƧŐƻ ǮǴŤ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ơƆŚưǯ ƔƢºǬǴƫ ǺºǷ ǥǂǐƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢƆǨȈǠǓ ƢƆȈǓȁƢǨƫ ơƆDŽǯǂǷ DzǤnjƫȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƤºLJƢǼŭơ ȂºƸǼdzơ ȄºǴǟ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǹƢǸǓ Ŀ ƨƥȂǠǏ ƾš ƾǫ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǧơƾºǿƗ ǪºȈǬƸƬdz ƨºȈǧƢǯ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƫ ƨǻȁǂŠ ǙƢºǨƬƷȏơ Ŀȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǀºǼǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǾȈdzƛ DZƕ ƢǷ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ǶĈȈǬƫ ƨȈǨǴŬơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .DZƢºĐơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǖƥơȂǓ ǞǓȂdz ńȁȋơ ƽȂȀŪơ ƪdzǀƥĄ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ ƨȇƢĔ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏ ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƢȀƷǂǘȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơȁ ǍǂǨdzơ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ ǽǀºǿ ƨºŪƢǠŭ ƨƆÅ ºǼǰŲ Ȑ Ɔ ƦLJ ƵǂƬǬƫȁ ƢȀǼǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .ȆǓƢŭơ ƣǁƢš ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLjŭơ Džȁǁƾdzơ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏƢƥ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ŃƢǠdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ - ȏƆ ȁƗ ƨȈºǓƢŭơ śƬLjdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ DZȐƻ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞǓȁ ǹƛ ŕºƷ ƩǂǸƬºLJơȁ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ ƨȇƢĔ ǞǷ ƩƗƾƥ ńȁȋơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ .śƬǴƷǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƭƾƷ ƨºȈŭƢǟ ƨǯǂƷ ƩƗƾƥȁ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǁƢĔơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ǂƻơȁƗ ńƛ ƧǂǸƬLjǷ Ȇǿȁ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ƾǬǟ ǂƻơȁƗ Ŀ ƩƗƾƦǧ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ƢǷƗ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ȂŴ ƨºȈŷȋơ ǶLJƢƷ ǂǷƗ ǽǁȂǘƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁȁǀƳ ǶȀǧȁ .ơǀǿ ƢǼǷȂȇ ƢȀºǼǷ ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƢȀƷǂǘȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ .ƨdzƢǠǧ ƨŪƢǠǷ ƢȀƬŪƢǠŭ ƨǼǰǸŭơ ǩǂǘdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ÎÖÕÖ - ÎÖÑÒ :ńȁȋơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ - ǦdzƗ ǞǸƬĐơ Dzƻơƽ ǪȈǸǟ ǥȐş ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ƪǸLjƫơ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƧǁƢǓ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ȃƾǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ńƛ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƾǸǟ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼǸȈŮơ ǺǷ ƢƆǧȂƻȁ .ƨǨȈǔŭơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ƩƾǸƬǟơȁ ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǹȁƽ ƢēơƽƢǐƬǫơ ǩȐǣƛ ƪdzȁƢƷȁ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǝDŽǻ ƪºƴƳƢƷȁ .ƨºȈǴŰ ƧǂǘȈLjdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂƫ ƩơƽǁơȂdzơ DZơƾƥȍ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ƞnjǼĄȇ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƘƥ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗȁ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨǏƢşȁ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .ǦȈǔºŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǶȈǴǫƛ Ŀ ǾǼǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz ǪŹ ƨǴǷƢǠǸǴdz ŇƽƗ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ơƆǁƢȈǠǷ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƨºȈǰǴǷ ǝDŽǻ Ǻǟ ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨȈǫȂLJ ƨǸȈǫ Ǟǧƽ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ DzǸnjȇ ǁƢȈǠŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǂǯƿƌ ȁ ."DZƢǠǨdzơȁ ĿơȂdzơȁ ǞȇǂLjdzơ" ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ ŚƦǠƬƥ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjȇ ǁƢȈǠǷ Ȃǿȁ œǼƳȋơ ƨºǴǷƢǠŭ ŇƽƗ ƢƆȈdzȁƽ ơƆǁƢȈǠǷ ƞnjǼĄȇ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƗ ƨȈǯơǂƬNjȏơȁ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩǂǰǻƗȁ džºǨǻ ǺºǷ ǂưǯȋơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơ Ǿdz ǪŢ œǼƳȋơ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǹƗ Ʃǂǯƿȁ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ƢǿȂǼǗơȂǷ Ƣđ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ƨǷȂǰƷ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǑȁƢºǨƬdzơ Ȇǿ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸū ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ǁƢǗƛ ǞǓȂdz ńȁȋơ ƨdzȁƢƄơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ƨºȈdzȁƽ ƨºǸǜǼǷ ƔƢnjºǻƛ ǾǼǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơȁ ÎÖÑÕ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ƢǻƢǧƢǿ ǩƢưȈǷ ȄǴǟ ǹƜºǧ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ǪƦǘȈLJ ǹƢǯ ǩƢưȈŭơ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƿƛȁ .œǼºƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȐdz ƨȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƤǻơȂƳ ŚǧȂƬdz ƨǤȈǏ ƪƷǂƬǫơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǩƢºưȈŭơ ƾă ǬƊ ǧƊ Ňƽȋơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢȈǠŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ǽȐǟƗ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƩƢǧȐŬơ ƤƦLjƥ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ƪǔĉǧǁĄ Dzƻƽ ƾǬǧ ǾǼǷ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƔDŽŪơ ƢǷƗ .ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǽƽƢǸƬǟơ ǁƐǀǠƫȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ƕǟƽ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 8 ŐǯƗ ǁƾǫ ǃƎǂƷƌƗȁ .(ƩƢǤdzơ) ƧǁƢƴƬdzơȁ ƩƢǨȇǂǠƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǾǨǏȂƥ ƿƢǨǼdzơ DŽȈƷ ǾǸǜǠǷ ȆǸƬǼƫ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǺǰǷƗ ƿƛ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽȁƾŰ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ǭȂǰǏ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ǺǷ Dzºſȋơ DzǷƢǰƬdzơ ǪǴǘǻơȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ džǨǼƥ ǞƬǸƬƫ ȁƗ ƨȈǧơǂǤŪơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ džǨǻ ńƛ ƽƢºŢȏơ ńƛ ƢƆºǬƷȏ ƩǁȂºǘƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǟƢǸŪơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǞǷ ÎÖÒÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧƾƷȂdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƢȀǼǷ ǭȂǰǐdzơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻƗ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƨǴưǷƗ ƾƳȂƫȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ÎÖÓÖ ǵƢºǠdz DŽȇƾǻȋơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ǩȂLJ ƔƢnjǻȍ ƢǼȈƻƢƫǂǯ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ÎÖÒÔ ǵƢǠdz ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ƪºǠƐǫȁ ƩȏƢºūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .ÎÖÔÐ ǵƢǠdz ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǩȂLJ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ȄºǴǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ .ƢƆǬƷȏ ƢȀƬdzȁƢǼƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƢȇƢǔǫ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ń ǂȇǂŢ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǞºƳǂȇ ƢŷƢƬǴǯȁ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ƨǘƥơǁȁ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨǘƥơǂdzơ Ǯdzƿ .ÎÖÓÍ ǵƢǟ ńƛ ƢǸȀƟƢnjǻƛ ƺȇǁƢƫ śƥ ƾǬǠĄƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ńȁƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǽǀǿ DZƾƫȁ ǞºǓȁ ǹƢºǯ Ƣŭȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ƢŮȁ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ ǹơƾǴƥ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƢŮ ȁƗ ƨǨǴƬű ǪǗƢǼǷ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƭƾŹ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƪǟǂNj DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƶƳǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ǶƬȇ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơȁ ƨǫơƾǐdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ŀ ÎÖÑÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǪºǴǠƬƫ ƢƆºǷƢǰƷƗ ƪǼǸǔƫ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȁƚnjƥ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ŘǠĄƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȐŭơȁ ĿǂºǠdzơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǹƢǸǓ DzưǷ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨºȇƢŧ DzǸnjƬdz ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǮǴƫ ƪǤȈǏ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǝDŽǻ Ǻǟ DZƢǠǨdzơȁ ĿơȂdzơȁ ǞȇǂLjdzơ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƪǷǂƥƗ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ DZȐƻȁ .Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ džȈdzȁ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ƨȈǰǴŭơ .ƔơȂLJ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǷƢǻ ǹơƾǴƥȁ ƨǷƾǬƬǷ ǹơƾǴƥ ǞǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ơƆǂǐƷ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ DZȁƗ ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥ ǞǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǷǂƥƗ ÎÖÒÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ ƪưƦdz ƢǷȁ ǽǀǿ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǴǏơȁȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾȇȂLjºdzơȁ ǭǂŶơƾºdzơȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǵǂƥƗȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ DZȁƽ ƢǿȁǀƷ ƩǀƷ ǹƗ ȆǷƢºǟ śƥ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ńȁƗ ơƾǼdzȂǿȁ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ ǡŐǸLjǰdzȁ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ .ÎÖÓÓȁ ÎÖÓÍ ǽǀºǿ ƪºǷǂƥƌƗ ƆȏȁƗ .ƩƢºũ ƧƾºǠƥ ǽǀǿ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƪǯǂƬNjơȁ ƢƆǷƾǬƬǷ ơƆƾǴƥ ƧƽƢǟ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǹơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ .ǖǬǧ ǺȇƾǴƥ śƥ ƢȀũơ ǺǷ DZăƾƬLjĄȇ ƢǸǯ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹƛȁ ǾºƬȇƢŧȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ơƆǂǐƷ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƪdzȁƢǼƫ ƆƢưdzƢƯ .ƢƆȈǷƢǻ ơƆƾǴƥȁ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 9 DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ȏƛ ǎǼºƫ Ń ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ǖǬǧ ǾƬȇƢǸŞ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ǟďƴnjƫ ƧƽƢǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢƆºǸƟƢǫ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯȁ .ǾƬȇƢŧ ǹȁƽ ǺǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ńƛ ƨȀĈƳȂǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǫǂǨƬǷ ƩȏƢƷ ƾºǴƦdzơ ǶȈºǴǫƛ Ŀ ǵƾǬƬŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾǧơȂdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ȆǸƸƬLJ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹƘƥ DzƟƢǬdzơ ǑơǂƬǧȏơ ȄǴǟ .ȆǷƢǼdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ ńƛ ǵƾǬƬŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ơƆƾȇDŽǷ ƣǀƬƴƬLJ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ȆǷƢǼdzơ ÎÖÓÖȁ ÎÖÒÖ ȆǷƢǟ śƥ ƪǠŏǫȁĄ Ŗdzơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢºǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢºǠǷ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ ȅǀºdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ Dzǰnjdzơ ƔƢLJǁȍ ƨǸȀǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ǹƜǧ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÔÏ Ƣǿƽƾǟ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ Ń ǹƢºǯȁ .ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ śǠƥǁȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơ ǽǀƼƬƬLJ ńȁą ȋÈ ơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ DžƢºLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ DzǸnjȇ ƱƿȂǸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǒȇȂºǠƬdzơ ǹƢǸǓȁ ĿǂǠdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơȁ ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơȁ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢǟȂǧƾŭơ DzȇȂŢ ƨȇǂƷ Ŀ Ǫūơȁ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǝDŽǻ Ǻǟ DZƢǠǨdzơȁ ĿơȂdzơȁ ǞȇǂLjdzơ .DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧȁ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗȁ DŽºȇDŽǠƬdz ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǠLJȁ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ ƣƢƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǮǼƦdzơ ƶƬǧ ÎÖÓÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ƨƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Ǻǰdzȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ ƞnjºǻƌƗȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƢȇƢǟǁȁ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƨȇǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǶȈºǰŢ Ƨǁơƽƛ ńȂºƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƨǯǂƬnjºǷ ƨȈdzȉơ ǽǀǿ ƩǁƢǏ ƢǷ ǹƢǟǂLJȁ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ȅƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ǹơƾºȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƩĈƾǟƗ ÎÖÓÔ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǖºǫ ƨȈǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǨĄȇ Ńȁ .ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ ƢȀºǴǨǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ Ŀ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ džǻƢƴƬdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ Ŀ ơƆǁȁƽ ƩƽƗ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ .ƢȀǷŐĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨºǷƎDŽǴǷ ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ƔƢnjºǻƛ Ŀ DzŏưǸƬŭơ ƢȀǧƾǿ ǪȈǬŢ ńƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǠLJȁ ÎÖÔÑ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȌdz ơƆǁơǂǫ ǽƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ȆǴƄơ ȆǸȈǜǼƬdzơ DZȐǬƬLJȏơ ǹƢǸǓȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ǝDŽǻ Ŀ Ǫūơ DzǸnjȇ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯȁ .ƾȇƾƳ Ņȁƽ ȅƽƢǐƬǫơ ǵƢǜǻ ƔƢnjǻƛ ńƛ Ȃǟƾȇ ǝDŽǻ ƩȏƢƷ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢƳȂǷ ǾǠǷȁ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǟǧƽȁ .ǽƾƷȁ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ ƢƆǼǿǁ œǼƳȋơ ǵơǂºƥȍ ƩơǁƽƢƦǷ ǩȐǗƛ ńƛ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƾȇDŽǷ ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǼȈǠƦLjdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƢLjǸǼdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǞǓȁȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ ǁȂȀǛ ǶLjƫơȁ .ƩƢǼȈǠƦLjdzơ ǖLJơȁƗ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ƲǷơǂƥ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 10 ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥ ƪǼĈǸǔƫ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹȋ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƘƥ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ƧƾƸƬŭơ Ŀ ƢƆºǬƷ ƨºȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƧƽƢǟ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƢƆºǼǿǁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ džȈºLJƘƫ ǎºź ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńȁȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ Ŀȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ .ǪǧǂǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼǷ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJƢƥ ƩƢºǓȁƢǨŭơ ƧŚƫȁ ƪǟǁƢLjƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ƨǷŐŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƽƾǟ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǞǷȁ Î,Ð DZƾǠŠ ȅƗ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÎÓÓ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǼȈǠƦLjdzơ ȆǨǧ .Ȑ Ɔ ȈǴǫ .ǪƥƢLjºdzơ ƾºǬǠdzơ Ŀ ǾºȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǟ ƧŚƫȂdzơ ƪǨǟƢǔƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ .ǂȀnjdzơ Ŀ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZƾǠŠ ȅƗ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÐÕÓ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ ƿƛ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ƾǬǟ Ŀ ǂưǯƗ ƧŚƫȂdzơ ƪǟǁƢLjƫȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ƔȆnjdzơ ǒǠƥ DzǴǔǷ Ƕǫǂdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ǂȀnjdzơ Ŀ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ð ƨºƦǬƷ ǺǷ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Dzƻƽ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƾǬǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ .ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƧƽƾºǠƬǷ ǁƢǸưƬºLJơ ƾºǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂdz ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzȁƢŰ ƩǂƳ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ƾǬǟ ǞǴǘǷ Ŀȁ ʼnƾºǬƫ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǭȂǴLJ ƾǟơȂǫ ƨǻȁƾŭ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǝȁǂnjǷ DZȁƢƷȁ .ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨºȈƟƢŶȍơ ƩƢºȇƢǤdzơȁ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ǶǿƢLjƫ Ȇǰdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjǴdz ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǹƘnjºƥ ƢȀºǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ŚLjȈƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƨǻȁƾŭơ ƪdzȁƢƷȁ .ƢȀȈǧ DzǸǠƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ǽǀºŮ Ņȁƾºdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ DzȈdzǀƫȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǹȋ DznjǨdzƢƥ ƩƔƢƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƩƢǧƢǬưdzơȁ śǻơȂǬdzơ Ŀ ǝȂǼƫ ǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼȇ ƢǷȁ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ȏȁ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǝƢǔƻƛ ƣȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǪǨƬƫ Ń ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǽǀǿ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ ŕƷ ÎÖÕÖ ǺǷ :ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ - ƔƢƥ ƨȈLJƢȈLjºdzơ ƭơƾºƷȋơ ǺºǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƪǠǫȁ ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ǂƻơȁƗ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƨƠȈƥ Ŀ ȅǂǿȂƳ ŚȈǤƫ ńƛ ƩƽƗ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ .ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƨƦǬƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǁȂǘƫ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨǴƷǂǷ ƨȇơƾƥ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ƨºȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǥǁƢǐŭơ DžƢŧ ǂƬǧ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ Ŀ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ ǹȂȇƾdzơ ƨǷǃƗ ƾǠƥȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ ƢȀǷƾǬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨǻȂǠŭơ ǵƢǷƗȁ .ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ǒơǂǫƛ ȄǴǟ DZƢºŭơ DžƗǁ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǂLjȇƗ ǹƘƥ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǸƐǴLJ ƨȈũǂdzơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǺǷ ƢǿŚǣȁ ǵƾǬȇ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ȃǿ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢēƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƨȈƦǴƬdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 11 DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ ƨǴȈºLJȁ Ǯdzǀºdz Ȃǿȁ ǩơȂLJȋơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȇơǁƾdzơȁ ƤȇǁƾƬdzơȁ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ƽȂǟȁ .DZƢŭơ DžƗǁ ƧƾǟƢǫ ǞȈLJȂƬdz ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ƨƥơǀƳ ƪǠƦƫơ ƢȈLJƕ ǩǂNj Ŀ ǹơƾǴƥ ƧƾǠdz ƨǠȇǂLjdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ ƨºȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗȁ ƔơǂƸǐdzơ ƣȂǼƳ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǹơƾǴƦdz ƢƆǧȐƻ ƩơǁƽƢǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƟƢǫ ȂŶ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈĈǬdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ Ȉdzƽ ƩơƽǁơȂdzơ DZơƾƥƛ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƪǠƦƫơ Ŗdzơ ƩƢºǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ƾºǬǟ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǩȂLjdzơ ƽƢǐƬǫơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ Ǿȇƽƚƫ DZƢǬƬǻơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǹơƾǴƥ ȁƗ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǩǂNj Ŀ ǹơƾǴƥ ƩƗƾƥ .ǩȂLjdzơ ƽƢǐƬǫơ ńƛ ȆǯơǂƬNjȏơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǺǷ Ŀ ǀºƻƗ ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ơƆŚƦǯ ơƆƽƾǟ ǹƗ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ ǽǀǿ Dzưŭ ĿƢǐdzơ ǂƯȋơ ǹƢǯȁ .œǼºƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳơ ńƛ ȄǠLjȇȁ ǩȂLjdzơ ȃȂǬdz ǽƽƢǐƬǫơ ƶƬǨȇ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ƾǬǟ ǂƻơȁƗ ǂºNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ŀ ƢƆȈǼǗȁ ơƆŚȈǤƫ ÕÖÒ dz ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ǽơǂƳƗ ƔƢǐǬƬLJơ ǺǷ śƦƫȁ Ƣđ ƾǐǬĄȇ ǹƢǯ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÖÑ ǹƗ ÎÖÖÕȁ ÎÖÖÎ ȆǷƢǟ śƥ ƢǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȐƻ ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢȀƬǠƦƫơ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ DzƦLjdzơ ƾƷƗ ǹƢǯȁ .Ǿdz ǂǨǼǷ ȏ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ǂƉ ǤǷ ƹƢǼǷ ŚǧȂƫ ƨºȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨǏƢşȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳȏ ǹƗ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ºǷƗ DzȈƦLjºdzơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƩƾǸǟ ƾǫȁ ƢĔơƾǴƥ Ŀ ǥƢǨNjȁ ǂǬƬLjǷ ȅǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƹƢǼǷ ŚǧȂƬdz Ŀ ƧŚƦºǯ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ȄǔǧƗȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ƧƽƢȇǃ Ŀ ǶȀLjȇȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƨǬƯ ǃDŽǠȇ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ǞºǫĄȁ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÑÍÍ ǺǷ DzǫƗ ÎÖÕÖ ńƛ ÎÖÒÖ ǵƢǟ ǺǷ śƯȐưdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ Ŗdzơ .ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ï ÍÍÍ ŅơȂƷ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ÎÒ dzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƨdzȂƳ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨƯȐƯ ǵơǂƥƛ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾȇƾŪơ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƫ džǰǠǻơȁ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƘnjǻƗȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƢȇƢǔǫ ƪǼǸǔƫ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǸǴdz ȅơȂǣȁǁȁƗ ǝƢºǘǫ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂƸƬdz ƨȈdzƕ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƾǬǟ ȅǀdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨºǼȈǠǷ ƔơƽƗ ǕȁǂNj Ǒǂǧ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ŚƥơƾƬƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǂǜŹȁ .ƩƢǷƾŬơ .ƩƢººǤǴdz ƨºȈǸǰdzơ ƽȂȈǬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǞǷ ȁƗ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǞǷ ľƢǼƬƫ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔºǟȋơ DZȁƾºdzơ ǵDŽǴȈǧ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǩȂǬƷ ƤǻơȂŝ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƢǷƗ .ƩƢȇƾǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴǸǴdz ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȇƢŧ ǾƳȁƗ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 12 śºƥ ǖƥơǂƬdzƢƥ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ Ȃǿ DZȁȋơ .ǺȇŚȈǤƬƥ ȅơȂǣȁǁȁƗ ƨdzȂƳ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƪǻƿƗȁ śƬǴȇƾºƥ śƬǴȈºLJȁ ƢǸȀǨºǏȂƥ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ńƛ ǂǜǼĄȇ ƾǠȇ ǶǴǧ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƭȁƾºƷ ǞºǷ śƬǴǷƢǰƬǷ śƬǴȈLJȁ ƢǸȀǨǏȂƥ ƢŶƛȁ ǩơȂLJȋơ ƨǷƾŬ ȁƗ ƽǁơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƾºǟơȂǫ ƩƾºǸƬĄǟơ ȂºƸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨǠƥƢƫ ƩƢǯǂNj śƥ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƤǻƢƳ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƧƽȁƾŰȁ ƨȈǸȈdzƢǫƗȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛȁ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ DzǸnjƫȁ .ƢǿŚLjȈƬdz ȄǠLjƫȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩȐǷƢǠǷ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ȁƗ/ȁ ǂºȇǂƸƬdz ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ƢȀǠȈƴnjƫȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǂȇǂŢ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƧŚǤƬǷ ƨǟȂǸů ǺǷ ǾǼǸǔƬƫ ƢǷ .ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ǞȈƴnjƫ ȁƗ/ȁ ƨȇƢŧ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǁ ƾǠƦǯ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ǁȂȀǛ Ȃǿ ňƢưdzơ ŚȈǤƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ǵƾǬƫ ƢŲ DZƾƬLjĄȇ ƢǸǯȁ ǺǷ ǽƢƬǷǂƥƗ ƢǷ ńƛ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ ƪǧƢǓƗ ƩơȂǼLJ Ǟǔƥ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ƨđƢnjǷ ǂȇǂƸƬǴdz ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ DZƢºưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƩǂȀǛȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ƢȈLJƕ ǩǂNj ƣȂǼƳ ǶǷƗ ƨǘƥơǂdz ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨǬǘǼŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȅǁƢǗȍơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ .(ÏÍÍÒ) ơƾǼǴȇǃȂȈǻȁ ƾǼǴȇƢƫ śƥ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǯơǂnjdzơ ǩƢǨƫơȁ (ÏÍÍÓ) ƧǁȂǧƢǤǼLJȁ ƢǸǼƥ śƥ ǵƢºǟ Ŀ ǵŐºŭơ ƨȈdzƢǸnjºdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷȋ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹƢǿƢšȏơ džǰǠǻơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀǿ ŘǠĄȇȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ǮȈLjǰŭơȁ ơƾǼǯ śƥ ÎÖÖÏ ƨđƢnjºǷ ƨȇƢǸūơȁ ǂȇǂƸƬǴdz ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ DzǸnjȇ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǠLJȂǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǐǧ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ ƪºǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz .ȆƷơȂǼdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǐǨƫȁ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ǵơǂƥƛ ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ǞǴǘǷȁ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ƩƾȀNjȁ Ŀȁ .ȆǟƢºǘǬdzơȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ śȇȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽȁƾƄơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨºȇƢŧȁ ǞȈƴnjºƫ ǩƢºǨƫơ ƢȈºLJƕ ǩǂºNj ƣȂǼƳ ǶǷƗ ƨǘƥơǁ ǹơƾǴƥ ƩƾǸƬǟơ ÎÖÕÔ ǵƢǟ ǞȈŦ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ƆơƾǴƥ ÒÍ ȂŴ śƥ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƪǷǂƥƗƌ ÎÖÖÑ ǵƢǟ Ŀȁ .ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ɔ ǔǧ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ǽǀǿ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .(Î)ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƢȈdzȂǤǼǷȁ ƢȈdzơǂƬLJƗ Ǻǟ Ȑ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǁȂǐǬǷ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ǽǂȇǂƸƬƥȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ .ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǝƢǘǫ Ŀ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 13 DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ Ǻºǰȇ Ń ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬŭơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ƾǬǟ Ŀ ƨdzȁǀƦŭơ ƽȂȀŪơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƪǬǴǗƗ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ǦǐƬǼǷ ȆǨǧ .ƢƆƸƳƢǻ ƢȀǠȈŦ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂƸƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ȏƆ ȁƗ ǽƾºǸƬǠƫ ƢƆǷǁƢºǏ ƢƆǫƢǨƫơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀđ ƽơǂȇ ǹƢǯȁ .(UNCTAD 1999a) ǾƬȇƢŧȁ ƨǴƷǂŠ ƢǿƽƢǐƬǫơ ǂŻ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ ƣƢƥ ƶƬǨȇ Ľ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹơƾǴƥ Ȑ Ɔ ºǏƗ ǂǧȂºƫ ƪºǻƢǯ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǹƗ ƢȀǴǫƗ džȈdz ƣƢƦLJȋ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ƪǴnjǧȁ .ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻơ ơǀǿ ǹƛ ƮȈŞ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƵƢƬǨǻȏơȁ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǠǨƫǂǷ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ǁƢºƯƗ Ǯºdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢºǓȍƢƥȁ .ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ǁŐȇ ƢǷ ƾƟơȂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƢŮ ǂǧȂȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǞºǼŻ ǹƗ Ȅnjţ ƪǻƢǯ ŕNj ƨȈǷȂǰƷ Śǣ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ǺǷ ƨȇȂǫ ƨǓǁƢǠǷ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ǒǂºǧ Ȅnjţ ƪǻƢǰǧ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ DzǸǠdzơ ŅƢů Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǟ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƽƢǸƬǟơ ǺǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǪǧơȂƫ Ń ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ .ǾȈǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƾǠƦƬĄLJơ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ơǀǿ Ƨǂǰǧ ƪǔǧǁȁ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǂǷȋơ .ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ƨȈdzƢǠdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ŚȇƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ÎÖÖÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƾǬǟ ȅǀdzơ ȅǁơǃȂdzơ ƧǁȂǧƢǤǼLJ ǂŤƚǷ ǀǼǷ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƩƗƾƥȁ ǽǀºǿ ǁƢºƯƕȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ śƥ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ljƢǬǻȁ DzȈǴŢ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƾǬǟ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ȅǁơǃȂdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ Ŀȁ .śȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ȂǸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƾºǠƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ɣƾƥ ȄǴǟ ǪǨƫĄơ ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟ Ŀ (ǂǘǫ) ƨƷȁƾdzơ Ŀ ȄºǴǟ ÏÍÍÐ ǵƢǟ Ŀ (ǮȈLjǰŭơ) ǹȂǰǻƢǯ Ŀ ǽƾǬǟ ơƆǁǂǬǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ džǷƢŬơ ȅǁơǃȂdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ ǁǀǠƫ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ǪƟơǂǗ ǹƘnjƥ Ƨǁȁƾdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ƶǓơȁ ǪǧơȂƬƥ ǀƼƬȇ ǁơǂǫ DžƢLJƗ Ŀȁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ DZƢů Ŀ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ŀ ŁƢǐŭơ ƣǁƢǔƫ ƤƦLjƥ ơǀǿ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ Ǧǫȁ ÏÍÍÑ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ Ŀ ǁǂǬƫ Ǯdzǀdzȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢů .ƨƷȁƾdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ DZȁƾƳ ƧǁƢºƴƬǴdz ƨºȈƟƢǼƯ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬƫ ǹơƾǴƥ Ƨƾǟ ƩǀƻƗ ƾȇƾŪơ ǹǂǬdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ ǞǷȁ ǽǀºǿ ƪǴſ ƆȏȁƗ .ƨǷƢǿ ƤǻơȂƳ ƨƯȐƯ Ŀ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫȏ ƨǴƯƢŲ Ƨǂūơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǠLJȂǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǐǧ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢºǨƫơ ǺǸǓ ƪůƽƗ ƾǫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ƢǸǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ǵƉ Ƣºǻ ƾºǴƥȁ ǵƾǬƬǷ ƾǴƥ śƥ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƪǷǂƥƗƌ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ .Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƮȈƷ ǺǷ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ǾȈdzƛ Ƥǿƿ ƢŲ ƾǠƥƗ ńƛ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƪƦǿƿȁ ƢºǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƫ ƆƢưdzƢƯ .ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ ƢĔƛ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 14 Ŀ ƧƽƢºǟ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ ǂưǯȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ DZȁƾºdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǏƢşȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǵƢºǟ ƾºǠƥ ƪºǷǂƥƗƌ Ŗdzơ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ńƛ ƢȀǴȈƦLJ ƨǴǐǨŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ ƩƾƳȁȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆǧǂǗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƨǏƢşȁ ÏÍÍÍ ǂºǏƢǼǟ DzǸnjȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƢƆǟȂǻ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƩƾƳȁƗȁ Ŀ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƾƷơȁ ǹƕ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƧƽƢºǟ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƢǸǯ .ǽƢǻƽƗ ǾǻƢȈƥ ƽŚLJ ƢǸǯ ȃǂƻƗ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ .ƢƆǠȇǂLJ ƽơƽDŽȇ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƽƾǟ Ƶǂƥ ƢǷȁ .Ȑ Ɔ ȈǐǨƫȁ ơƆƾȈǬǠƫȁ ơƆƾȇƾŢ ǂưǯƗ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ƨȈNjƢūơ ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗȁ ȆºLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǩƾǐȇ Ń ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǹƗ ȏƛ (Î) .ƲȇȁǂǼdzơȁ DžȁǁȐȈƥȁ ơƾǼǴLjȇƕȁ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ - ƢƆȈǻƢƯ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǞǴǘǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǁȂǘƫ - ǦdzƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠdz ǂǸƬLjŭơ ǞLJȂƬdzơ -Î ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ƶǂƥ ƢǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ƽȂǬǠdzơ Ŀ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƽǂǘŭơ ȂǸǼdzơ ƧơǃơȂŠ ƢƆȈƦLjǻ ƨǠǓơȂƬǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ơƆƾȈǬǠƫȁ ƢƆǸƴƷ ȂǸǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǬǟ ǦǐƬǼǷ ŕƷ ÎÖÒÖ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ńȁȋơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƛ ǀǼǷ ƧƾƬǸŭơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ǦǐºƬǼǷ ŕƷȁ .Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǠȇǂLJ ƪǠLJȂƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨǰƦNj ǹƜǧ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ƾȈƥ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ DzǰNj Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǶǜǠǷ ǵǂƥƗƌ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟȁ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǫƗ ơƆDŽȈǯǂƫ ƩƾȀNj ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ǹƗ .(Î Dzǰnjdzơ) ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨºȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǁ ǁȁƾƥ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǷƢǫȁ ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǁȁƽ ƾȇơDŽƫ ȂŴ ǶƻDŽdzơ Ŀ ȏƆ ȂŢ ƩƾȀNj ƧŚƻȋơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .(Ï Dzǰnjdzơ) ǁȁƽ ǖnjºǻƘƥ ƝƽƢºŮơ ǖȈºƄơȁ ƢȈLJƕ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǞǴǘǔƫ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ǺǷȁ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ ǂǜǻơ) ǞȈŦ śƥ ǭǂƬnjǷ ǖǸǼdzơ ơǀǿȁ .œȇǁƢǰdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷȁ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ƢȀǼǟ ǦǴƼƬƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ (Ɨ) ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ï ÓÍÍ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ŅƢŦȍơ ƽƾǠdzơ ǃȁƢš ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǝơȂǻƗ ǂưǯƗ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .(Ð Dzǰnjdzơ) ǹƜºǧ - ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÑÔ ȂŴ DzưŤ ƿƛ - ơƆǁƢnjƬǻơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ȃŐºǰdzơ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ƪƯƾƷ ƾǫȁ .ÏÍÍÎ ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ ǞƳơǂƬȇ ǀƻƗ ƢƆȇȂǼLJ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ƽƾǟ ȆºǓƢŭơ ǹǂºǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ƾǬǟ Ŀ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ȅȂǼLjdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ Ŀ .ƨǼLJ Dzǯ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÎÑÔ ǖLJȂƬŭơ Ŀ ǵǂƥƗƌ ƮȈƷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 16 Ʃơǁȏȁƾdzơ ƩƢǻȂȈǴȇǂƫ ƨȈdzȁ ƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ DZơȂǷƗ Džȁƙǁ Ŀ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ -Î Dzǰnjdzơ (ÏÍÍÔ-ÎÖÓÍ) ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ǁƢǸưƬººLJȏơ DZơȂººǷƗ Džȁƙǁ ( ƩƢǻȂȈǴȇǂƫ) ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫ ȏ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƽƾǠ dzơ .ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ .ÏÍÍÓ ǵƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DZơȂǷƗ Džȁƙǂƥ ǍƢŬơ Ƕǫǂdzơ ǪƦǘǼȇ (Ɨ) (ÏÍÍÔ ƨȇƢĔ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ -Ï Dzǰnjdzơ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ ƢȈLJƕ œȇǁƢǰdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷȁ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǁȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǩǂNj ƣȂǼƳ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƪƳǁƽƗƌ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ) ơƆƽƾǠƬǷ ƢƆƥƢLjƷ ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǫǁȋơ džǰǠƫ :ƨǜƷȐǷ .(śƬǬǘǼŭơ ƢƬǴǰƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗȁ ƢȈLJƕ ǺǷ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 17 ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ʃ ơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJ ȏơ Ʃ ơƾǿƢǠŭ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ ƨºǷŐŭơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ -Ð Dzǰnjdzơ (ÏÍÍÔ-ÎÖÓÍ) ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ .(www.unctad.org/iia) ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ śǐdzơ ƢȀȈǴƫ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƛ Ŀ ƆƢǗƢnjǻ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǂưǯƗ ǹƢǯȁ .(Ñ Dzǰnjdzơ) ơǂLjȇȂLJȁ ƢºĔƛ ƿƛ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ǺǸȈȀŭơ ǂǐǼǠdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƤƦLjƥ ǞƳơǂƬƫ ƩǀƻƗ ƢȀƬǐƷ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǝȂǸů ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÓÍ Ŀ ǥǂǗ ǂƯƘƬLjƫȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǵơǂƥƛ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻȏơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DZƢƦǫƛ ƾȇơDŽƫ ŃƢºǟ ǺǷ ŅơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÓȁ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÔÓ ƨƦLjǼƥ ǵȂȈdzơ ǹƢƫŚƻȋơ ǹƢƬǟȂǸĐơ ŕƷ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ ƢȈLJƕ ƪǷǂƥƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƢȀȈǴƫ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJ ȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Î ÍÒÍ ȄǴǟ ƾȇDŽȇ ƢǷ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ÑÕÒ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ) œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷȁ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗȁ (ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÓÖÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ) ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ .(UNCTAD forthcoming a) (ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 18 ƢȀºƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗºdzơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ -Ñ Dzǰnjdzơ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ŕƷ "ńȁȋơ ƧǂnjǠdzơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ" ƢȈǻƢŭƗ śǐdzơ ơǂLjȇȂLJ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨǰǴǸŭơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǂǐǷ ƢLjǻǂǧ ơƾǼdzȂǿ ǡŐǸLjǰdzȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ (www.unctad.org/iia) ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ ƽȂǐºǬŭơ Ƣºǿǁȁƽ ăȅ ƽƚºƫ ŕƷ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƿƢǨǻ ƗƾƦȇ ǹƗ ƢǷȁ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǸǴdz ƆƢǬǧȁȁ .ǾƬȇƢŧȁ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ƆƢǻȂǻƢǫ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƆƢǯȂǰǏ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÔÓ ȂŴ ƿƢǨǻ Ɨƾƥ (ÏÍÍÓ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ) ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǫ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǞºǷ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ƨƬƥƢƯ ƧǁȂǐƥ DZƾǠŭơ ơǀǿ ƾȇơDŽƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ .(UNCTAD 2006a) ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǂǸǟ ǵƾǬƫ ƨºȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƾȀǠdzơ ƨưȇƾūơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǺǷȁ ÎÏÍ ǾºǟȂǸů ƢºǷ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƽƢǟƗ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ DZȂǴƸƦǧ .ƨǸƟƢǫ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƨºƦǣǁ Ȃºǿ ƽȂȀŪơ ǽǀŮ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ƾƷƗȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ŚȇƢºǠŭơ DzºưǷ "ƨưȇƾƷ " ƨȇƢŧ ŚȇƢǠǷ ƢȀǼȈǸǔƬƥ "ƨŻƾǫ" ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƮȇƾŢ Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƨȈǻ ǹƗ ȏƛ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƶȈǓȂƫ Ȇǿ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƆƢǗƢnjǻ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǂưǯƗ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ (ÎÏ) śǐºdzơȁ (ÎÐ) ƢºȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ŀ .(Ö) ǡŐǸLjǰdz - ƢǰȈƴǴƥȁ (ÎÎ) ǂǐǷȁ (ÎÏ) ƣǂǤŭơȁ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 19 œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ (ƣ) ƨºȇƢĔ Ŀ ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ Ï ÔÍÍ œȇǂǔºdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ŅƢŦȍơ ƽƾǠdzơ ǃȁƢš ƤLjƷ) œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ǞȇǃȂƬdzơ ǂȀǜĄȇȁ .(Î)(Ò Dzǰnjdzơ) ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ǵƾºǬƬǷ ĊƾǴƥȁ ƉǵƢǻ ĊƾǴƥ śƥ ǵǂƥƌƗ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÐÕ ǹƗ (ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨǟȂǸů ƨºǷŐŭơ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨǐƷȁ .śȈǷƢǻ ǺȇƾǴƥ śƥ ƢȀǼǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÎÓ ǵǂƥƌƗ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ƢŲ ƆơŚưǯ ȄǴǟƗ Ȇǿ (ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÑ) śǷƾǬƬǷ ǺȇƾǴƥ śƥ Ɔơƾȇƾē ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ Ƶǂǘƫ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƗ ńƛ ǽȁDŽǟ ǺǰŻ ǂǷƗ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ơǀºǿ Ŀ ƆƢǗƢnjºǻ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǂưǯƗ Ȇǿ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ ƢȈLJƕ ǹơƾǴƥȁ .ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ƨºȇƢĔ ŕºƷ œȇǂǔºdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Î ÍÎÐ ƪǷǂƥƗ ƢĔƛ ƿƛ DZƢĐơ ȄǴǟȁ .(ÐÎÖ) œȇǁƢǰdzơ ǂƸƦdzơ ƨǬǘǼǷȁ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗȁ (ÑÒÖ) ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƢȀȈǴƫ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨǰǴǸŭơȁ (ÎÒÐ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ Ċƽƾǟ ŐǯƗ ǞƐǫȁ řǗȂdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ƨºȇƢĔ Ŀ Ƨǁơƾǐºdzơ ƪºǴƬƷơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ǺǷȁ .(ÎÐÐ) ƢLjǻǂǧȁ (ÎÒÎ) ƧƾƸƬŭơ .(ÔÖ) ƾǼŮơȁ (ÕÎ) ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ (ÖÖ) śǐdzơ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨǷŐŭơ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ -Ò Dzǰnjdzơ ÏÍÍÔ - ÎÖÓÍ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ .(www.unctad.org/iia) ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 20 ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ (Ʊ) ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƪƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢŮơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ƾƷƗ ǹƢǯ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǺºǷ ÇƔDŽºƴǯ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǺºǷ ƆƢºǫƢǨƫơ ÏÒÑ ǵǂƥƌƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ŕƸǧ .ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ŅƢŦȍơ ƽƾǠdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .(Ï)(Ó Dzǰnjdzơ) ƆơƾǴƥ ÓÐ DzǸnjƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ÎÍ ǺǷ DzǫƗ) ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǠƥ ƨƆ ǻǁƢǬǷ ơƆŚǤǏ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ǹƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ .ƨȈǓƢŭơ džǸŬơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ǦǟƢǔƫ ǾǻƜǧ (ƨƟƢŭơ .ǹơƾºǴƥ ÎÎÍ DzǸnjƫ ƆƢǫƢǨƫơ ÔÒ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƆƢȇǁƢƳ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƭƾƸƬLJ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ŐǯƗ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǹƘƥ ȆƷȂȇ ơǀǿȁ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƞnjǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻȁ .(UNCTAD 2006b) ǾƬȇƢŧȁ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DZȂƻƽ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ǽƾų ȅǀdzơ Ǯdzǀdz DzƯƢŲ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƢºƥƢȈdzơ śºƥ ǵŐŭơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǯơǂnjdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ ƨºȇǁȂȀŦȁ ƧƾººƸƬŭơ ƩƢºȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ǵŐŭơ Ƨǂºūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơȁ (ÏÍÍÔ) ƾǼǴȇƢƫȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ǁƢǗƛ ƾȇƾŢ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ Śǣ .(ÏÍÍÔ) ƢȇǁȂǯ DzƟƢLjºǷ ƨºǠƥƢƬŭ ȆLjºLJƚǷ ǁƢºǗƛ ƔƢnjǻƛ DzǰNj ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǀƼƬȇ ƢǷ ƆơŚưǯȁ .ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ǂȇǂŢ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈǴƦǬƬLjǷ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ǩȐǗȍ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ǂǗÉȋơ ƾȇƾŢȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵŐŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ȅǁƢǗȍơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ .ǾƬȇƢŧ ȁƗ/ȁ .ƢȈLJƕ ǩǂNj ƣȂǼƳ ǶǷƗ ƨǘƥơǁȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ÏÍÍÓ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƢȀǟȂǼƫȁ ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫ ƾȇơDŽƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǩƢǘǻ ǝƢLjƫơ –Ï ƢȀǴǟƢǨƫ ǾƳȁƗȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǩƢǘǻ (Ɨ) ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ơǀǿ ǩƾǐȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ ƆƢȇƽƾǟ ǺǸȈē œǼƳȋơ ƆơƾºȇơDŽƬǷ Ɔơƽƾǟ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ƣȂǼŪơ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƢºǸǯ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸū ƆȐȈǐǨƫ ǂưǯƗ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ .(UNCTAD 2007c) ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂƸƬƥ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 21 ǥȐƻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊ ơȁƽǃȏơ ÏÍÍÔ-ÎÖÓÍ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȂŶ -Ó Dzǰnjdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ƤLjƷ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ .ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ DzǸnjºƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƴǯ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǡƢǐƫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ ƢƆǔºȇƗ Ǻºǰdzȁ ƩƢǷƾŬơȁ ǞǴLjdzơ Ŀ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ƢȀǼǷ ǂǯǀĄȇ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ǞLJȁƗ ƨǨƟƢǗ ƔƢLjǻȁ DZƢƳǂdz ƪǫƚŭơ DZȂƻƾdzơȁ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩƢȇǂƬnjŭơȁ ƨLjǧƢǼŭơ ƨLJƢȈLJȁ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǩȂǬƷ ƢȇƢǔºǬdz ȅƾǐºƬdzơ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DzǔǨƫȁ .DzǸǠdzơ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơȁ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ǩƢȈºLJ Ŀ ơƆƾȀǟ ƭƾƷȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂŢ ƢȇƢǔǫȁ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ DzºǷƢǰƬǴdz ǞºLJȁƗ ǁƢºǗƛ ǺºǷ ƔDŽƳ ȃȂLJ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƢȀȈǧ Dzǰnjƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƢƆǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁȋơ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ǂưǯƗ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƪǻƢǯ ǺƠdzȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǻƢǰǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ŀ DzǤnjƫ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǀƼƬȇ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .Ȑƻ ƾǬǟ DzƦǫ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢŲ Śưǰƥ ǃǂƥƗ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ Î- ƔƢƥ - ƢƆưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ơƆƾȈǬǠƫ ǂưǯƗȁ ǽȂƳȂdzơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ƢƆǠƥƢǗ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƢȈdzơǂƬºLJƗ DzưǷ ǹƈ ơƾǴƥ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǶLjƬƫȁ Ń ǾºȈǴǟȁ .ƾȈǠƥ ƾƷ ńƛ DzǐǨǷȁ DzǷƢNj ǞƥƢǘƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ȆǴȈNjȁ ƧǁȂǧƢǤǼLJȁ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ƩƢƥ ƿƛ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƔơŐƻ Ŀ ơƆǁȂǐŰ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƾǠȇ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ Ƶǂǘȇ ƾǫȁ .ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀ ƤǴǘƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢŲ ơƆŚưǯ ǞLJȁƗ ƩơŐŬơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƤǴǘƬȇ ǹƗ ȄºǴǟ ǑȁƢºǨƬǴdz ƧƽȁƾŰ ƽǁơȂǷ ȃȂLJ ǎǐţ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƢƆƦǠǏ ƢƆȇƾŢ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ ǦdzƗ - ƢƆưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 22 ƾǬǧ .ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞȈLJȂƫ ǽƢšơ ƢȀǠȈŦ ǞƦƬȇ Ń ƧŚƻȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǽǀºǿ ǂǐƬǬƫȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƢȇƢǔǬdz ƆƢȈƦLjǻ ƨǬȈǓ ƨȈǘǤƫ Ʃơƿ ƪǴǛ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ DZƢů Ŀ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ǁƢǗƛ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȄǴǟ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ DZƽƢºƦƫ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻºǟ ƨºǏƢşȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ƨȈƫơȂǷ ǕȁǂNj ƨƠȈē ńƛ ƧƽƢǟ ȆǷǂȇ ƨȇǁƢnjºƬLJơ ǹƢºŪ ƔƢnjºǻƛ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨǠƟƢnjdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨnjǫƢǼǷȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨǠƥƢƬŭ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ (ƨđƢnjǷ ƨȈLjLJƚǷ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƫ ȁƗ) .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ džȈLJƘƫȁ ǩơȂLJȋơ ńƛ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ DZȂǏȁ ǵƢǷƗ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƩƢƦǬǠdzơ ƨLJơǁƽȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƾȈǬǠƫ (ƣ) ǽǀºǿ DzǠdzȁ .ƢǿơȂƬŰ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨƥȂǠǏ ƽơƽDŽƫ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ƪƷǂƥ ƢǷ Ŀ ƭƾºŹ ǹƢǯ ƢŲ ƩȐǷƢǠŭơ ƽƢǠƥƗ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ƽƾǟ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƨdzȁǀƦŭơ ƽȂȀŪơ džǰǠƫ ƧǂǿƢǜdzơ ƨǨǐƥ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ƪǬƦLJ ƾǫȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ .Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DzƟƢLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȂǐǬǷ ƾǠƫ Ńȁ ǽȂƳȂdzơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ǺºǷ ƾºȇDŽŠ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǦȇǂǠƫ Ŀ ƨƦǣǂdzơ Ǻǟ ƆƢšƢǻ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ ƾȀǠdzơ ƨưȇƾƷ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ .ƢȀǫƢƦǘǻơȁ ƢȀǫƢǘǻ ƶȈǓȂƫ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ Ȇǿȁ "ǂNjƢƦŭơ Śǣ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǝDŽǻ" ǵȂȀǨǷȁ "ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ŘǠǷ ƶǓȂƫ ǂưǯƗ Ƕǰūơ ǩƢǘǻ ǪȈȈǔƫ ƶȈǓȂƬdzơ ǂƯƗ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ŅƢƬdzơ ȆƟDŽŪơ ǝǂǨdzơ ƢȀnjǫƢǼȇ DzƟƢLjǷ ƨºȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƨǷơǂǏ DzǫƗ ƆơƾȈǬǠƫ ǂưǯȋơ Ƕǰūơ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǾȈǴǟȁ .Ǯdzƿ ȏȂdz ǹȂǰȇ ƢŲ ȄǴǠǧ .ƨǷơǂǏ ǂưǯƗ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǒǂǧ Ŀ ƨƦǣǂdzơ Ǻǟ ƆƢšƢǻ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ȆǠºLJ ǞºǷ ƆơƾȈǬǠƫ ǂưǯƗ Ɣơƽȋơ Ǖȁǂnjƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǒǠƥ ƪƸƦǏƗ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ .(UNCTAD 2006c) ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƬdz ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ƢȀǷƢǰƷƗ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ƾăǿƢnjȇ ƾǫȁ ȄºǴǟ ƨºǷƢǿ ƩƢưȇƾŢ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ ƪǴƻƽƗ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ ƩƢLjǴƳ ƶƬǧ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ DzƟƢLjǷ ƪdzȁƢǼƫȁ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǵȂǐºŬơ Śǣ ǍƢƼNjȋ ƵƢǸLjdzơȁ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ǵȂǸǠdz Ʃơǂǯǀŭơ ƨƷƢƫƛȁ ǁȂȀǸƴǴdz ǝƢǸƬLJȏơ Ǒǂºǟ ǹƢºǰǷƛȁ ȃǂƻȋơ DzƟƢLjŭơ DzƦǫ ƨȈdzȁȋơ DzƟƢLjŭơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ǹƢǰǷƛȁ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƨǤȈǏ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƢȀƬȇȂLjƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǸǰŰ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǔǠƦƥ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǺǷ ǥơǂǗȋơ ȆǷǂƫȁ .ƨǸǰƸǸǴdz DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǶLjƷ ǭǂƬȇ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽƾŰ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 23 ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ Ƕǟƾºƫ DzƦLjºƥ ƢȀƬȇȂLjƫ ǹƢǸǓ ńƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀŮ ȅƾǐƬdzơ DZȐƻ ƢǸǯ .ƨȈǴǸǠǴdz ƧǂǿƢǜdzơ ƨȈǟǂnjdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǁƢǐƬƻơ ǞȈƴnjƫ DzưǷ ƢȀūƢǐǷ ǁƢǠNjƜƥ ƚƦǼƬǴdz ƨȈǴƥƢǬdzơȁ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ Ƕǟƾȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀŮ ȅƾǐƬdzơ ǹƗ .ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǒǠƥ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƨȈǨȈǰƥ ƆƢǬƦLjǷ ƨǟǃƢǼƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƾºȇƾƳ ƩơǁƢȈƻ ƶȈƬȇ ƢŶƛ ƢȀǟȂǼƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƾȈǬǠƫ ƾȇơDŽƫȁ ƶȈºƬȇȁ .ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƢŮ ǪƥƢLJ ȏ ƩƢȇƾŢ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ƶǂǘȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ džǰǠƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ƱȂĔ ǁƢȈƬƻȏ ƨǏǂ ǧ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǝȂǼƫ ƨȇƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ƢȀƬȈǸǼƫ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƪǨǴƬƻơ ƢǸȀǷ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ DzǔǧƗ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢºŮȁƢǼƬȇ Ŗºdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƽƾǟ ǂƯƢǰƫ ƢǸǴǯ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơȁ Ʃƽơƽǃơȁ ƆơƾºȈǬǠƫ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƽơƽǃơ ƆȐȈǐǨƫ ƢȀǠǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ ƤǠnjƫȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ Î - ƔƢƥ - ƆƢưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟȁ DzƻơƾƬdzơ ƩȏƢǸƬƷơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǝȂǼƫ (Ʊ) ǝȂǼƫ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ ƨǠǸƬů ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƾȈǬǠƫ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ǩƢǘǻ ǝƢLjƫơ ȃƽƗ .Śưǰƥ ƆƢǟȂǼƫ ǂưǯƗ ƶƦǏƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ DzǰȈǿ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƪǻƢǯ ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƨƦǬƷ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ Ŀȁ ƨºǬǘǼŭơ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ǂȇǂŢ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƢȀƬȈƦdzƢǣ Ŀ ǦdzƘƬƫ śºƥ ƧƽȂǬǠǷ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷȁ ǾLjǨǻ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ȃȂƬLjŠ ǞƬǸƬƫȁ ƢȀLjǨǻ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽȁƾŰ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǬǧ ǵȂȈdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƉǵƢǻ ƾǴƥȁ ǵƾǬƬǷ ƾǴƥ ƢĔƜǧ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈdzƢǫƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ńƛ ȆºǸƬǼƫ ƆƢǻơƾǴƥ DzǸnjƫ ƾǫȁ .ǾǸȈǜǼƫ ȁƗ ǾǠȈƴnjƫ ȁƗ ǾƬȇƢŧ ȁƗ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂŢ DzǸnjƫ ƾǫ ȃȂºLJ DZȁƢºǼƬƫ ȏ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀǼǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ńƛ ȁƗ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ ȃȂƬLjŭơ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ƨǤdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƨǘȈLjƥ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ .ƆȐǷƢNj ƆƢȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƆȐǷƢǰƫ ȄƻȂƬƫ ȁƗ ƨǴȈǴǫ DzƟƢLjǷ ."ȆƳƿȂŶ" Ņȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƽȂƳȁ Ǻǟ Ʈȇƾūơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢƥ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 24 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Dzƻơƽ DzǟƢǨƬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ (ƽ) ǾºƳơȂƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ǍǂǨdzơ ƾȇơDŽƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ȆǷƢǼƫ ǞǷ ƾƷƗ ƾŸ ƾǬǧ .ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ Ƨƽǁơȁ ƨǴƻơƾƬǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ȃƽơǂǧ ƢȀȈǧ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǾLjǨǻ ȅƾǿƢǠƬdzơ Ǯȇǂnjdzơ ǞǷ ƧƽȂǬǠǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ƆƢǷDŽǴǷ ǾLjǨǻ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ȃǔǟ ƾǴƦdz ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ȁƗ ȆǟƢǘǫ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ȁƗ ȆƟƢǼƯ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ Ǻȇǂƻƕ ƔƢǔǟƗ Ɣơǃƛ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǴǐƬǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ȁƗ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƤƳȂŠ ǵơǂƥƛ ƧŚƫȁ ǝǁƢLjƫ ǞǷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǸǠdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ DzƻơƾƬƬLJ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǂưǯƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǪƦǘǼȇ ǥȁǂǛ ǂȀǜƬLJ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJ ȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǞǷ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨdzƘLjºǷ ơǀºǿ Śưȇȁ .ƽƾŰ ǁƢǸưƬLJƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǺǷ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ Î - ƔƢƥ - ƆƢưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ śƥ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǞȈŦ Ŀ Ʊǁƾŭơ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁÈȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǕǂNj ȅƽƚȇ ƢǸǯ ǎǼdzơ Ȃǿ ƢȀǨȇǂǠƫ ǶǰŞ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ǂƯƗȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ śƥ DzǟƢǨƫ ǾƳȁƗ ńƛ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƨǬƦǘǼŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƧƢƫơȂǷ ǂưǯƗ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǝƢLjƫơ ǞǷȁ .(UNCTAD 1999b) ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńȁȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƾǼƦdz ǺǸǔƬŭơ DzºǟƢǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǹƗ Ɛȏƛ .ǽǀǿ DzǟƢǨƬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ DzưǷ ƭȁƾū ǂưǯƗ Ǎǂǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǂȀǜƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǒºǠƥ ƔȂǓ Ŀ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǂưǯƗ ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƨƦƳơȂdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ƾȇƾŢ ƶƦǏƗ ǹƗ ƪǻƢǯ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ Î - ƔƢƥ - ƆƢưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨǔǫƢǼƬŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ -Ð ǺȇǂǸưƬLjºŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǷƢŮơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƨȇȂLjºƬdz ƨºǧȁǂǠŭơ ƩȏƢºūơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ȆǨǧ .ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơȁ .(Ð)(Ô Dzǰnjdzơ) ƨdzƢƷ ÏÖÍ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ńƛ ƽƢǼƬLJȏƢƥ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ .ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ńƛ ƨȈǔǫ ÎÕÏ ƪǠǧĄǁ ƨȈǔǫ ÏÖÍ ǝȂǸů ǺǷȁ ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǼŪ ǶȈǰŢ ƾǟơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz ȃǂƻȋơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǶǜǠǷ ƪǓǂĄǟȁ .(ÎÑ) ŃȂȀǰƬLJ ƧǁƢš ƨǧǂǣ ǶȈǰŢ ƾǟơȂǫ ƤƳȂŠȁ (ÕÍ) Ņȁƾdzơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ƆƢǷơƾƼƬºLJơ ǂưǯȋơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ DzǨŰ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǠƫ Ń ÎÖÖÕ DzȇǂƥƗ/ǹƢLjȈǻ ŕƷȁ ƩƢºǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjºƬdz Ņȁƾºdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ Ȃǿȁ - ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 25 ǂºƻơȁƗ ǀǼǷ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .śƬȇȂLjƫȁ śǸǰƷ ȃȂLJ ǁƾǐȇ Ńȁ ƨȈǔǫ ÎÑ ȃȂLJ - ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ÏÍÍÒ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨȇȂǼLJ Ƨȁǁƿ ǢǴƥȁ ƨǴƟƢǿ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƽƾǟ ƽơǃ ƩƢǼȈǠLjƬdzơ ƾǬǟ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ƧƽƢȇǃ ȅƽƚƫ ƆȏȁƗ .DzǷơȂǟ Ƨƾǟ ńƛ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ȁDŽǟ ǺǰŻȁ ǞºǷ ǹơǂƬǫȏƢºƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Ǎǂǧ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Ǎǂǧ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ƢȇƢǔºǬdzơ ƽƾǟ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǺǸǔºƬƫ ǹƗ DZƢºǸƬƷơ ƽơƽDŽȇ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǞǷ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ ƾºȇơDŽƫ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ȅƾǿƢǠƫ ǶǰƷ ǭƢȀƬǻƢƥ ƩơƔƢǟƽơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƆȐǷƢºǟ (Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ DZƢūơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ) ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨȈǧƢǨNj .(UNCTAD 2005b) ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ǽǀǿ Ʊơǁƽƛ Ŀ ƢºŠ) ƩƢǷƾŬơ ǝƢǘǬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ (ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÐÖ) ƨǧȁǂǠŭơ ƩȏƢūơ ǶǜǠǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ǽƢºȈŭơ ƩƢǷƾºƻȁ Ǻȇƾºdzơ ƩơƾǼºLJȁ ƩȏƢǐƫȏơȁ ƔƢƥǂȀǰdzơ ǞȇǃȂƫ Ǯdzƿ ǃƢǤdzơȁ ǖǨǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƤȈǬǼƬdzơȁ ǺȇƾǠƬdzơ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢȀǼǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÑ ǹƢǯȁ (ƩƢȇƢǨǼdzơ ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƨºȈǼǠŭơ ƩƢǟƢǘǬdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈǴȇȂƸƬdzơ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ǝƢǘǬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÐÎ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨǧȁǂǠǷ Śǣ DZơDŽƫ Ȑǧ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Ó ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƨȈǬƦƬŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬǴdz ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ ƽƾǠdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǧȁǂǠŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƢȇƢǔǫ -Ô Dzǰnjdzơ ÏÍÍÔ -ÎÖÕÖ ƆƢưȇƾƷ ƨǟȂǧǂŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơȁ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǶȈǰŢ ƩƢƠȈǿ ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻƗ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǝȂǸů .(www.unctad.org/iia) ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 26 ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ǺǷ ƨǷȂǰƷ ÑÑ - Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨǷȂǰƷ ÔÐ ƪȀƳơȁ ƣȂǼƳ ǹơƾǴƥ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ǺǷ ƨǷȂǰƷ ÎÑȁ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ǺǷ ƨǷȂǰƷ ÎÒȁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ ƤƳȂŠ ǶȈǰŢ ƢȇƢǔǫ - ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǁȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǩǂNj ƨºȇǁȂȀǸŪơȁ (ÎÕ) ǮȈLjǰŭơ ƢȀȈǴƫ (ƨȈǔǫ ÑÓ) ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƧǁơƾǏ śƬǼƳǁȋơ ƪǴƬƷơȁ .(UNCTAD 2008b) (ÎÑ) ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƽȂºǬǟ Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǾǟơȂǻƗ ǞȈŦȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨǘnjǻƗ DzǸů ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ DzǸnjƫȁ ǵƢǰƷȋơ DzưǷ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƪdzȁƢǼƫȁ .ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷȏơȁ ƨǐƼǐŬơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǩƢºǘǻȁ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǝDŽǻȁ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟȁ ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ."ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ" ǦȇǂǠƫȁ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ǻºǟ ƨƠºNjƢǼdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ǝƢǨƫǁȏơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǺǰŻȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƆơǂNjƚǷ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƽƢȈLJ Ǻǟ ƆơŚƦǠƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ʃ ƾǟƢºLJ ƾºǫȁ .ƨǨȈǔºŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƩơȂǷ ƹƢǼǷ ƨƠȈē Ŀ ǶǿƢLjƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƢȇƢǔǫ Ŀ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ƨȈǧƢǨNj ǺǷ ƽơǃ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ŘǠǷ ƶȈǓȂƫ ǒºǠƥ ƩǁƾǏ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǟȂǸů ƔƢLJǁƛ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƆƢǔºȇƗ ƩǂºȀǛȁ .ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ƩȏƢƷ ǁȂȀǛ Ŀ ƪǸȀLJƗ Ŗdzơ ƨƥǁƢǔƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹơƾºǴƦǴdz ƨƦLjºǼdzƢƥ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǜǿƢƥ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ǺǷ ǥȁƢű ǺºǷ ƨºǟȂǸĐơ džºǨǻ DZȁƢǼƬƫ Ŗdzơ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƽƾǠƫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƩƽƗȁ .ƆƢȈdzƢǷ ƧƾȈǬŭơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ .(UNCTAD 2005b, 2003a) ǥȁƢƼŭơ ǽǀǿ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ ƭơƾƷȋơ ƨºȈdzƢǷ ƩƢǠƦƫ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸ ưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ƾǫȁ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ Dzǐƫ ƧŚƦǯ ǢdzƢƦǷ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǻƢȈƷƗ ȅȂǘǼƫ ǵƢǰƷȋơȁ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭƢǧ .ƨǸƼǓ ƩƢƦdzƢǘŭơ ȃƾƷƛ ƾǓ ƶƳƢǼdzơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ƨǨǴǰƫ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .Ʃơǁȏȁƾdzơ ǺǷ śȇȐŭơ ƩƢƠǷ ńƛ .ƆƢǔȇƗ ƆơŚƦǯ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ņȁƾºdzơ DŽºǯǂŭơ ǵƢǜǻ ƵȐǏƛ Ŀ ƩơȂǘŬơ ǒǠƥ ƿƢţơ ńƛ ǥȁƢƼŭơ ǽǀǿ ƩƽƗȁ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ƶȈǬǼƫ ńƛ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz ȆºǷǂƫ ƨºǷƢǿ ƩƢưȇƾŢ ƧŚºƻȋơ ƩƢƸȈǬǼƬdzơ ǺǸǔƬƫȁ .(UNCTAD 2007a) ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ .ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ Ŀ ǩƢLjƫȏơȁ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơȁ ƚƦǼƬdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 27 ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ǁȁƾdzơ -Ñ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ï ÍÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ŀ ƆƢǧǂǗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Î ÓÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ŀȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ǹȉơ ƾƳȂƫȁ .ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ÏÍÍ ȂŴ Ŀȁ œȇǂǔdzơ ƆƢǠȈǫȂƫ ǂưǯȋơ ǂnjǠdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƽơƾǟ Ŀ (ǂǐǷȁ śǐdzơȁ ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦ) ƨȈǷƢǻ ǹơƾǴƥ ƨƯȐƯ :ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ ƾƳȂƫ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .(Ð Dzǰnjdzơ) .ƨƦǗƢǫ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǁ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Î ǺǷ DzǫƗ ǦȈǔƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƆơȂŶ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DzǫƘǧ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÑÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƪǷǂƥƗ ƾǫ Dzƻơƾdzơ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǩƢǨƫơ ÑÍ ȂŴȁ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÏÍÍ ǺǷ ƣǂǬȇ ƢǷȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ .(Î DZȁƾŪơ) ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (ÏÍÍÔ ƨȇƢĔ ŕƷ) ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƤLjƷ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ -Î DZȁƾŪơ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƽƾǠdzơ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ÏÍÍÔ ƽƾǠdzơ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ÏÍÍÔ ƽƾǠdzơ ȆǸǯơǂƬdzơ ÏÍÍÔ ÎÍÑ Ó Î ÍÎÐ ÏÐ Î ÍÓÕ ÐÐ ƝƽƢŮơ ǖȈƄơȁ ƢȈLJƕ ÔÐ Ñ ÐÎÖ Ò ÑÕÒ Ñ œȇǁƢǰdzơȁ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ÐÕ Ï ÑÒÖ ÎÎ ÓÖÓ ÎÎ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ÐÔ - ÓÎÕ ÏÕ ÒÕÎ ÎÎ ƢºƥȁǁȁƗ ǩǂNj ƣȂǼƳ ǹơƾǴƥ ƨǴǬƬLjŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǘƥơǁȁ ÎÒÔ ÎÍ Ï ÍÎÏ ÒÎ Î ÓÒÏ ÏÒ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ÏÎÐ ÎÏ Î ÓÑÖ ÐÓ Î ÖÕÏ ÐÖ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ÖÑ Ð ÑÑÏ Õ ÓÖÏ ÎÐ ƣȂǼŪơ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ Ï ÎÖÒ Ó ÑÐÖ Ò ơƆȂŶ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DzǫƗ (Ɨ) ÑÎ . ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ : ǁƾǐŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƪƳǁƽƌƗ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ) ƆơƽƾǠƬǷ ƆƢ ƥƢLjƷ ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǫǁȋơ džǰǠƫ : ƨǜƷȐǷ ƢºƬǴǰƥ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗȁ ƢȈLJƕ ǺǷ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ȃǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨƠǧ Dzǰdz ǝȂǸĐơ ĿƢǏ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .( śƬǬǘǼŭơ . ǽȐǟƗ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǫǁȋơ ǝȂǸů ǺǷ DzǫƗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ Ȃǔǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƩƢǟȂǸů ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǠdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǸǔƬȇ (Ɨ) . ƆơȂŶ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DzǫƗ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 28 ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǁȁƽ ǁȂǘƬȇ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ ǽǀǿ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛȁ .Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ śǷƢǿ śǴȈƦLJ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹơƾºǴƥ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ Ŀ ƧŚƦǯ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƭƾƷ ƆȏȁƗ ǺºǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ÓÖÍ ȄǴǟ ƾȇDŽȇ ƢǷ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ŕƷ ǵǂƥƌƗ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƨȈǷƢǻ ǝȂºǸů ǺºǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÔ ȂŴ DzưŻ ƢǷ ƨȈǷƢǻ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ÖÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ DZȂǴŞ ƾƳȂȇ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȂŶ řǠȇȁ ( Ñ) ƣȂǼŪơ ǺǷ ǹơƾǴƥ śƥ ƧƽȂǬǠŭơ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƆƢǨȈǔºǷ ƶƦǏƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ Ɔơƽƾǟ ǹƗ ƣȂǼŪơ ǺǷ ļȉơ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ƢŮ ƆƘ njǼǷȁ ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƣȂºǼƳȁ DzºȇǃơŐdzơȁ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ DzưǷ) ƨƠNjƢǻ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫơ Ƨƾǟ ƪǷƢǫ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ .ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ DZȐƻ ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ƧŚƦǯ DZơȂǷƗ ǁƢǸưƬLJƢƥ (ƾǼŮơȁ śǐdzơȁ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƽƾǟ ƢȀȈǧ ǦǫȂƬȇ ƨŭȂǠdzơ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǴƷǂǷ ƔƾƦƥ ơǀǿ ǹƿƚȇȁ ǂƯƘƬLjºƫȁ .ȆŭƢºǠdzơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ Ŀ Śưǰƥ ȃȂǫƗ Ɔơǁȁƽ ȅƽƚȈdz DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǁ ƽơŚƬLJơ Ǻǟ ǺǷ ǵƢǿ ƤǻƢƳ ƾǐǬȇȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƔDŽŝ ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ Ƨȁǂưdzơ ǪȇƽƢǼǏ .ǹƢºȈƷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ńƛ ȆǸƬǼƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǷƢǻ ƆƢǻơƾǴƥ ƱǁƢŬơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ DZƢȈƷ ȆǓȁƢǨƬdzơ ƢǿDŽǯǂǷ Ŀ ǁƢƯƕ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽǀŮ ŚǤƬŭơ ǞǓȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ƾǫȁ ƆơǁƾǐǷ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈŷȋơ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ǁȁƾƥ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǩơȂLJȋơ ǝȐǘǓơ ǞǷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ŀ ƢǿƿȂǨǻ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂdz ƢȀǸǟƽ ƾȇơDŽƬȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǸǧ DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǂdz ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ŖǴƬǯ Ȇǜnjƫ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨŭȂǠdzơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷȁ .Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƆƢºǷƢŤ ƨºǓǁƢǠƬǷ Ɣơǁƕ DzǸŢ ƩƢǟȂǸů ńƛ ƆƢǬƥƢLJ śƬLjǻƢƴƬŭơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ȄºǴǟ ǒǔǷ ȄǴǟ ƪǬǧơȁ ǹƗ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzƢǧ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǹƘnjƥ œǼºƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳȏ ǾǠǧƽ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǺǸưdzơ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǖƥơȂǓ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǼƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƢēơǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƤǣǂƬLJ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ Ɣơǁȉơ ǺǷ ƆƢǟȂǼƫ ǂưǯƗ ƨǨƟƢǗ ƲƬǼ Ąƫ ƾǫ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơȁ ƨȈǧƢǬưdzơ ǩǁơȂǨdzơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ǩƢǨƫơ ǾǼǸǔƬȇ ǹƗ ǒºǠƥ ǾºȈǧ ȃǂƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ ȆǨǧ .ƆƢƸǓơȁ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƩƢƥȁ ƢŮ ƧƽǁȂƬLjǷȁ DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǂdz ƧǁƾǐǷ ƆƢǻơƾǴƥ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 29 ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƾǠƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƩǀƻƗ ƾƷơȁ ǹƕ Ŀ ƢŮ ƧǁƾǐǷȁ DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǂdz ƧƽǁȂƬLjǷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ŐƬǠƫ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫơ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƢēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ƾȇƾŢ ňƘƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŠ ƪdzȁƢƷȁ ƢºĔƜǧ ƱǁƢŬơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƨȈŷȋơ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƆơǁƾǐǷ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ Ʃƾǣ Ƣŭȁ ƨǨȈǔºǷ ƢȀǨºǏȂƥ ƱȁƽDŽºŭơ Ƣǿǁȁƽ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ ǶȈȈǬƫ ńƛ ƱƢƬŢ Ǻºǟ ƨƠºNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ƾŢ ƾǫȁ .ȆǓȁƢǨƬdzơ ƢǿDŽǯǂŭ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ǿdz ƘnjǼǷȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ǺºǷ ƨƳǁƢŬơ ƢēơǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƨȇƢǸū ƢȀȈǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ȄǠLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ȅƽƚƫ ƾǫ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .Dzƻơƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ȄǴǟ Ƣēǁƾǫ ǺºǷȋơ ȁƗ ƨºƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨǷȐLjºdzơ ȁƗ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ŚƥơƾƬƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ DzȈƦǫ ǺǷ ńƛ - ƨºȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ Ƣēǁƾǫ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨƸǴdz ƢȀȈǧ ƆƢƥȂǣǂǷ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ - řǗȂdzơ .ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ƢǿȁǂǸưƬLjǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ DzǐŹ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǩƢǘǻ ǎȈǴǬƫ ƩơƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ śºƥ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƣǁƢǬƬdzơ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ơǀŮ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǺǷȁ ƆƢǻơƾǴƥ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ȃǂƫ ƿƛ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥȁ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ǪǧơȂƫ DžƢǸƬdzơ ǽǁȁƾƥ ơǀǿ ǃDŽǠȇ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀūƢǐǷ ƨȇƢǸū ȄǠLjƫȁ DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǂdz ƧǁƾǐǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫ ǾǼǰdzȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ Ƕǟƾdz Ɣơǁȉơ ƢȀǨºǏȂƥ ǂưǯƘǧ ǂưǯƗ ƢȀūƢǐǷ ǩǂǨƬƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śƥ Ɣơǁȉơ ǝȂǼƫ ƧƽƢȇǃ ńƛ .DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǂdz ƧƽǁȂƬLjǷ ƆƢǻơƾǴƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ƽơƾƫǁơ ǁƽơȂƥ -Ò DZơDŽºƫ ȏ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠdz ǂǸƬLjŭơ ȂǸǼdzơ řǠȇ ƨǐȇǂƷ ȆȀǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƢȀƬȈǸǼƬdz ƨȈŷȋơ ǶLJƢƷ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ŐƬǠƫ ǺǷȁ .ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƣơǀƬƳơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ĊƩơȂǷ ƉƹƢǼǷ ƨǷơƽƛȁ ƨƠȈē ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȐdz ƆơƽƢºǬƬǻơ ǂºưǯƗ ǦǫơȂǷ ǹơƾǴƥ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ǂȀǜƫ ƩǀƻƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ .ƆȐƦǬƬLjǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ŚƯƘƫ Ǿdz ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ćǂǷƗ ơǀǿȁ œǼƳȋơ Ŀ ƆƢºȈǠȈƦǗ ƆơǁȂºǘƫ ƢǷ ĊƾƷ ńƛ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƽƢǬƬǻơ džǰǠȇ ƾǫȁ ńȁȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ńƛ ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂǬdzơ ƩƢǼȈǻƢť ǂƻơȁƗ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdzƢǧ .ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨºǸȈǫ DZȂºƷ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ƆƢȇȂǫ ƆƢǬǧơȂƫ ƩƾȀNj ƧǂƬǧ ƪǻƢǯ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǺǷ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƆƢǻơƾǴƥ ƪƥƢǏƗ Ŗdzơ DzǷȋơ ƨƦȈƻ ƾǠƥ ơǀǿ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƫ ǃǂƥ ƾǫȁ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 30 ȂŴ ȄǴǟ Ʃơǀdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƠǨǰǼǷ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ƲȀƬǼƫȁ ǾƳȂŭơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏƢƥ ǀƻƘƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǞǷ ƭƾŹ ƢǸǴưǷȁ .ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǩȂLjdzơ ƽƢǐƬǫơ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ƉƤȈǐǻ DžƢǸƬdzơ ńƛ ƢȀǠǧƽ ǹȁƽ ƲƟƢºƬǼdzơ ƩƔƢºƳ ơƿƜǧ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƵƢų ȃƾǷ ƧǂƬǧ ƾǠƥ ǶċȈǬȇ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ŚȈǤƫ ȅƗ .ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ DZċƾǠƫȁ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƽƢǠȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƩƢǠǫȂƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ Ƣǿƙơƾƥƛ ǂưǰȇ Ŗdzơ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻȏơ ǺǷȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjºŭơ ǵƢȀºLJƛ ǹƢǸºǓ Ŀȁ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳơ Ŀ ĊǥƢǯ ŚƯƘƫ ƢŮ džȈdz ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ Ǯdzƿ Dzŧȁ .ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦǴdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƆƢȈƥƢŸƛ ƆƢǷƢȀLJƛ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǒºǠƥ ƩƾōǯƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .ƆƢȈǴǯ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƛ Ǧǫȁ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƗ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ƢŮ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƪȇǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƦȇǂƴƬdzơ ƩƢLJơǁƾdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǞǸƴĄƫ Ɣơǁȉơ ƨȈƦdzƢǣ ǹƗ ȏƛ .( Ò) œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳơ Ŀ ĺƢŸƛ ƾºǫ ƢĔƗȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ĊƩơȂǷ ƉƹƢǼǷ ƨƠȈē Ŀ ƾƷơȁ ƉDzǷƢǟ ȃȂLJ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ǂƻȉơ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǺǷ ƆơŚƦǯ Ɔơǁȁƽ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ȅƽƚƫ œǼºƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȐdz ƆơƽƢǬƬǻơ ǂưǯƗ ĊǦǫȂǷ ƽƢŸƛ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȃǂƻƗ DzǷơȂǟ ƪǸȀLJƗȁ ǹƗ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭ ȆǷƢǼƬŭơ ƽƾǠdzơ ǂȀǛƗ ƾǬǧ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏȁ ǂNjƢƦŭơ .ƨǨȈǔŭơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȈdzƢǷ ƨǨǴǰƫ ƢŮ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ DZȂƷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢȀƦĄNj ǁƢƯƗ ƢǷ řǗȂdzơ ǺǷȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ DzǣơȂNj ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ʃǃǂƥȁ DZȁƾºǴdz ƨºǯȂǴǸŭơ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǪȈǫƾƬdzơ ƵǂĄƬǫơȁ .ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƢēȂǬƥ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ǶLjƬƫ Ŗdzơ - ƨȇƽƢȈLjdzơ Ƨȁǂưdzơ ǪȇƽƢǼǏȁ ƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ǺǷ ƨȇȂȈƷ ƔơDŽƳƗ ǝȂǔƻ DZƢǸƬƷȏ Ɔơǂǜǻ ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ Ŀ Ƥưǯ Ǻǟ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƢēơǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨȈƦǼƳƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ƧǂǘȈLjdz ȆǴƄơ ǒǠƦdzơ ȃǂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ǃƢȈƬǷȏơ ƽȂǬǟ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟȍ ƩơƔơƾǻ ƪȀďƳĄȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ƪǘţ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ .ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz .ǵǃȐdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈƥƢŰ ƢĔƗ ǝDŽǻ Ŀ ǂǜǼdzơ ńƛ ƢȀƟƢǤdzƛ ȁƗ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǞǷ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ŖǴƷǂǷ Dzƻơƾºdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ǁƢºƯƕ ǹƘnjƥ ȏ DzǣơȂNj ƪăȇĉƾƥƌƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƦǼƳȋơ ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȈǰǴǷ ƽǁ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ơǀǿ ȄǴƴƬȇȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǁƢƯƕ ǹƘnjƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢŶƛȁ ƤLjƸǧ ƨǟƢǼǐdzơ ǝƢǘǬƥ Ɨƾƥ ȅǀdzơ ƱǁƢƼǴdz ƱƢƬǻȍơ ƾȇǁȂƫ ȄǴǟ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ œǴLjdzơ DzǠǨdzơ .ƩƢǷƾŬơ ǝƢǘǫ ƆƢǔȇƗ DzǸnjȇ ǹȉơ ƩƢƥȁ ƨȈǴȇȂƸƬdzơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 31 ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƘºǗƢƦƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ Ƕǟơƾdzơ ǶƻDŽdzơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸȀǷȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƧƢƫơȂǷ Dzǫȋơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩơŚȈǤƫ ƤȈǐǻ ƽơǃȁ .Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ Ŀ ƧǀºƼƬŭơ ƨºȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ŚƥơƾºƬdzơ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ƨƟƢŭơ Ŀ Ð-Ï ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢº ºǟ Ŀ ƨº ºƟƢŭơ Ŀ ÏÒ ƨº ºƥơǂǫ ńƛ Ȇº ºǓƢŭơ ǹǂº ºǬdzơ Ǻº ºǷ ƩƢǼȈǠLjº ºƬdzơ ǂº ºƻơȁƗ džŤ Ŗdzơ ǽȂƳȂdzơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩơǂƫȂƬdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǁȂǘƬƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƦƬLjŭơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ .(UNCTAD 2007c) ǞƳơǂƫ ńƛ ƨŭȂǠǴdz ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƾǠƦdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ DzǣơȂnjƥ ƨǻǂƬǬǷ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ƆȐƦǬƬLjºǷ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƆƢȈƦǴLJ ƆơŚƯƘƫ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ǁƢLjǷ Ǻǟ ǞLJȁƗ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ǩƢǧƕ ǹƘnjƥ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ƢǿơǂƳƗ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƩơƔƢǐǬƬLJơ DzǣƢnjdzơ ơǀǿ ƩċƾǯƗȁ ƔơŐºƻȁ ƨºȈǼǗȂdzơ Őºǟ ƩƢǯǂnjºdzơ ƪǨċǼǏȁ .ÏÍÍÖ-ÏÍÍÔ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ƩƢǬǧƾºƬdz ȆLjºȈƟǂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ƢȀǨǏȂƥ ƨȈƟƢǸūơ Ƕǿƙơǁƕ ƪȈǐǬƬLJơ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .(UNCTAD 2007e).ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƺȇǁƢƫ Ŀ ƨưdzƢƯ ƨǴƷǂǷ ƔƾƦƥ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ ǽǀǿ ǹƿƚƫ ƾǫȁ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǺºǷ śƬǴƬǯ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƪǸLjƫơ ńȁȋơ ƨǴƷǂŭƢǧ .ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƨƦǬƷ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ƨºȇƢŧ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁȁƽ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǔǫƢǼƬǷ Ɣơǁƕ ǹȐǸŢȁ ƆơƽƢƷ ƆƢǓǁƢǠƫ śƬǓǁƢǠƬǷ ƾċȇƗȁ ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ǹȂǰȇ ƽƢǯ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ƉǪǧơȂƬƥ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ƪǸLjƫơ ƢǸǼȈƥ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǶLjƬƫ ƾǫȁ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƉǵƢǜǻ ǂȇȂǘƫ Ŀ ǦǴƬţȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ DzƟƢLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǪǨƬƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ŐǯƗ ǝȂǼƬƥ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ DZȐºƻ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȃȂƬŰ ƶƦǏƗ ǽƢǻƽƗ ǺċȈƦŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƢǿŚǣ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǩƢǘǻ ƶȈǓȂƬdz DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ȆǠLJ ǞǷ ƆƢǟȂǼƫ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ .ǂȇǂƸƬdzơȁ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǹƘnjƥ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƉǵƢǰƷƗ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ŅƢūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠdz ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƩƢǸLjdzơ - ƔƢƥ ƉƲȇDŽºǷ ǁȂºȀǛ ńƛ ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƽȂǬǠdzơ DZȐƻ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǁȂǘƫ ȄǔǧƗ ǺǰŻ ǾǻƜǧ ǾƳȂĔ ǝȂǼƫȁ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǶƴƷ ƨǷƢƼǓ Ƕǣǁȁ .ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǥȏƕ ǺǷ ƾōǬǠǷ .(UNCTAD 2007a) ǾƫƢũ ǺǷ Ċƽƾǟ DŽȈȈŤ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ Ǟōǫȁ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ĊƾǴƥ Dzǯ ǹƗ ŘǠŠ ȆŭƢǟ ǵƢǜǼdzƢǧ ǹƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ Ċƽƾǟ Ŀ ƆƢǧơǂǗƗ ƪƫƢƥ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗȁ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ƽơƾǠƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǞǓȁ ǕƢnjǻ ǺǷ DŽȈǸƬŭơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ơǀǿ džǰǠȇȁ .ƢȀǼǷ Śưǯ Ŀ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 32 ƨȈǧƢǨnjºdzơȁ ƚºƦǼƬǴdz ƨȈǴƥƢǬdzơȁ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơȁ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƨǬƦǗ ŚǧȂƬdz ƨȈǼǠŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳȏ ƨdzȁǀƦŭơ ƨȇƽơǂǨǻȏơ ƽȂȀŪơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǥȏƕ ǺǷ ǹȂǰƬȇ ǾǻƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƝDŽƴƬǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ DzǰȈǿȁ ƾºǟơȂǫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ DzǛ Ŀȁ .ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ ǪȈLjǼƬdzơ ǺǷ Ňƽȋơ ƾūơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ʼnƾȇ ƉȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DzǏơȂƫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƨȈŭƢǟ .ǽǃDŽǠȇȁ ŅƢūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǵȂºȈdzơ ƾƳȂƫ ƿƛ .ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟȁ ȆǟƢǘǬdzơȁ ȆǸȈdzƢǫȋơȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ Dzƻơƽȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơȁ ȆƟƢǼưdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ Dzƻơƾƫ ƭƾŹ ƾǫȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬŭơȁ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽȁƾƄơȁ ƤºƳȂŠ ƧƘnjºǼǷ ƨºdzƽƢƦƬǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺȇƾǴƦdz ǹȂǰƫ ƾǬǧ .ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǷŐŭơ .ǾLjǨǻ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ȄǴǟ ƾƷơȁ ǹƕ Ŀ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƨǨǴƬű ĊƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǷŐǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƉǵƢºǰƷƗ ȄºǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢǧ .ǽȂƳȂdzơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ǵƢǜǼdzơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢǯ ƨǴǏ Ʃơƿ DzƟƢLjǷ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƾǟơȂǫ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ Dzƥ ƆơƾȇƾŢ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƨºȇƢŧ ȁƗ DzºǸǠdzơ DzƟƢLjǷ ȁƗ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ȁƗ ƩƢǷƾŬơ Ŀ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ȁƗ ǞǴLjdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟȁ .ǾǴȈǤnjƫ ȁƗ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ džȈLJƘƫ Ŀ ŚƯƘƫ ȃǂƻȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀŮ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨƠȈƦdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫȏ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ĊǾƳȁƗ ǺǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƘnjǼƫ ƾǫ ƨºLJƢȈLJ Ǒơǂǣȋ ƪǸǸĄǏ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƢŠǁȁ ƆơǂǐƷ ǽƾƷȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ Ņȁƾdzơ .ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ƆơŚƦǯ ƆƢǬǧơȂƫ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƢǿơȂƬŰ Ŀ džǰǠƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ DZȂǬdzơ ƨǏȐƻȁ ǺºǷ ǾƬȇƢŧȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨǴǷƢǠŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨǬƷƢLjdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǤdzƢǧ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩơǁƢǸưƬºLJȐdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ń ąȁÈȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ DzȈƦǫ DZơȂǷȋơ DzȇȂŢ ƨȇǂƷ Ŀ Ǫūơȁ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǝDŽǻ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơȁ ƨǨĉǐǼ ŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơȁ ƨǣƢȈǐºdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ .DZȁƾºdzơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧȁ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ DZȂƦǫȁ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾƳȂƫȁ .ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƆƢnjǿƾǷ Dzƥ ƆơƾȇƾNj ƆƢǟȂǼƫ ǂȀǜĄƫ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀŮ ƨȈǴǠǨdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁÈȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ DzưǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƽƾºǟ Ŀ ȏƛ ǂȀǜƫ ȏ Ɣơƽȋơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨĄƫ Ŗdzơ ǞǼŭơ ǾƳȁƗȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ džȈLJƘƫ .ǂƻƕȁ ǩƢǨƫơ śƥ ƆơŚƦǯ ƆƢǧȐƬƻơ ƆƢǻƢȈƷƗ ǦǴƬţȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 33 ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ǁƢǰƬƥȏơȁ ƨȈǷƢǼȇƾdzƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǶLjƬȇȁ Ŗdzơ ƨǤȈǐǴdz ƩƢƸȈǬǼƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƉǵƢǼƬǷ Ǻǰdzȁ DzȈǴǫ ƽƾǟ ǺǸǔƬȇ DZƢưŭơ "ƨǨĉǐºǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ" ŚƦǠƫ ŘǠǷ DzưǷ ŕNj ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ƣđ ƩƔƢƳ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ȃǂƻȋơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǺǷȁ .ǂNjƢƦŭơ Śǣ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǝDŽǻ ǵȂȀǨǷȁ ƨºǘƦƫǂŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ DzǣơȂNj ȄǴǟ ȃȂǫƗ ƆơDŽȈǯǂƫ DŽǯǂƫ ƾȀǠdzơ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵƢºǜǼdzơȁ řǗȂdzơ ǺǷȋơ ƆȐưǷ DzǸnjƫ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǕȁǂNj Ʊơǁƽƛ DZȐƻ ǺǷ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ŚƥơƾƬdzơȁ ĿƢǬưdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ DzǸǠdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ǵơǂƬƷơȁ ƨƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨƸǐdzơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇȂLjºƫ ƩơƔơǂºƳƛ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƢǿ ƩƢưȇƾŢ DZƢƻƽƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȅǂŸȁ .ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǷƾƼǴdz ƨȈǗȂƸƬdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ .ƨǬLjƬǷȁ ƨǸȈǴLJ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǪȈǬŢȁ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǁƢǐƬƻơȁ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƨȈǤƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ǹƗ ńȁƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǂȀǜĄƫȁ ǽƢºš ƆƢưȇƾºƷ ƨƠºNjƢǼdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ DzưǷ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬǴdz ƤȈƴƬLjȇȁ ƨǻȁǂŭƢƥ ǶLjƬȇ ŃƢºǟ Ŀ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ȃƽơǂǧ džǸƬǴƫ ǹƗ ƆƢnjǿƾǷ džȈdz ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ƕºǣǁ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǮǴƬdz ȅƾǐƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƽǂǧ ƆȏȂǴƷ ƙDŽƴƬdzơ ƾȇƾnjdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ .ƆȏƢŦƛ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǮLJƢǸƬdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ Ƣđ ǹƢȀƬLjĄȇ ȏ ǁƢƯƕ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ƢǷ Śǣ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈŸȁǂƫ ȃȂLJ ƆƧƽƢǟ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ǹƗ ǺºǷ Ɔȏƾƥ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǾƸǼŠ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳơ džǸƬǴƫ ƢĔƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǹƛ Dzƥ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ƧƽƾŰ Śƥơƾƫ ƨǨȈǔƌŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƘnjǼŭơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǀƼƬƫ ƨºǼȈǠǷ ƨǘnjǻƘƥ ǝȐǘǓȏơ ǺǷ ƨǨȈǔƌŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǞǼŤ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞǷ śǼȈǠǷ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭ DŽǧơȂūơ ʼnƾǬƫ ľƢǼƬȇ ƾǬǧ .DŽǧơȂūơ ʼnƾǬƫ DzưǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdz Ɣơƽȋơ ƩƢºƦǴǘƬǷ ȄºǴǟ ƨºǓȁǂǨŭơ ǞǼŭơ ǾƳȁƗ ǞǷ ȁƗ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁÈȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǾǴǸǟ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƆȏơƚLJ Śưȇ ơǀǿȁ .DŽǧơȂūơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƨǷƾǬŭơȁ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ ƣ Ð -ƔƢƥ - ƆƢưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆŸȁǂƬdzơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ .ƨȈƦǴºLJ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƞnjǼƫ ǾƥƢnjǷ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ ǭȂǴLJ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ Ȇǿ ƨǟȂǘǬŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ DZȁƾºdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƆƧƽƢǟ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǑǂǨƫȁ .řǠŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ǂǔȇ śǠǷ ƨºȈdzƢŭơ DŽǧơȂºūơ DzºưǷ ƘnjºǼŭơ ƾǴƥ Śƥơƾƫ ǒǠƥ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ŘưƬLjĄƫȁ .ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţƢƥ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 34 ƢºǷ ƆơǁƽƢǻ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ DzǬǼdz ǖnjǼdzơ ƲȇȁǂƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨȈƦȇǂǔdz ơȁ .(UNCTAD 2001 ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƱǁƾĄƫ ǩȂºǬƷ ƔƢnjºǻƛ ȄºǴǟ ǂǐƬǬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǥƢǔĄȇ ǶȈºǜǼƫ DzºǏơȂƫ ƨǨȈǔƌŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ǶēƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǻǟ ƪǰLjƫȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz ȄºǴǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǑǂǨƥ džȈdzȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢēƢǠȇǂnjƫ DZȐƻ ǺǷ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢȈdzȁƚLjºŭƢƥ ƆȐưºǷ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ȃȁƾºƳ ǹȁƽ Ƨƾºȇƾǟ ƩơȂǼLjdz ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪdzȁƢƷ ƾǫȁ .ƩƢǯǂnjǴdz ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ .ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ Ǒǂǧ ǾºȀƳơȂƫ ƆƢȈLjȈƟǁ ƆƢȇƾŢ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǧơȁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ƨŷƢLjǷ ǹƢǸǓ ƨȈǨȈǯ Dzǜƫȁ .Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƨȈǷƢǻ ǹơƾǴƥ ƾnjºǼȇ ȏȁ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ƨȇƢǸūơ ŚǧȂƫ ƾnjǼȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǶǜǠǷȁ ƨºȇƢŧ ƢȀºƬȇƢǣ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺǷ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƨȈƦdzƢǤdzơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿȁ .ƨdzƾƬǠǷ ƨƳǁƾƥ ȏƛ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǣ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ƆơǁƽƢǻȁ .ƨǨȈǔŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȇǂūơ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ǹƢºǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƨƦǬƷ ǺǷ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ DZȁȋơ ǹǂǬdzơ Ǧǐǻ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƪǷǂƥƌƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȅǀºdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ǯdzƿ ǾǻƜǧ (ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƽȂƳȂǷ Śǣ Ȃǿȁ) "ȆƳƿȂŶ" ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƾƳȂȇ ǹƗ Śǣ .ȆǓƢŭơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǼȈƬLjdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǃȁǂƥ ƾǠƥ ǢȈǏ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƭƾƷƗȁ ƩƢǷƾŬơ Ŀ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƿƢǨǻ Ɣƾƥ ǞǷ ƩŚǤƫ ƧŚưǯ ƆơǁȂǷƗ ƢȈºLJƕ ǩǂºNj ƣȂǼƳ ǶǷƗ ƨǘƥơǁ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƨǬǘǼŠ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȅǁƢǗȍơ ǩƢǨƫȏơȁ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ .ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷȁ ǶǿƢLjºȇ ȏ ƢȀǸǜǠǷ ǹƜǧ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz ƩơȁƽƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƪǻƢǯ Ƣŭȁ ƨȈǧƢǨnjºdzơ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ǶȀLjĄȇ ȏ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơȁ .ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ƆȐȈǴǫ ȏƛ ƨǨȈǔƌŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ȆǔƬǬƫ ȏ ƢȀǼǰdz ƨǧƢǨNj ƢȀLjǨǻ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ȏƛ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ƨǸLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘǼƫ ȏȁ .ƨǧƢǨNj ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫ DzǠš ǹƗ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƆȏȂǐǧ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ǺǸǔƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzƢƥ ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ŕƷ ȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ DZƽƢƦƫ ǎź ƾºȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾºƳȁ ȄºǴǟ ȃƾǐƬƫ ȏ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǶǜǠǷȁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơȁ .ǖǬǧ ƨȈnjǷƢǿ ƧǁȂǐƦǧ ƪǴǠǧ ǹƛȁ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ DzǣơȂnjdz ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 35 ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǟƾĄƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ :ƢĔơȂǼǟ ǺǷ ƶǓơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƆƢǬƷȏ ȏƛ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǂȀǜȇ ȏȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬǴdz ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ džȈdzȁ - ǾƬȇƢŧȁ œǼƳȋơ ȆLJƢȈLJ ǥƾǿ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀŮ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ǥƾŮƢǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƆƢǻȂǻƢǫ ƨǷƎDŽǴƌŭơ Śǣ ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬǴdz ǾċƳȂǷ Ȃǿ ƢŶƛȁ Ƨ ƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ Ǯȇǂnjdzơ ȆǷƢǼdzơ ƾǴƦǴdz ƆơƾȇƾŢ ƆƢȀƳȂǷ džȈdzȁ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂºdzơ ƨǤȈǐºdzơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥȁ .ǶȀǠǓȁ ǹƢǯ ƆƢȇƗ ǺȇƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǞȈǸŪ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ǥƾŮơ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǠLjƫ ƨƳƢƦȇƾdzơ .ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ȅƗ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ȆNjơȂūơ ǹȋ DzȈǐǨƬdzƢƥ œȇǂǔdzơ Ʊơȁƽǃȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǝȂǓȂǷ ƨLJơǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ŀƢǠƫ ȏ (Î ) ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǸǴdzȁ . ǾƬȇƢŧȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǩƢǘǻ Ǻǟ Ʊǂţ ƨȈƦȇǂǔdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ .( UNCTAD 2000 ) ǂǜǻơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ƤƟơǂǔdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ǻǟ ȁƗ Ƨǂºūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƆȐ ưǷ ƢȀǼǷ ŕNj ƩƢȈǸ LjŠ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǂȀǜƫ (Ï ) ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȁƗ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzǷƢǰƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȁƗ ǪƯȁȋơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǯơǂnjdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ . ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ƨȇǁƢǗȍơ ƤǴǗ ʼnƾǬƫ ȅȂǼȇ ǾǻƗ ńƛ ƢȀǧơǂǗƗ ƾƷƗ ǁƢNjƗ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ Ƕǫǂdzơ ơǀǿ DzǸnjȇ ȏ (Ð ) ƢȇƢǔºǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǷƾǫ ơƿƜǧ ( ƨȈǼdzƢƥ ǁƢǘƻƛ ) ƾǠƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ŀ ǝǂnjȇ Ń ǾǼǰdzȁ ǶȈǰŢ . ƢȀȈǧ ƩȂƬƦŭơ Śǣ ƩȏƢūơ ƽƾǟ ƾȇDŽȈLJ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz ǶºǷƗ ƨǘƥơǁ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷ ( Ñ) ƾºǼŮơȁ ( ÏÍÍÏ) śǐºdzơ ǞºǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ǪǗƢǼǷ ƔƢnjǻȍ ƢȈLJƕ ǩǂNj ƣȂǼƳ ƧǁȂǧƢǤǼºLJȁ ƢºǸǼƥ śºƥ ǵŐŭơ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ( ÏÍÍÒ) ƢȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ( ÏÍÍÐ) .( ÏÍÍÓ) śǐdzơȁ ǹƢƬLjǯƢƥ śƥ ǵŐŭơ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ( ÏÍÍÓ) Ȑ Ɔ ưºǷ ǂºǜǻơ ( Ò) .Gallagher and Birch (2006) ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ǂǜǻơ .Ackerman (2006) Banga (2003); Neumayer and Spess (2005); Tobin and Rose- ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ŃƢǟ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ŀ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ - ƆƢưdzƢƯ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ŀ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ ǺǷ Ɔơƽƾǟ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǝǂǨdzơ ƽƾƷ ǺºǷ ƲƬǼƬLjȇȁ .ƨȈǓƢŭơ ƽȂǬǠdzơ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƢǿǁȂǘƫ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǾǐƟƢǐƻ Ǒǂǟȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȐdz ƆƢǼǯƢLJ ƆȐǰȈǿ džȈdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹƗ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǵƢºǜǻ ǽǃǂƷƗ ȅǀdzơ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǶȀLjȇ ƨȀƳ ǺǸǧ .ǁȂǘƬȇ ƞƬǧ ƢǷ ƆƢǯǂƸƬǷ ƆơǁƢǗƛ Dzƥ ƹƢºǼǷ ƨƠȈē Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƾȈƷȂƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǝȂǼƫ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǂǧȂȇ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ǂǬƬLjǷȁ ƶǓơȁ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƩơǁƢȈƻ ǾƬȇƢŧȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȄǔǷ ƪǫȁ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ơǀºǿ Ƶǂºǘȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢēƢLJƢȈLJ Ƕǟƽ ńƛ ȆǷǂƫ ǭȂǰǐǯ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥȁ DzȈưǷ ƢŮ ǪƦLjȇ Ń ƩƢȇƾŢ Śƻȋơ ƤǻƢŪơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ƨƦƫǂƬŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ "ƶȈƸǐdzơ" ǩƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzƢƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǖȈǴƻ Ŀ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơȁ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơȁ ƆƢǸȈǴLJ ƆơǀȈǨǼƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơȁ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ śƬƠǧ Ŀ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǦȈǼǐƫ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .ȃȂƬƄƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ - ǦdzƗ ƢºȀǟȂǼƫȁ ƢǿƾºȈǬǠƫ ƾȇơDŽƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƧŚƫȁ ƨǟǂLJ ǹƛ ƧŚƦǯ ƨȇǂnjƥ ƽǁơȂǷ ȆǔƬǬƫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ȆǷƢǼƫ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢȀǴǟƢǨƫȁ ǽǀºȈǨǼƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǂȇȂǘƫ ƨǴǏơȂǷ Ŀ ƨdzƢǠǨdzơȁ ƨǷƢƬdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjǸǴdz ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾǴƥ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .ǽƾǏǁȁ .(UNCTAD 2007f) śƦƦLjdz Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿŚƯƘƬdz ǹƜǧ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǾºǰǴƬŤ ƢŲ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ DzǫƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢȀǰǴƬŤ Ŗdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǹȋ ƆȏȁƗ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ .ƢǿŚǣ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƢȀǴǿƢǯ DzǬưƫ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǁȂǘƫ Ŀ ǾƬŷƢLjǷ ǹƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ ƾŸ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ǾǻƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƾƷƗ ȃǂȇ ƾǫ ƆȐưǸǧ .ƨȈǟȂǼdzơȁ ƨȈǸǰdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƆƢƦǴLJ ǂƯƘƬƬLJ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzȇƾƦǯȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ŀ Ƥǣǂȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ǑȁƢǨƬǴdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƧŐŬơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨȇ ƨºǧǂǠŭơ Ǿdz ǂǧȂƬƫ ȏ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ Ŀ DZȂƻƾdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ ơǀǿ ǁƢƬź ǹƗ ǺǰŻ Ǯdzǀdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 38 ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ȁƗ ƢºȀȈǴǟ DZȂǐūơ Ǯdzƿ ȏȂdz ǾǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǹƢǯ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ǹȁƽ ȁƗ ǾǷŐȇ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǞȈǸŪ ǵƢƫ ǶȀǧ Ǿȇƾdz ǹȂǰȇ .ǾǷơǂƥƛ ƾǠƥ ƆȐǷƢǯ ƔƢǧȁ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƩƢȈǔƬǬŠ ƔƢǧȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ Ǿdz ǂǧȂƬƫ ǹƗ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾNjƗ Dzǰnjƥ ǂƯƚƫ Ƨǁƾ ǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǹƗ ńƛ Ɔơǂǜǻ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ ńƛ ƨƳƢƸǴdz ƧƢǟơǂǷ DzǫƗ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǼǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ȄºǴǟ ƧƘǗȁ ƾNjƗ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ƔƤǟ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ Ŀȁ .ƢŮ ȅƾǐƬdzơ ȅǁȁǂǔºdzơ ǽƢºšȏơ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵƢǜǻ ǾȈƳȂƫ ȄǴǟ Ƨǁƾǫ Dzǫȋơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǮǴƬdz ȅƾǐƬǴdz ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLjdzơ ƩƢǿƢšȏơ ǺǷ Śưǯ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǶǫƢǨƬƫȁ .( Î) ǽȐǟƗ ǾǨǏȁ ƽǁȁ ȅǀdzơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǎƟƢǐƻȁ ŅƢūơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǺǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǰŤ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ǂǘŬơ ǺǸǰȇ ȏȁ Ǻǟ ƢǿDŽƴǟ Ŀ ȃǂƷȋƢƥ ǺǸǰȇ Dzƥ .DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǾȈǧ ǭǁƢnjƫ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞȈŦ ǹȋ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ Ŀ DZȂƻƾǴdz ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢŮǀƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀȁ ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ ǾȈǧ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ Ŀ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǒȇȂǬƫ ńƛ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƽǁơȂǷ ǹȁƾƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ DZƢů Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƨǸȈǴLjdzơ ƨǻǃơȂŭơȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ȇǟơǂƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǸǓ Ŀȁ ńƛ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƽǁơȂǷ ǹȁƾƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ ƔƢƥ -ƆƢưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƨȈǧƢǯ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ńƛ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǁƢǬƬǧơ ƽƾȀȇ ƾǫ ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ Ŀȁ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ Ȇǟȁ Ǻǟ ƾȀǠƬƫ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƽȂƳȁ ǑǂƬǨȇ ǵƢǜǼdzƢǧ .ǾƬǷǂƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧDŽƳƢºǟ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǾǸȈǴǫƛ Dzƻơƽ Dzǯ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƆƢǧƢǨNjȁ ƆơǂǬƬLjǷ ƆơǁƢǗƛ ƞnjǼƫ ǶȈǴLJ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǸȈȈǬƫ Ǻǟȁ ƢȀȈǧ DZȂƻƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƪǬǧơȁ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȃȂƬŰ ǶȀǧ Ǻǟ ÅƔƢǧȁ ƢēƢȈǔƬǬŠ ƔƢǧȂǴdz ƧƾǠƬLjǷ Śǣ Ȇǿ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ DZȂƻƾdzƢƥ ǂǗƢţ ƢĔƜǧ ƢǿƾǬǠƫ ƤƦLjƥ .ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈŷƗ ǺǷ DzǴǬȇ ǽǁȁƾƥ ơǀǿȁ .ƆȐǷƢǯ ƾºǫ ƢĔƜǧ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ǑȂǬƫ ȏ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ŕƷȁ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȃȂƬŰ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƫ ƾǫ ȆȀǧ .ǾƬȈǼƥ ǽȂnjƫ ǞºLJȁƗȁ ƆơƾȈǬǠƫ ƾNjƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ DZȂƻƾdzơ ƨǷȁƢǬǷ ńƛ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ƢȀǐǬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƾǸǠƫ ƢºȀǬƐǴǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈŷȋơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢȈƦǴLJ ǵƗ ƆƢȈƥƢŸƛ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾȇƾŢ ƾǸƬǠȇȁ .ƆƢǫƢǘǻ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 39 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǎºǴź ǹƗ ƔǂºǸǴdz ǺǰŻ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƆơƾȈǬǠƫ ǂưǯȋơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƾǬǠǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂŢ ǹƗ ńƛ ȅƽǂǨdzơ ǶȈȈǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƆƢǷȂǸǟ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ŀ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ƾš Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁǀǠƬȇ ƾǬǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƆƢȈƦLjǻ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂŢ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ƧƾǬǠŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨdzơƾǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ƽƾē ƾǫȁ NJȈǸȀºƬǴdz ǑǂºǠƬƫ ƾǫ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzƢǧ .Ņȁƾdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzǰnjȈLJȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠdz DzǏơȂƬŭơ ǵƾǬƬdzơ Ƥǯǁ Ǻǟ ǦǴƼƬdzơȁ ǾǻƘºNj ǺǷȁ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǵȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƝƽƢƦǸǴdz ƆƢǻƢȀƬǷơ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƨǴǏƘƬǷ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƢƷ DzǠŸ ǹƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƽǁơȂºǷ DŽºȇDŽǠƫ Ȃºǿ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬǴdz ȅƾǐƬǴdz ƨǷƢŮơ DzƦLjdzơ ƾƷƗȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Ŀ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ńƛ ȄǠLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚǷȁ ƔƢnjºǻȎdz ĺȁǁȁȋơ ǥǂǐŭơ DzưǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ Ƨƾǟ ǭƢǼǿȁ .ƨȈdzƢǠǨdzơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ǁƾǬƥ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ƢȀƬǸȀǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǮǼƦdzơȁ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾǬǼdzơ ǩȁƾǼǏȁ ŚǸǠƬdzơȁ .( Ï) ƨȈǴƄơ Ƣēơǁƾǫ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjºdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƭȂƸƦdzơ DZƢů Ŀ Ƣđ ǞǴǘǔŭơ ƨǘnjǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ǦǴƬű ǹƗ ǞǷȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƧƾȈǨǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơȁ ƩơǁƾºǬdzơ śLjºƸƬdz ƢŮǀƥ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧƢǓȍơ ƽȂȀŪơ ǝȂǻ ƢǷ Ȃǿ Ƶȁǂǘŭơ DZơƚLjdzơ ǹƜǧ ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢȀŪơ śƥ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǞLJȁƗ ǪǧơȂƫ ńƛ DzǏȂƬǴdz ȆǠLjdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫȁ ƨȈǴƄơ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ ƆƢǠƥơǁ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ȃȂƬƄƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ - ƔƢƥ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ȆºǨƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǸºǓ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ Ǻǟ ȃȂƬƄƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ƘnjǼƫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ǮLJƢǸƬǷȁ ǥƢǨNjȁ ǂǬƬLjǷ ǁƢǗƛ ŚǧȂƫ Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơ ƢȀǧƾđ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ȇºǰdz ƨǨȈǔºŭơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƫ ƨȇǂȇƾǬƫ ƨǘǴLJ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƶǼŤ ǹƗȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢēƢLJƢȈLJ Ŀ ǂǸƬLjƫ ǂºưǯƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪƸƦǏƗ ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƢºǷ Ȃǿȁ ǾƳȁȋơȁ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ Ŀ ơƆƽƾǠƫȁ ơƆƙDŽš ƽơƽDŽȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǹȋ ƆƢƦŎǴǘƫ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 40 ǝƢLjºǷ ƨºƯȐƯ ƾƳȂƫȁ .ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫ ƽơƾƬNjơȁ ƢȀǫƢǘǻ ǝƢLjƫơȁ ƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƽƾǟ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǾǼȈƦȇ ǮºLJƢŤ DŽȇDŽǠƫ Ŀ DZȁȋơ ǺǸǰȇ .ȃȂƬƄƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬǴdz ȅƾǐƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨȈŷƗ ȆLjƬǰƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƨǻǃơȂŭơ Ŀ ňƢưdzơȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǺǷ ƾŢ Dzǯ ǝǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ ƨȈǬƥ DZȁƢǼƬȈLJȁ .ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƬdz ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ Ŀ ƮdzƢưdzơȁ .DzȈǐǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŠ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ DŽȇDŽǠƫ -Î ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢǸƬdz ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƽƢǠƥȋơ (Ɨ) :(UNCTAD 2007a) ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢǸƬdz ƨǨǴƬű ƽƢǠƥƗ DŽȈȈŤ ǺǰŻ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǺºǷ ƾǴƥ ƢȀǷŐȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ řǠȇ ƆȏȁƗ ƾºȇDŽƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǾƫƢLJƢȈLJ ǞǷ ƨǬLjƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .ƢǷ ƾǴƦdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǪȈǬŢ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƨǗǂǨǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ DzưǷȋơ ǾƳȂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƧƽȁƾºŰ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǾȈǔƬǬƫ ƢǷ ǃȁƢƴƬȇ ƢȀǫƢǘǻ ǹƗ ŘǠŠ ƢȀƬȈdzȂſ .ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǾȈǔƬǬƫ ƢǸǟ ǪȈǔȇ ƢȀǫƢǘǻ ǹƗ ŘǠŠ ƢȀƬȈdzȂſ Ŀ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ ƨºǠƦƬŭơ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƾǫ ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ ƾºƷ ȄºǴǟ ƣȂȈǟȁ ƢȇơDŽǷ ȄǴǟ śǓȁƢǨƬǸǴdz ŐǯƗ ƩơǁƢȈƻ ƶȈƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨºȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢēƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƨȈƦǴƬdz ƨǼȈǠǷ DZȂǴƷ DžƢǸƬdzȏ ƨǏǂǧ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƶȈƬƫ ȆȀǧ .ƔơȂLJ ŐǯƗ ƩƢȇƾŢ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ Ǟǔƫ ƾǫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƾȈǬǠƫ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ǺǸǰȇ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ ǪȈǬŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈdzƢưǷ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJȏ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƽȂȀŪơ ƤǴǏ Ŀ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ǥǁƢǠŭơȁ ƩơǁƢȀŭơȁ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ƧƾǟƢǫ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸƬnjȇ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǺǷ ƆơƾǬǠǷ ƆƢŸDŽǷ Ǯdzƿ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƾǫȁ .ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ ƢŮǀƦȇ Ŗdzơ .ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơȁ DzǸǠdzơȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ DzƟƢLjǷ Śºǣ Dzǜƫ ƢȀǼǰdz ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƨȇDŽǯǂǷ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ƾȀǠƬƫ ƾǫȁ ƾºǫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǴƄơ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǞǷ ƢȀǫƢLjƫơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƘLjŭ ƨǯǁƾǷ ƆƢȇƾºȈǴǬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ ǹƗ ǭǁƾƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨȈǴŰ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƩƢǷȂǰƷ ǾȈǧ ǝǂĈnjƫ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 41 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ǹȉơ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƢȀƬǘǴLJ ǺǸǓ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǶǫƢǨƬƫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .ǽƢǻƽƗ śƦǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ȆǴƻơƾdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǬLj ƬǷ Śǣ ƆƢºǷȁƽ ƪLjȈdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȋ ƘnjǼƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǭƢǼǿȁ ƽǂů ǺǷ ƆƢǫƢǘǻ ǞLJȁƗ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ȆǴƄơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ Ŀ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥ ƨƳǁƾǷ ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzȏơ DzƻơƾƬƫ ƢǸưȈƷ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ǯdzƿ ƘnjǼȇ ƾǫȁ .ƧƽƾŰ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ śƥ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ƨºȇǂȇƾǬƫ ƨǘǴºLJ ǺǷ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦǴdz ƢǷ ǞǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ Ƣđ ƾȀǠƬŭơ ŘǠŭơ ơǀđ ǮLJƢǸƬǴdzȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢēƢLJƢȈLJ Ƕǟƽ DzƳƗ ǺǷ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ ƆƢǔºȇƗ DzǸnjȇ ƢŶƛȁ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ȏ ȂȀǧ .řǷǃ ƾǠƥ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ śƥ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨŪƢǠǷ ǵDŽǴȇȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƾȀǠƬdzơ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ džȈdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ǞºȈŦ ǎºź ƢǸȈǧ ǵȁƾƫ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ȇǿȁ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢŶƛȁ ƤLjƸǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƢȇǂLJ ƧǂƬǧ DZơȂǗ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ Dzºǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǵDŽǴƬLjȇȁ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ śǻơȂǫ Ŀ ƨȈũǁ ƩơŚȈǤƫ ƔơǂƳƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢȇȂƬLjºŭơ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǞǷ ǶƴLjǼǷ ǮǴLjǷ ǝƢƦƫơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ ńƛ ǂǜǼĄȇ ƾǫ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .ȆǴƄơȁ ȆǸȈǴǫȍơȁ řǗȂdzơ ǺºǷ ƾºǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ŐǯƗ ƆƢȇƾŢ Ƶǂǘƫȁ ƽǁơȂŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ȆǔƬǬƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ĈǦ ţ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ .ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ơǀǿ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ƾȀǠƫ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨºȈǟơȁ ƩơǁƢºȈƻ ƔơǂºƳƛ ȄǴǟ ƆơǁƽƢǫ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ .ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏƢƥ ƾȀǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƆơƾȈƳ ƨLJȁǁƾǷȁ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧŚƦǯ ƔƢƦǟƗ ǽǀǿ DzǸƬƄơ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǞȈŦ ǑǂǨƫ ƾǫȁ ǞǷ ǪLjƬǷȁ Ǿƫơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǪLjƬǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǞǓȁ ńƛ ȄǠLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾǟ ǝƢǨƫǁơ ǞǷ ƔƤǠdzơ ƽơƽDŽȇȁ .ƨȈǴƄơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ .ƢȀȀƳȁƗȁ ƢēƢǬƦǗ ƽƾǠƫȁ ƢȀǟȂǼƫȁ ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƾǴƥ Dzǰdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ Dzƻơƽ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ƨǰƦnjƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǁȂưƫ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ ƤºǼƴƬȇ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔºdzơ ǺºǷȁ .(Î ǁƢºǗȍơ) ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƾǴƥ Dzǯ ƢȀǷŐȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 42 ƨǰƦºNj Ŀ ǩƢLjºƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǓȁƢǨƬŭơ ȅȋ ǂǧơȂºƬƫ ȏ Ǿǻȋ ƆƢǷȁƽ ǺǰŲ Śǣ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿȁ .ǶĔơƾǴƥ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ǾǗȁǂNj Ǒǂǧ ǺǷ ǾǼƐǰŤ ƨȇȂǫ ƨȈǓȁƢǨƫ Ƨǁƾǫ ƾǴƥ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƤƦLjƥ Ɔơǃȁǂƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǮLJƢŤ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ʃƽơƽǃơ ƾǫȁ .ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ǥơǂǗƗ .ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǎºź ƢǸȈǧ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǶǜǠǷ ǾȈǧ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟȁ ƆơƾºȀǟ ƭƾƷȋơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǒǠƥ ǹƜǧ ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƆơǂNjƢƦǷ ƆƢǸǰƷ ƢºǸǟ DZơƚLjºdzơ Ƶǂºǘȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ .ƧƽƢŭơ ǽǀǿ ȃȂƬƸŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzȈǏƢǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ǵƾǬƫ .śǟȂǼdzơ śƥ ǦǴƬź ȆǟȂǓȂŭơ ȃȂƬƄơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǺºǷ ƢƆƦȇǂǬƫ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ǂȀǜƫ ƾǫȁ ƽȂºƳȁ Ǻǟ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǁƽƢǐǷ ƾƷƗ ƘnjǼȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ DzǏƢǧ ƾƷ Ȃǿȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǵƢǟ DzǏƢǧ ƢƆºǠƦƫȁ ŅƢºƬdzƢƥȁ .ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁǂŢ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫȁ ǺǗȂƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ȆǸŢ Ŗdzơ ȆȀºƬǼȇ ǹƗ ǺºǰŻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ǾȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjƫ ȅǀdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ƱƿȂǸǼdz ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǔǠƥ ȅȂƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ǖȈǴƻ ńƛ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzƢƥ ǥƢǘŭơ Śºǣ ƨǰƦºNj ƔƢnjǻƛ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǦǫȂƬȇ ȏȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơ ȅȂƬŹ ȏ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǂȇǂƸƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǠǧ .ƾūơ ơǀǿ ƾǼǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǬLjƬǷ ƢƆºǧȐƬƻơ ǦǴƬţ ƢĔƜǧ ƢǿơȂƬŰȁ ƢȀǫƢǘǻ Ŀ ƧƾƷȂǷ ǽȐǟƗ ƶǓȂǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵȂºǬƫ ǹƗ ơƆƾƳ ǞƟƢnjdzơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ .ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂƥȍ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ơƆŚƦǯ ƨǤȈǐºƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǂƻȉ ƾǴƥ ǺǷ ǦǴƬţ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƜƥ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫȏ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƷơȂdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ Ƕǰūơ Ŀ ƨǼȈǠǷ Ŗdzơȁ ƪǻǂƬǻȍơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƨǠdzƢǘǷ ǺǷ śƦƬȇȁ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǹƗ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ Ï ÍÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǵǂºƥƗ ƧŚưǯ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ .( Ð)ƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ džȈdzȁ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ Ȃǿ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǧȐƬƻơ ȄǴǟ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƷơȂdzơ ƾǴƦdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ȁƗ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ džȈLJƘƫ DzƦǫ ƢǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ DzưǷ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ DzƟƢLjŠ ǂǐūơ ȏ DZƢưŭơ ƨȇȂLjºƫ ȁƗ Ɣơƽȋơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ȁƗ DzǷƢnjdzơ Ǖǂnjdzơ ƨȈǘǤƫ ȁƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 43 ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ -Î ǁƢǗȍơ śƥ DzǸƬƄơ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǠdz ƨǨǴƬű ƩȏƢƷ ƽȂƳȁ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨǰƦNj ǞLJȂƫ ȃƽƗ :ȆǴȇ ƢǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƨǴưǷȋơ ǺǷȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǦǴƬű ǁǂºǬȇ ǹƗ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǂȇƾǬƬdz ǭǂƬƫ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǩȂǬƷ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƢǷ ơƆŚưǯ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ ǾdzȂƦǫ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DZȂƦǫ .ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz džȈLJƘƫ - Ŀ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂȇǂƸƬdz ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ǂƯƚƫ ƾǫ ǩƢǨƫơ DzưǷ) ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzǷƢǰƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƽƾƸĄƫ ƾǫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ńƛ ƨºǸǬdzơ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼȇ ƲĔ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƗ ǂȇǂŢ ƨȈǴǸǟ (ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷȋ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǩơȂºLJȋơ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷƾŬơ Ŀ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǵƢǠdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǎǼȇ ƢǸǼȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨƳǁƽ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼƫ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈŸǁƾƫ .ǾLjǨǻ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ śǫƢǨƫȏơ Ȑǯ ǾȈǘǤȇ ƢƆȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƢƆǗƢnjǻ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ƨƸǓơȁ Śǣ - ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨȈǼǷȋơ ŁƢǐŭơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƔƢǼưƬLJơ ǕǂNj ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǩƢưȈǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǸǔƬƫ .ƨǴƯƢŲ ƢƆǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨȇǂưǯƗȁ .ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ - .ƢºǷ ƾǴƥ ƢȀǷŐȇ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ śƥ "ƽȂǐǬŭơ Śǣ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ" ǺǷ ƩȏƢƷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾƳȂƫ ƾǫȁ ǾȈǴǟ ȅȂƬŹ ȅǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁȋÈ ơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǕǂNj ƱƎǁƾȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ ǥǂºǘǴdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ǩȂǬūơ ǒǠƥ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǕǂNj ǩƢǘǼdz ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǔǫƢǼƬŭơ ƩơŚLjǨƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƧƾƷ ǺǷ ƽơǃ ƾǫȁ .Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƨȈǻ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ .(Ɨ)ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ƢȀǷƾǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁȋÈ ơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǩƢǘǻ ǞLJȂȇ ȅǀdzơ DzǷƢnjdzơ ǕǂnjdzƢƥ ǥǂǠĄȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǂƻƕ DZƢưǷȁ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ǿƥ ǵDŽƬǴƫ "ǂƻƕ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȅƗ" DzǸnjȈdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǂǸưƬLjºǷ ǞǷ ƾǬǟ Ǻǟ ǶƳƢǼdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ DzưǷ) ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǽǀđ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ DZȐƻƛ Dzǰnjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƨȈdzƕ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƢƆǯƢȀƬǻơ (œǼƳƗ .ƢȀȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ƥǣǂȇ ȏ ƾǫ ƨƴȈƬǻ Ȇǿȁ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƧǁƾºǬdzơȁ ƧŐºŬơ ńƛ ǂǬƬǨƫ Ŗdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǎź ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ơƆŚƦǯ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǹȂǰȇȁ ƢǿƾºǸƬǠȇ ƨºǨǴƬű ƨȈƳƿȂŶ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥȁ .ǾȈǓȁƢǨƬdzơ .ȃȂǫƗ ƨȈǓȁƢǨƫ Ƨǁƾǫ ǶȀȇƾdz ǹȂǓȁƢǨƬǷ ƔƢǯǂNj "řȇDŽȈǧƢǷ" :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩȏƢūơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ (Ɨ) ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ (ARB/97/7) Ƕǫǁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Kingdom of Emilio Agustin Maffezini vs. The Spain) ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 44 ƶȈºǬǼƫ ÏÍÍÍ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÐ ǁơǂǬdzơ ÏÍÍÍ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÏÒ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ǁơǂǫ Salini Costruttori S.p.A. and Italstrade S.p.A vs. ) "řȈdzƢLJ"ȁ (ÏÍÍÎ ǂȇƢǼȇ/ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ÐÎ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƘnjºƥ ǁơǂǫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ (ARB/02/13) Ƕǫǁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Jordan Ƕºǫǁ ƨȈǔºǬdzơ Siemens vs. Argentina)"ŗǸȈºLJ"ȁ (ÏÍÍÑ ŐǸǧȂºǻ/ňƢºưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ö ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ Ð ǍƢǐºƬƻȏơ ǹƘnjºƥ ǁơǂºǫ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ (ARB/02/8) (ARB/03/24 ) Ƕǫǁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Plama Consortium Limited vs. Bulgaria)"ƢŭƢƥ"ȁ (ÏÍÍÑ džǘLjǣƗ/ƣƕ .(ÏÍÍÒ ǂȇơŐǧ/ǕƢƦNj Õ ǍƢǐƬƻȏơ ǹƘnjƥ ǁơǂǫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǠŭơ .ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ :ǁƾǐŭơ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơȁ .ǾLjǨǻ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Dzƻơƽ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƭƾŹ ƾǫȁ ǮºǴƬƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DZȂǐǨdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ǾƳȁȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƩƢǷƾºŬơ Ŀ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzơȁ ǞǴLjdzơ Ŀ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢǯ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǼƬŭơ ǕƢŶȋơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨǨǴƬű DZȂǐǧ ǑǂǨƫ ƾǫȁ .ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƩƢǯƢȀºƬǻȏơ ǹƛ Dzºƥ ƤLjƸǧ Ǯdzƿ džȈdz ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǬǨǐdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢȈdzƕ ǍƢǐƬƻơ Ŀ Dzƻƾƫ ƾǫ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ DZȂǐǨdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ƨǷȂǟDŽŭơ ȄºǴǟ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ǑǂǠƫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū Ǯºdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻơ ǹƗ śƷ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ǶȈǰŢ ƨƠȈǿ ƆƢºǷȂǸǟ ǑǂºǠƫ ƧǁƢºƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ŚƥơƾƬƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǯƢȀƬǻȏơ ƨºƴȈƬǻȁ .(UNCTAD 2003b) DZȁƾºdzơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ DzƷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǺǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ .ƨǬLjƬŭơ Śǣ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơȁ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƽƾǠƬƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ Ǯdzǀdz Ǻºǟ ŕƷ ǶƴǼƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ śƥ ƨǴǏƢǨdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǹƗ ƨƥǂƴƬdzơ ƪǼȈƥ ƾǫȁ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ȁƗ ƨȈƥȂǴLJƗ DzǣơȂNj ƧƢǟơǂŭ ƪǠǓĄȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨǤȈǏ ȆǔǨƫ ƾǬǧ .ƧƽȂǐǬǷ Śǣ DzƟƢLJȁ ǵơǂƥƛ ƪǫȁ ǂǯǀƫ ƨȈŷƗ ǹȁƽ DzȈǏƢǨƬdzơ ƾƷƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƾǬǧ .ƨǠǫȂƬǷ Śǣ ƲƟƢƬǻ ńƛ śǠǷ Ǒǂǣ Ȃºǿ ơƿƜºǧ ƨǼȈǠǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ȏƛ ƆƢǸȀǷ ŐƬǠȇ ȏ ƾǫ ȁƗ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧǁȂǜǼǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƨdzƘLjǷ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈŷȋơ ǶLJƢƷ ƆȐȈǐǨƫ ƨǬƷȏ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ƶƦǐȇ ǹƗ ƾºǬƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǦȈǔǷ ƾǴƥ ƾŸ ƾǫȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ Ŀ DzȈǐǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƱǁƽƌƗ .Ǯdzǀǯ ƪLjȈdz ƢĔƗ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǬLjƬǷ ƢȀǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ śƥ ƩȐǟƢǨƬǴdz ƨƴȈƬǼǯ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǁƢưȇ ƾǫȁ ǒºǠƥ Ŀȁ .ƢȀLjºǨǻ ƧƾºǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ Dzƻơƾƫ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 45 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǞǷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǬǨǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǪƦǘǼƫ ƾǫ ƩȏƢūơ ƾǫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƧƾǯƚǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ƨǠǫȂƬǷ Śǣ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ DzǟƢǨƬdzơ ƾȈǬǠƫ ǾȈdzƛ ȅƽƚȇ ƢǷ ƩơǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ Ŀ ƧǁȂǐŰ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƆƢǬƷȏ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǵŐƫ ǂºƯȋơȁ .džȈLJƘƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ œǼƳȋơ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƶǼǷ DzǸnjȇ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƆƢǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨºȇƢǸŞ ƨºƦdzƢǘŭơ ǾºǼǰŻ ǂǸưƬLjºǷ ȅƗ ǹƗ Ȃǿ śǫƢǨƫȏơ Ǻȇǀǿ Ǻǟ ƞNjƢǼdzơ ǦǟƢǔŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ǞȈǫȂƬdzơ ƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ ƾȈƥ .džȈLJƘƬdzơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǾǴǸnjȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ŀ ƢȀƬȈƷȐǏ ǺǸǓ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ ƶǼǷ Dzǜȇ ǹƗ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǕǂƬnjƫ ƾǫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ .ǾºǴƦǬƫ ȏ ȁƗ ƆƢºȈƦǼƳƗ ƆơǂǸưƬLjǷ DzƦǬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǁǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƧƽƾºǠƬǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǹƢȇǂLJ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Dzƻơƾƫ ƨƴȈƬǻ DzưǸƬƫ ƾǫ DzưŭƢƥȁ ƨºǬȇǂǗ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ȄǴǟ ǺǬȈƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ ȆǨǔȇ ƢŲ ǾLjǨǻ ǝơŗdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū .ƢȀǫƢLjƫơ ǵƾǟȁ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƽƾǠƫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍ DZƢĐơ ƶLjǨȇ ȁƗ ǝơŗdzơ DzƷ ǩƢǘǻ ǞȈLJȂƫ Ŀ śǸǰƷ ƽȂƳȂdz ǦǟƢǔŭơ ǂƯȋơ DzưǸƬȇ ƾǫ ƩȏƢūơ ǒǠƥ Ŀȁ ƾºƷƗ ȄºǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧƢƻȂƬŭơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ȃƾǠƬȇ ƢŠ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǵƢºǰƷƗ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƤƦLjƥ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ DzǸƬŹȁ .ǽƽǂǨŠ śǸǰūơ ƶȈºƬƫ Ŗºdzơȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǶǜǠǷ Ŀ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁÈȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ƢºȀƸȈƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūƢƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƾƷƗ ƤƳȂŠ ƨȇƢǸƸǴdz Ǟǔź ȅǀdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz .ǦǴƬű ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ȃǂƳ ǂƻƕ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǹƜºǧ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ ƨǔǫƢǼƬǷ ƨǨǴƬű ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ Dzƥ ǹȂºǰȇ ƽƾŰ ȅƾǿƢǠƫ ǶǰƷ Ŀ ƽȂƳȂǷ ǾǻƗ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂǴdz ȁƾƦȇ ȅǀdzơ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơ ȁƗ Ǫūơ .ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ƆƢǠǫȂƬǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǟ ƨǨǴƬű ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȅǂLjȇ ȁƗ ƽȂƳȂǷ Śǣ ƢǷƛ ǂƻƕ ǶǰƷ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǾȈǧ ǎǼƫ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ DZƢưŭơ Dz ȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƆƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ ƢǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƩƢǟȂǧƾǸ Ǵdz Ǖȁǂnjŭơ Śǣ DzȇȂƸƬdzơ ƨdzƢǨǯ ȄǴǟ ƾºǴƦdzơ ǪƷ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƾǫ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȇƾǫƢǠƬdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ DzǸnjȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ .ƨǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ DzǛ Ŀ ƩȐȇȂƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨƬǫƚǷ ƽȂȈǫ Ǒǂǧ Ŀ ǦȈǔŭơ ƨºǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩơŚLjºǨƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǠdz ƨǴǸƬƄơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ƾƷƗ ƘnjǼȇȁ .ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ džǨǼdz ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ƢȀȈǘǠƫ Ŗdzơ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ ƪǸǐdzơ ǵDŽǴƫ ƾǫȁ ǩƢǘǼdzơ ƨǠLJơȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ƨǤdz ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ƆơŚưǯȁ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 46 .ǾǴƷ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠƫ ǹƗ ơǀȀǯ ƆƢǟơDŽǻ ǾƳơȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǰƄơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨLJȂǸǴǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƬƥ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ǵƢǰƷƘƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǬLjƬǷ Śǣ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ƨƾǟ ƩǁƾǏ ƾǫȁ ƨºȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁÈȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƗƾƦǷȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƗƾƦǷȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǦȇǂǠƬǯ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǕǂnjºdzƢƥ" ǥǂºǠȇ ƢºǷȁ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǩƢǘǻȁ ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ƗƾƦǷȁ ǝƢǨƫǁơ ńƛ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ .(Schreuer 2006) ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƧǁƽƢǐŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ "DzǷƢnjdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ǁȁƾǏ ǂǸƬLjȇ ǹƗ ƶƳǂŭơ ǺǸǧ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƽƾǟ .ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƨǬLjƬŭơ Śǣ ǶǯƢŰ ƢŮ ǾȈǘǠƫ ƢǷȁ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ǪǴǠƬƫ ȏ ƆơŚƻƗȁ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨǸǜǻƗ ǦǴƬţȁ .ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ǵƢǰƷȋƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢŶƛȁ ƤLjƸǧ ƩơŚLjǨƫ ǺǷ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢºǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ DzưǷ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ȅǁƢºƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǬǴdz ƧƾºƸƬŭơ ǶºǷȋơ ƨǼŪ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ȁƗ ƧǁƢºš ƨǧǂǣ ǶȈǰŢ ƾǟơȂǫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǧǂǣ ƢȀǠƦƬƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ȁƗ (DZơǂƬLjǻȁȋơ) ƩơǁƢºȈƻ Ƨƾǟ ƨǟǃƢǼƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ǩȁǂǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǾȈǧ ƶȈƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ŃȂȀǯȂƬLJ ƨºǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢǧȐƬƻȏơ Dzǰƥ ǵƢƫ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǠȈŦ ǹȂǰƫ ȏƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ ƨȈƟơǂƳƛ ǽǀºǿ ǶȀLjºƫ ǹƗ DzºǸƬƄơ ǺºǷ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ȄǴǟ ƢǿǁƢƯƖƥȁ ȆºǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ DZȂƷ DZơƚLjdzơ Ƶǂǘȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ .ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǩƢLjƫơ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ƩƢǧȐƬƻȏơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƟơǂƳȍơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ Ʊ ȆƟDŽŪơ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DzȈǴǬƬǴdz ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Dzƻơƽ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ƨǰƦNj Ŀ ǖǬǧ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǠǧ .ǂƻƕ ǞLJȁƗ ƾǠƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢǸƬdz ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢŶƛȁ ƤLjƸǧ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȃƽơǂǨdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DzǏơȂƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ƙDŽƴƬdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .ǾǴǸǯƘƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǽǀºǿ ƲĄȀĄǻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƣǂǤƬLjŭơ ǺǷ džȈdz Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƨȇƽǂǧ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƢºǸȈǧ ǾƥƢnjºƬdzơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƽ ǪȈǬŢ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƧŚưǯ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƨǨǴƬű ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨºȇƢĔ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DZȂƸƬȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǸǧ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸū ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǒǠƥ ǎź ǾºƳơȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ƨǐǫƢǼƬŭơȁ ĉƨǼȇƢƦƬŭơ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ǖȈǴƻ ńƛ ǥƢǘŭơ ǖȈǴŬơ ơǀǿ ǑǁƢǠƬȇȁ .ƢȀǠǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ ƩơǁƾǬǴdz ƧƾȈǬŭơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 47 ȄǴǟ ȅǂLjƫ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơȁ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơȁ ƵȂǓȂdzơ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǞǷ ƨǼȇƢƦƬŭơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ DzºǏȂƬdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz Ǿƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ƢŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƆȏơƚLJ Ǯdzƿ Ƶǂǘȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ DzƟƢLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬŭơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƫ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ƨƳǁƽ ńƛ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ ƆƢǠƥơǁ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ƨȈŷƗ (ƣ) ƨȈŷȋƢƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ǶLjƬȇ ơƿƢŭ ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯȁ ƔƢƥ ƾǴƦdzơ ǞǷ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǦdzƗ ƾǴƦdzơ ǵǂƥƗ ơƿƛ ǶȀȇ ơƿƢǷȁ ǦºdzƗ ƾǴƦdzơ ƶǼǷ ơƿƛ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ ǶȈƳ ƾǴƦdzơ ǞǷ ƢȀǷŐȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭơ Ǻǟ ƆƢǨǴƬű ǶȈƳ ƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ Ǻǟ ǾƦƴƷȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǕǂNj ƔƢƥ ƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢƥ ƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǞȈŦ DZȂǐƷ ǺǸǔȇ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ǾǴǠǨȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǀƟƾǼǟ ƆƢǔºȇƗ ǶȈºƳ ƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ DZȂǐū ƆȏƢƥ ȄǬǴȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǕǂNj ǂƻƕ ǶǰƷ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ǾLjǨǻ DzȈǴǠƬdzơ ȅǂLjȇȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǕǂNj ȄǴǟ ǶŮȂǐƷ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ǵƾºǟ ƩȏƢºƷ ǒǠƥ ƢĔƘnjƥ ƾƳȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ .ƢǷ ƾǴƦdz ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨǰƦNj Ŀ ǩƢLjƫȏơ :ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂǴdz ȁƾƦȇ ƾǫ ƢŲ ƆơƾȈǬǠƫ ǂưǯƗ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨǰƦNj ƨǷƢǫƛ ǹȋ .ȆǟȂdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǭƢǼǿ ƆȏȁƘǧ ƨºǯǁƾǷ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǹȂºǰƫ ȏ ƾǫȁ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩơȂǼLJ ǩǂǤƬLjȇ ƢǷ ƆơŚưǯ ƾǫ ƾƷ ȅȋȁ DzȇȂǗ ƪǫȁ ǀǼǷ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǸǴdz ƽƾƄơ ȃȂƬƸǸǴdz ƩơȂºǧ ƾºǠƥ ȏƛ Ǯdzƿ ǭǁƾƫ ȏ ƾǫȁ .ƭƾƷȋơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬţ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ Ŀ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǠƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǝơDŽǻ ƤnjǼȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȅƗ ǹơȁȋơ .ƪǷƾƌǫ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƸĄȇ Ŗdzơ • ǵƾºǫ ȄºǴǟ ƤºǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ńƛ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ DzȈŤ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨºȈǴƄơ śǻơȂǬdzƢǧ .ǶȀƬȈLjǼƳ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǤƥ ǶȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ƩơǁƢºǬǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢºǫȁ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǫ DzưǷ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ƨǟȂǸƴŠ DŽȈŤ ȏ ƢĔƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƆƨǷƢǟ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢǟ ǪƦǘƫ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƪǷƾƌǫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ śƥ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ Ŀ ǩȁǂǨdzơ ǂȀǜƫ ȏ ƾǫ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ .ƧƽƾŰ ƨȈLjǼƳ ǺǷ • ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 48 DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơ Ŀ ƨǨǴƬű ƨȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƢºǸȈǧ DZƢºŭơ DžƗǁ ƩȐȇȂƸƬƥ řǗȂdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƶǸLjȇ Ń ơƿƛ DZƢưŭơ ǞºǷ ƆƢǬǧơȂƬǷ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǬǧ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǥȁǂǛ DzǛ Ŀ ȏƛ ƢǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJƢƥ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .ƢȀǴǯ ƢȀǠǷ ȏ ƾǴƦdzơ ƢȀǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ƨºȈǴƄơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǻƾŭơ ƨǷƾŬơ ǦǛȂǷ DzȀŸ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ǭƢºǼǿȁ .řºǠŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƽȂƳȁ ŕƷ ƨȈǴŰ Ƨǁơƽƛ .ǝơDŽǻ ńƛ ǾǴǯ Ǯdzƿ ȆǔǨȇ ǹƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨǰƦNj Ŀ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ Ƶǂǘȇ ƾǫ ƆƢưdzƢƯ ȄºǴǠǧ .(ǽȐǟƗ ǂǜǻơ) ƢǷ ƾǴƦdz ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DzǯƢnjǷ ȄºǴǟ DzǸƬnjƫ ƨȈǴƻƾƫ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ǞƦƬȇ ƾǴƦdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ƽȂºƳȁ ǹƜǧ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DzƟƢLjǷ Ŀ ȆǸȈǜǼƬdzơ DzƻƾƬdzơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƽ ǒȇȂǬƬdz ƆƢȈǧƢǯ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ DzƻƾƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǂǜŹ ƾȈƷȁ Ņȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ .DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƾǴƦǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮǴƫ • ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ Ʃƽơǃ ƆƢǠƥơǁ ƾºǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂǧ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǠdz ǾƳȁƗ ƽȂƳȁ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǺǷ ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ƢǷ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǽƢšƢƥ ǁȂǘƬȇ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ŀ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǥȁǂǠŭơ DzǏƢǨdzơ ƾūơ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ .ȆǟƢŦȁ ǪLjǼǷ ƲĔ ȏ ǵƗ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ǂȇǂŢ Ʊơǁƽƛ śƥ ƢǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨºƳǁƾ ƥ ǪºǴǠƬƫ Ȇǿȁ ƨǼȇƢƦƬŭơ ǩǂǘdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ǹȉơ ǹƢȈǠǴdz ǃŐȇ ǀƻƗ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ńƛ ƨǠǫȂƬŭơ ƨƳƢūơ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƢȇƢǔǫ śƥ ǞǸŪơ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ŀ ƩƢǜǨŢȁ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǂȇƾŪơ ǺǷ ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǒǠƥ ƢȀƬǘǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƩơŚLjǨƬdzơ Ŀ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ńƛ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ • ǺºǷ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ǖȈǴƻ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƨǸȀǷ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞȈŦ ǾƳơȂƫȁ ȅƾƸƬdzơ ơǀŮ ƢǿŚǣ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǑǂǠƬƫ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ :Ȇǿ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠdz ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 49 ƧŐºŬơ ǎºǬǻȁ ƧǁƾºǬdzơ ƩƢǫȂǠǷ ƤƦLjƥ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǾƳơȂƫ ƾǫ ƩƢºLJƢȈLJ ǞºǓȁ DZƢů Ŀ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǾȀƳơȂƫ ƢŲ ƾNjƗ ƩƢƥȂǠǏ Ŀ ǶȈǴºLJ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƢȈƥȁ ƨǰLJƢǸƬǷ ƨȈƟƢŶƛȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ǵƾºǟ ȃDŽǠȇ ƢǷ ƆơŚưǯȁ .ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨǰƦNj .ƧǁƾǬdzơ ńƛ ǁƢǬƬǧȏơ ńƛ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈƬƸƬdzơ ŘƦdzơ ǁȂǘƫ • ƩƢºLJƢȈLJ ƢȀȈǧ ƾƳȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ŀ ŕƷ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥȁ ƤºƳȂŠ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ śƥ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǹƢǸǓ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƨºȇǁơƽȍơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǦǴƬű śƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǪȈLjǼƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ śƥ ǪȈLjǼƬdzơ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƢǸǯ ȅȁƿ ƔơŐºŬơ Ŀ ƆơDŽƴǟ ǾƳơȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ȁƗ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ȏ ƾºǫ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈƫƢLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƩȏƢĐơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǠdzơ ƩơǁƢȀŭơ .ǵǃȐdzơ ǪȈLjǼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ƢȀȇƾdz ǹȂǰƫ • ȄºǴǟ Ɨǂǘƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵȂǬƫ ǹƗ Ŀ ƧŚƦǯ ƩȏƢǸƬƷȏơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƜƥ ǦǠǓ ǦǫơȂǷ ǺǷ ǑȁƢǨƬƫȁ ƧǁǂǰƬǷ ćƩơŚȈǤƫ ƢēƢLJƢȈLJ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǶǜǠǷ džǰǟ ȄǴǟ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽǀǿȁ .ƨǬLjƬǷ Śǣ ƨȈdzȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ Dzǰnjȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȆƳƿȂŶ ǩƢǨƫơ ƧŚưǯ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀ ƢŮ ǂǧơȂƬȇ ȏ ƨǷƾǬƬŭơ ƲƟƢºƬǼdzơ ȄºǴǟ ǂƯƚºȇȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭ DžƢLJȋơ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ǎǴţ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ • ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǺǷ Śưǯ Ŀ ƨǟǂLjƥ ǁȂǘƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆǴƄơ ȆǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ ƶȈƬȇȁ ȃƽơǂºǧ ȁƗ ƩƢǠȇǂnjºƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ƮȈƷ ǍǂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ Ǯºdzƿ ƢȀǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ ǞǷ ƨǬǨƬǷ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ .ǂƻȉơ ƢȀǔǠƥ ǞǷ ƨǓǁƢǠƬǷ ƢȀǼǰdz ƾǴƦdzơ • ƨǼǰǸŭơ ƱȐǠdzơ ǾƳȁƗ (Ʊ) ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ƨǴǏơȂ ŭ Ǿƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ƢǷ ǹƗȁ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơ ƾǸƬǠƫ ǹƗ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ȆǤƦǼȇ ƨȈdzƢưŭơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơ ƲǷơǂƥ ƾȈǨƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ Ŀ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ȅƽƢǨƫ ńƛ ȄǠLjƫ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨǰƦNj ǖȈLjƦƫ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǸǜǼŭơ ƢǿǂǧȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 50 ƢǷ ƨŪƢǠŭȁ ƢǿǁȂȀǛ ǀǼǷ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ȅƽƢǨƬdz ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƢºů Ŀ ƭȂºƸƦdzơ ǺºǷ ƾºȇDŽŭơ ƔơǂƳƜƥ ǺǰŻ Ǯdzǀǯȁ .ǮLJƢŤ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ǶƟƢǫ Ȃǿ ƨºȇȁơǃ ǺºǷ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨȈŷƗ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ŐǯƗ ƔȂǓ ǖȈǴLjƫ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨºȈǴǸǟ ǹƗ ƾºȈƥ .ƢǿŚǣ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƩǂƯƘƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩȏƢů ƨǧǂǠǷ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJ ȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǩƢǨƫơ Dzǯ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨǷƔơȂŭơ ǪȈǬŢ ǽǀºǿ ȃȁƾºƳ ƾºǸƬǠȇ ƆƢǬƥƢºLJ DzºȈǫ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟȁ .ƢǿƽȁƾƷ ƢŮ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ȄǴǟ ƾǴƥ Dzǯ Ƣđ ǞƬǸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǓȁƢǨƬdzơ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƆơŚƦǯ ƆơƽƢǸƬǟơ ƢȀƷƢųȁ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȏơ Ƨƾǟơȁ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƾǫȁ "ǞȈǸƴǴdz ƆƢƦLJƢǼǷ ƆƢƳȐǟ" Dzǰnjƫ ȏ ȆȀǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƧƾƷ .ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ Śưǯ ńƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǞºȈŦ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǟ ƨũ Ȃǿȁ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁÈȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǕǂNj ǦŏǨź ƾǫȁ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǞǼŻ Ǖǂnjdzơ ơǀȀǧ .ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǁƢƯƕ ƧĈƾƷ ǺǷ ƆƢƦȇǂǬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǾǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǺǰŻȁ ƨǨǴƬű ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ŕNj ƩƢȈLjǼƳ ǺǷ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƩơǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ǺǷ .ƨǬLjºƬǷ ƩƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ńƛ ƨºȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ƨǬLjºƬǷ Śǣ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ DzȇȂŢ ƾǐǬƥ ńąȁÈȋơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ǕǂNj ȅƽƚȇ Ȇǰdz ǾǻƗ Śǣ .ƨǷƔơȂŭơ ǪȈǬŢ ǽǁƢƯƕ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ Ǯdzǀdzȁ ǪºƦǘǼȇ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜǴdz ǭǂƬnjǷ ǶȀǧ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ śǠƬȇ ƚǧƢǰƬdzơ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ǽǁȁƽ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ƨǔºǫƢǼƬŭơ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǒǠƥ ƔȂǓ Ŀȁ .ǾǼǟ ƘnjǼƫ ƾǫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ Ƕƴūȁ ƢȀȈǧ ǺºǷ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .( Ñ) ƨƸǓơȁ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǩƢǘǼƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ȄǔǷ ƪǫȁ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǹȉơ ƩȏƙƢLjƬdzơȁ ǭȂǰnjdzơ ǺǷ ƾƳȂȇ Ǯdzƿ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ƗƾƦŭơ ơǀǿ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ŀ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz ƨdzȁǀƦŭơ ƽȂȀŪơ ƩƽƗ ƾǫȁ ȄºǴǟȁ .DZȁƾºdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ DzƷ ƨȈdzƕ ȄǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ DZƢƻƽƛ ńƛ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ńƛ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƆƢǤȈǏ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǴƻƽƗ ȆƟƢǼưdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǒǠƥ džǸƬǴƫȁ .ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴȈǔǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŚLjǨƫȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢȀƴȀƬǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ śƥ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ƶȈƬȇ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƨȈǟȂǻ śLjŢ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǁƾǐƫ ǹƗ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ǥơǂǗȌdz ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ƆơǂƻƚǷ DzƻƽƌƗ DzȇƾǠƫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢƄ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ǹȂǰƫȁ ǭǂƬnjǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ǡƢǐƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǰƷȋ ƩơŚLjǨƫ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǥơǂºǗȌdz ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ǝȂǻ ƶȈƬȇ Ǯdzǀǯȁ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 51 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ńƛ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DŽºȇDŽǠƫ ńƛ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǠLjƫ ƾǫȁ .ƾǠƥ ƢȀȈǧ DzǐǨȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭƢƥ Ŀ ƨǴǐºdzơ Ʃơƿ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƾȈƷȂƫ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ʊơǁƽƛ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ ǹƛ Dzƥ .ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǩƢLjƫơ ǵƾǟ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǺǷ ƾŹ ƢŲ ƾȈƷȁ ƔơǂƳƛ ƽƢºŸƛȁ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƨǠƳơǂǷ ńȂƬƫ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ ƨȈdzƕ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ) ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁȋ DzƷ .(ƔƢǿ Ǫǧǂŭơ (ÏÍÍÒ) ȅơȂǣȁǁȁƗȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ śƥ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƪdzĈƾĄǟȁ ǝƢǸƬºLJ ȏơ ƩƢLjǴƳ ǁȂǔƷ Ŀ ƢȀǬƷȁ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǵƢȈǫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǽǀºǿ Ŀ ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ ƨȈdzƕ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƩơŚȈǤƫ ƪnjǫȂǻ ȁƗ ƨȇȂǨnjdzơ ǾƥƢnjºǷ) ȅǁƢnjºƬLJơ ǪǧǂǷ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸȈǧ ǂǜǼȇ Ǯdzǀǯȁ .( Ò) ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ńȁȋơ ƩơȂǘŬơ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭ (ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ȅǁƢnjƬLJȏơ DŽǯǂǸǴdz Ɔơǁơǂǫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ǁƾǐƫ ǹƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƵǂĄƬǫơȁ .( Ó) ȃȂǟƾdzơ Ǻǟ ǾǴǸǯƘƥ ǝƢǧƾdzơ Ŀ ŕƷ ȁƗ ƨdzƘLjºǷ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǵƾǬƫ ƔơǂƳȍơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠȁ .ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǁơƾǏƛ DzƦǫ ƆƢȈdzȁƗ .(Schreuer 2006, 2007) ǑǂºǤdzơ ơǀºŮ ƘnjǼĄƫ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƨƠȈǿ ńƛ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǝǃƢǼƬǷ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƔơǂƳƛȁ ƵơǂƬǫȏơ ơǀǿ śƥ ǾƥƢnjƫ ǾƳȁƗ ƾƳȂƫ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ ƨºƠȈǿ ƔƢnjǻȍ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ ƔȐȇƛ ǺǰŻ DzƯƢŲ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀȁ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ǻǟ .( Ô) ǥƢǼƠƬLJȐdz ƨǸƟơƽ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢǼȈȈǧ ƨȈǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ (Ð)ÐÍ ƧƽƢŭơ ǎǼƫ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ȆǘǤƫ ǂºƻƕ DzºƷ ǺºǸǰȇȁ .ǩƢºǨƫơ ƭƾƷƗ Ŀ ƨƳǁƾŭơ ǵƢǰƷȌdz ƨȈǬƦLJȋơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DZƢºƷ Ŀ ƨȈǬƦºLJȋơ ƢŮ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƽċƾŢ ǹƗ Ŀ śºǠǷ ǥǂǗ ƶǼǷ Ŀ DzưǸƬȇ ǂƻƕ ƲĔ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƾƳȂȇȁ .ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ ƩȏƢºūơ ǒºǠƥ Ŀȁ .ǝơDŽǻ ƣȂnjǻ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǬƦLJȋơ Ǿdz ȅǀdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ Ǫūơ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǾǷŐƫ ǂƻƕ ǩƢǨƫơ ńƛ ǩƢLjƫȏơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁȋ Dzūơ ƽƢŸƛ DzƳƚȇ ƽȂƳȁ ƨǴǰnjǷ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ śǠǷ ǁƾǬƥ ǦǨţ ǹƗ ǽȐǟƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ DZȂǴƸǴdz ǺǰŻȁ ƆƢƦȈǟ Dzǰnjȇ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǹȋ Ǯdzƿȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǩƢLjƫơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 52 ƾȇƾºNj ŃƢǠdzơ ơǀǿ ǵơƽ ƢǷȁ .ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼǴdz ƆƢǷǃȐǷ ŃƢǟ Dzƻơƽ ƔơȂLJ džǻƢƴƬdzơ ǺǷ ƆơƾƳ ƨȈdzƢǟ ƨƳǁƽ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ǦȈǠǓ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ǹƜǧ ƙDŽƴƬdzơ ƢȀºƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ȁƗ Dzǰǯ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ơǀºǿ ƵȐǏƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ ǶǰŞȁ .ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȃƽơǂǧ ǩƢLjºƫȏơ ƽơƽDŽºȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .ǾLjǨǻ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ŀ ƩơŚȈǤƫ ƔơǂƳƜƥ ȏƛ DZƢǠǧ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ DzǴŬơ ƨǴǐºƬŭơ DzƟƢLjºŭơ ǹƘnjƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ Ɣơǁȉơ ǪǧơȂƫ ǞLjƫơ ƢǸǴǯ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƳǁƾƥ ơǀºǿ DŽºȇDŽǠƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơȁ DzƦLjdzơ ƽƢŸƛ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥ .(ǽƢǻƽƗ ƆƢǠƥơǁ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ ƧƽƢȇDŽdz ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȃǿ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǪǧơȂƬdzơ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƨǻǃơȂŭơ -Ï ƨºȈǨȈǯ Ȇºǿ Ņȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ ȅƗ ǹƘnjƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƾǼǟ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ŁƢǐǷȁ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ŁƢǐǷȁ ǩȂǬƷ śƥ ƨǻǃơȂŭơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ ǶȈǸǏ Ŀ Ȇǿȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ƩƢǯǂnjºdzơ ŁƢǐǷ ǹȋ Ǯdzƿ Ȇº ǧ ƨº ƥơǂǣ ȏȁ .(UNCTAD 2007a) Dzº ƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƆƢºLJƢLJƗ ǾƴƬƫ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzƢǧ .ƨƥǁƢǔƬǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ƨǨȈǔŭơ DZȁƾdzơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ǪȈǬŢ Ǻǟ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ Ŀ ƨdzȁƚLjǷ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ ǹȂǰƫ Ǯdzƿ DzƥƢǬǷ Ŀȁ .ƶƥǂdzơ ǪȈǬŢ ȂŴ ȄºǴǟ ƧƾºƟƢǨdzƢƥ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ƽȂǠƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǸǓ Ȃǿ ƢȀƦƳơȁ ǹƗ ȅƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭơ .Ǿƥ ǂǔƫ ȏƗ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǞǸƬĐơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǩȂǬƷ śƥ DzǸƬƄơ ŁƢǐŭơ ƣǁƢǔƫ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ śƥ ǖƥơǂƬdzơ ƩƢǫȐǟ ƢǿȏȂƬƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨȈǷȂǰūơ ƩơǃƢȈƬǷȏơȁ ƨºȇƢŧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ džǸƬǴƫ śƷ Ŀȁ .ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǠȇǂnjƬdzơȁ ǹƗ ǺǸǔƫ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ ŁƢǐŭơ ȄǬƦƫ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ǾƬƥƢǫǁ ƪŢȁ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz ƆƢǠǓƢƻ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ȄǬƦȇ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȐdz ƢȀǷơǂƬƷƢƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ ƧǂƷ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǒȇȂǠƬdzƢƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏơȁ ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƨdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŭơ ǁƢȈǠǷȁ DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƗƾƦǷ DzưǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǻȌdz ƢȀȈǓơǁƗ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǝƢǔƻƛ Ŀ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǝDŽǻ ƨdzƢƷ ǪºȈǬƸƬdz ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƢĔƗ ȃǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ Śǣȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơȁ ƨȈƦȇǂǔdzơȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 53 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ǻǟ ǶƴǼƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ŗdzơ ǂǗƢƼŭơȁ ƾƟơȂǨdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ǞȈŦ DZDŽƬƌţȁ ƤºƳȂŠ ƨºȇƢǸūơ śƥ ǖƥơǂƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ Ȇǿ ƨȈLJƢLJƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƵǂǘĄƫȁ .ǶēƢǷơDŽƬdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǩȂǬƷ śƥ ƆƢƦLJƢǼǷ ƆƢǻǃơȂƫ ǪǬŹ ƨȈǴƄơ ƨǸǜǻȋơȁ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ǶǰƷ ȅƘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǣƢȈǐǴdz ƨǨǴƬű ƩơǁƢȈƻ śǓȁƢǨƬŭơ ǵƢǷƗ ȄºǴǠǧ .ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz ƢǿŚǧȂƫ ǹȂƦǣǂȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨƳǁƽ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ǶŮ ƶȈƬƫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ "ǂǸưƬLjºŭơ" ȅŚƦºǠƬdz ǪȈºǓ ȁƗ ǞºLJơȁ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǞǓȁ ȄǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ǶȀǼǰŻ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ǒºǠƥ ǞºǼǷ Ʊơǁƽƛ ȁƗ DŽºȈȈǸƬǴdz ƽȁƾŰ ȁƗ DzǷƢNj ǂǜƷ śƥ ƢǷ ǁƢȈƬƻȏơ ȁƗ "ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ"ȁ Ƣđ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ȁƗ ƾȈǫ ǹȁƽ DZơȂǷȋơ Džȁƙǁ ƩȐȇȂŢ ǹƢǸǓ ȁƗ ƢȀǠǼǷ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ Ɣơƽȋơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ .ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƆƢȈǴǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƨƷƢƫƛ ȁƗ ƩƢǜǨƸƬƥ ƆƢǼǿǁ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƨǻǃơȂŭơ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪƦLjƬǯơ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨǻȁȉơ Ŀȁ ƽƾºǟ Ŀ ƧŚƦǰdzơ ƧƽƢȇDŽǴdz ƨƥƢƴƬLJȏơ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƆơƾȇƾƳ ƆƢŨǃ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƽƾǟ ǝƢǨƫǁơ ńƛ Ɔơǂǜǻȁ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ǁƢƯȉƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƾǬǧ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ńƛ ǹȁƘƴǴȇ ǒºǠƥ ǹƗ ǍƢºƻ ǾƳȂƥ ǂǯƌƿȁ .ƆƢƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯƗ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨǸǰŰ ƢǿǂLjǨƫ ǹƗ DZƢǸƬƷơ ƾȇDŽȇ ƢŲ ƨǔǷƢǣȁ ƨǸȀƦǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƨºȈǧƢǯ ƨȇƢŧ ǵƾǬƫ ȏ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƗȁ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƨǠLJơȁ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǶȈǰƸƬǴdz Ŀ Ǖơǂºǧȍơ DZƢºǸƬƷơ ǺºǷ DzȈǴǬƬdzơ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ ŁƢǐǸǴdz ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǒǠƥ ŘǠǷ ƶȈǓȂƬƥ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ȆƟƢǔǬdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DzǣơȂnjǴdz ȅƾǐƬdzơ ƱȂĔ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƲĔ ǺǸǰȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .ȆǴȇ ƢǸȈǧ śƦǻƢŪơ Ȑǯ NJǫƢǼȈLJȁ .ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾnjƬdzơ Ŀ œǼƳȋơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƨǻǃơȂŭơ ƨdzƘLjǷȁ ƾȇDŽŭơ DZƢƻƽƛ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ǪǴţȁ ƪǫȂdzơ ǞǷ ŚǤƬƫ ƾǫ ŁƢǐŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ŘǠŠ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈǷƢǼȇƽ ǁƢºưǷ Dzǰnjȇ ƢǷȁ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǵŐƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǺǷ Ŀ ƨºǏƢƻ ƨºȈŷƗ ȆLjƬǰȇ ȏ ƾǫ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨȈǼǷȋơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ DzưǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ŚƦǯ ǵƢǟ ǪǴǫ ƨǠǫȂƬǷ Śǣ DzǯƢnjǷ ƤƦLjȇ ƾǫ ƨȈŷƗ Ʃơƿ Śǣ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ŐƬǠȇ ƢǷȁ ƾǤdzơ ǹȂºǰƫ ƾºǫȁ .ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǶLJƢƷȁ ƾƷȂǷ ƽǁ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƾǫȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ śƥ "ƶȈƸǐdzơ" ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ƨȈǿƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǨǴƬű Ɣơǁƕ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 54 ƩƢºȈǼǬƫ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ƾǫȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƢȀūƢǐǷ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǼȇƢƦƬǷ ƩƢȇȂdzȁƗ ƢŮ ǹȂǰƫ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢȀūƢǐǷ Ʊơǁƽȍ ƨǨǴƬű ƨȈǻȂǻƢǫ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƨǤȈǏ Ŀ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ (Ɨ) ǺǷ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ǽǀŮ ȅƾǐƬdzơ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǹȉơ ŕƷ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ DzȈǴǫ ƽƾǟ ȃȂLJ ǂȇ Ń ȂºŴ ȄºǴǟȁ .ƢȀºƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȄǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ DZƢƻƽƛ DZȐƻ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ džǸƬǴƫ ƢĔ ƛ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƲĄȀĄǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǾƥƢnjƬƫ ǽƢǻƽƗ ƶǔƬȈLJ ƢǷ ǹȂǐºdz ƨºȈǴƄơ ƢȀƬǸǜǻƗ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƶȈƬƫ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀđȁ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ƨdzȁƾǴdz :ƽƾǐdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩơǁȂǘƫ ƨƯȐƯ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǵDŽǴȇȁ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƢȀūƢǐǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJ ȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƨǠƳơǂŠ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ ƪǷƢǫ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƨºȇƽǂǧ ǵƢºǰƷƗ ƶȈǓȂƬdz Ƣđ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ DzǐºǨdzơ ǀºȈǨǼƫ Ŀ řǬƬdzơ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ǾƳȁȋ ȅƾǐƬǴdzȁ .ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ƨǂºūơ ƧǁƢºƴƬǴdz ƨȈdzƢǸnjºdzơ ƢºǰȇǂǷƗ ǩƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ǹȂºǰȇ Ŗºdzơȁ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȇƾǠdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǸǴdzȁ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǒǠƥ ǹȂǸǔǷ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ƶǓȂƫ ƢȀȈǧ śǧǂǗ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨºdzƽƢǠdzơ ƨºǴǷƢǠŭơ ƗƾºƦǷ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥȁ DzȈǐǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŠ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǝDŽºǻ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǩƢǘǻȁ ƨǴǷƢǠǸǴdz ƢȈǻƾdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ŚȇƢǠŭƢƥ ǾƬǴǏȁ ƨǨǐǼŭơȁ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ Ŀ ƆƢǔºȇƗ ƩƢưȇƾºƸƬdzơ ǽǀºǿ ǂȀǜƫȁ .ǂNjƢƦŭơ Śǣ ƨȈǰǴŭơ .ƢºȇǁȂǯ ƨȇǁȂȀŦȁ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ƆơǂƻƚǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǕǂNj ǩƢǘǻ ƆƢưȇƾƷ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ ƶǓȂƫ ƢǸǯ ƨºǴǷƢǠǷ DzǸnjºȇ ȏ Ƕǰūơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ńƛ Śnjƫ ƿƛ ƨȇƢǟǂdzƢƥ ńąȁȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤǻơȂŪơ DzưǷ ǖǬǧ ƢȀƦǻơȂƳ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ Dzƥ ǵƢǟ ǾƳȂƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .(UNCTAD, 2007e) ǾǠȈƥ ȁƗ ǾǴȈǤnjƫ ȁƗ ǁƢǸưƬLJ ȏơ ƧǁơƽƜƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ • ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǷƢŮơ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ƾƷƗ DzưǸƬȇȁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ ǹƗ ȃȂǫƗ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƾǯƚƫ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ơǀºŮȁ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ŁƢǐŭơ ƣƢLjƷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ȏƗ ƤŸ Ŀ ƨºǷƢǟ ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJơ Ʊơǁƽƛ ńƛ DzºƦǫ ȅƿ ǺºǷ ǂưǯƗ ƘƴǴĄȇ ǑǂǤdzơ ǽǀǿ DzưǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǴǰNj Ŗdzơ "ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ" ƩȏƢĐơ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ • ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 55 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƩơȂǼLjºdz ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ śƥ ƨǯǂƬnjǷ ƨũ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǹƜǧ - ȆǸȈǴǫȍơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DzǷƢǰƬdzơȁ ƤƟơǂǔdzơ Ǒǂǧ ƆơƾȇƾŢȁ - Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩơƾºǿƢǠǷ ǩƢºǘǻ ǺǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǵȂȈdzơ řưƬLjȇ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƆơƾȇơDŽƬǷ Ɔơƽƾǟ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ Śƥơƾƫ ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ ȁƗ ƆȐǷƢǯ ÅƔƢǼưƬLJơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨƸǐºdzơ ƨȇƢŧȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơȁ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǺǷȋơ DzưǷ ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ƩȏƢƴŠ ƨºǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǘȈūơ Śƥơƾƫȁ ĿƢǬưdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơȁ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƽǁơȂŭơȁ ƨǷȐLjdzơȁ ǾºǠƦƬƫ ȅǀºdzơ ǶȈǬdzơ ǶƐǴLJ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǽǀǿ ƶǓȂƫȁ .ƨȈdzƢŭơ ƩƢǷƾŬƢƥ ǽǀŮ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ ǞǔƼĄƫȁ ƢēƢLJƢȈLJ ǞǓȁ ƾǼǟ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ .(UNCTAD, 2007c) ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨȈƫƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ Ŀ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ǹƛ Dzƥ .ƆƢǏƢƻ ƆƢȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƆƢǘŶ ǞƦƬȇ ȏ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ǁƢnjƬǻơȁ ƆƢǿƢšơ DzưŤ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ŀ Ʊǁƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ƨȈƫƢLJƢȈLJ ǥơƾǿƗ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂƫ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƆƢȈŭƢǟ ƔƢǼưƬºLJȏơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǂǐƬǬȇ ƽƢǰȇ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƢǿŚǣ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǑȁƢǨƬŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ĿƢǬưdzơ ǝȂǼƬdzơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬŭơ .ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ơƾǼǯ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƢĔƘnjƥ DZȁƾdzơ Ȃǟƾƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƥ ȅȂƬŢȁ Ƣđ ǥǂƬǠŭơ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ŚȇƢǠǷ ȁƗ DzǸǠdzơ ŚȇƢǠǷ Ǻǟ ǥơǂŴȏơ ǵƾǟ ńƛ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ǵƢºǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳơ DZƢů Ŀ ƆƢȈdzȁƽ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨǤdz ǦǴƬţȁ .Ǯdzǀƥ ǵDŽǴĄȇ ƢǷ ƧŚưǯ ǹƢȈƷƗ Ŀ ǑǂǨƫ ȏ ƨǘǴLjºdzơ ǺºǷ ƾūơ ƆƢȈǴǠǧ džǸƬǴƫ ƢĔ ƛ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ Ǻǟ DzưǷ ƩȏƢů Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ŁƢǐŭơ ƨȇƢŧ ǶLJƢƥ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơ .(UNCTAD, 2007c) DzǸǠdzơ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƨȈƠȈƦdzơ ƨȇƢǸūơ ƨºǷŐŭơ ƨºȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƨǴǫ Ŀ ȏƛ Ʊăǁƾƫ Ńȁ ćƩƢưȇƾŢ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼǯ ƢȀƬǷǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ DzưǷ ƆơǂƻƚǷ Ǯºdzƿ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ǝƢǸƬLJȏơ ƩƢLjǴƳ DzǠƳȁ ƧŚƦǯ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨȈǧƢǨNj ƧƽƢȇǃ ȆǴưǸŭ ƨȈǻƢǰǷȍơ ƨƷƢƫƛȁ ƨǴǐdzơ Ʃơƿ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǁơƾǏƛȁ ƨȈǼǴǟ • ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 56 ǶȀƬǨǐºƥ ǶȈºǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ńƛ ƧDŽƳȂǷ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ʼnƾǬƬdz ňƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƩƢǸǜǼǷ ǺǷ ƶƳǁȋơ ȄǴǟ Ʃơǂǯǀŭơ ǮǴƫ ļƘƫȁ ."ƨǸǰƄơ ƔƢǫƾǏƗ" ǺºǷ Ǯºdzƿ Śǣ ȁƗ ƨdzƢǸǠdzơ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ŁƢǐǷ DzưŤ ƨȈǷȂǰƷ Śǣ ƨºȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨºǻȁǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ Ǻǟ Ǟǧơƾƫ ǹƗ ƶċƳǂȇ Ǯdzǀdzȁ ŁƢǐŭơ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǹƗ Ŀ ƧǁƢưŭơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ƾƷƗ ǺǸǰȇȁ .ƨǨȈǔŭơ DZȁƾǴdz ǝƢºǨƫǁơ ƤƦLjºƥ ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ ƨǨǴǰƫ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽƫ ƾǫ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǐºdzƢƻ ƨǸǠǻ ƆƢǷȁƽ DzưŤ ȏ ƾǫ ƢĔƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ śǸǰƄơȁ śǷƢƄơ ǵȂLJǁ ǭȂǴLJ ǝƢƦƫơ ȄǴǟ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǴǐǨǷ ǕȁǂNj ǎǼƫȁ .ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈǴǸǟ DzƷơǂǷ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ƆƢǸȈǜǼƫȁ ƚƦǼƬǴdz ƨȈǴƥƢǫȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ńƛ ƆơƽƢǼƬLJơ ǂưǯƗ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȄĈƻȂƬƫȁ DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ƆƢǬȈƦǘƫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz ǥƢǼƠƬLJơ ƨȈdzƕ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǽǀǿ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ʃǀţơ ƾǫȁ .ƨǷơǂǏȁ ƆƢǫƢLjƫơ ǂưǯƗ .ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ śLjƸƬdz ƩơȂǘƻ ȅƽƚȈºLJ ƆȐƦǬƬLjǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁȂǘƫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƾǠƥ ǥǂǠĄȇ ȏȁ ǁȂºǘƬdzơ ȄºǴǟ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ Ǯdzƿ ƾǸƬǠȈLJȁ .ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƱƿƢǸǼdzơ śƥ ȆŸǁƾƫ ƣǁƢǬƫ ńƛ ȄºǴǟ ƨºǴƻƾŭơ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ džǰǠƫȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ Ŀ DzƦǬŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇơDŽăƬǷ ƽƾǟ ƶƦǏƗ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ .ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƣǁƢš ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJ ȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǞƬǸƬƫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ǹƗ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƗǁȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ȄǟƾǷ ƆƢǧơǂǗƗ Ŀ Ƥǣǂƫ ƾǬǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ŚLjǨƫ Ŀ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƧŚƦǯ ƨȇǂȇƾǬƫ ƨǘǴLjƥ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƧŚƦǰdzơ ƧƽƢȇDŽdzơ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ .ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǝƢƦƫơ ƚƦǼƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ƆơǂǷƗ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƨƴȈƬǻ DzǠš Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǪƥơȂLjdzơ ƾȈƷȂƫ ńƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȅƗ ǝƢƦƫƢƥ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƪLjȈdz ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǶǯƢŰ ǹƗ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ŐǯƗ ƧǁȂǐƥ Ǿƥ Ʊơǁƽƛ ƧǁȁǂºǓ ǺºǷ DzǸƬƄơ ƾȈƷ ȂƬdzơ ǭơƿ DzǴǬȈLJȁ .ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨȈƟƢǔǫ ƨǬƥƢLJ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƩȐȇƾǠƫ ƩƢǯǂnjǴdz ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ (ƣ) ƨǻǃơȂŭơ ƨȈǨȈǯ DZȂƷ ǁȁƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ Ŀ Ƶǂǘƫ ƢǷ ƧƽƢǟ ȃǂƻƗ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǭƢǼǿ śǸǔƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿȁ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơȁ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ŁƢǐǷ śƥ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 57 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ǩȂºǬūơ DzƥƢǬǷ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨĄƫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơDŽºƬdzȏơ DzǰNj ǀƻƘƫ ƨȈƦǴLJ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƽǂů ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǮǴƫ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ .ǶŮ ƨƷȂǼǸŭơ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǩȂǬƷ ǮȀƬǼƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ƨǘnjǻȋƢǯśǠǷ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ǕƢnjǻ Ǻǟ ǝƢǼƬǷȏƢƥ ǹƗ Śºǣ .ƽƢLjºǨdzơ ƣȁǂºǓ ǺǷ ƆƢƥǂǓ Dzǰnjƫ ȁƗ ƨƠȈƦdzƢƥ ǂǔƫ ȁƗ DZƢǸǠdzơ ǩȂǬƷ ȁƗ ǹƗ ƢºǸǯ .ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƨŷƢLjŭƢƥ ǵơDŽƬdzȏƢǯ ƨȈƥƢŸƛ ƨǠȈƦǗ Ʃơƿ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǪƷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǦȈǔŭơ ăƾǴƦdzơ ƶǼŻ ƾǫ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǑǂǨȇ ȅǀdzơ Ǯǐdzơ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ŚǤdz ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǪŹ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƢȀLjǨǻ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƩƢȈdzƕ ǹǂºǬdzơ ǺºǷ ƩƢǼȈǻƢǸưdzơ Ŀ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǽǀǿ ǑǂǨdz ƩȏȁƢƄơ ǂƻƕ ƩǂƳ ƾǫȁ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǭȂǴLJ ƾǟơȂǬdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǻȁƾǷ ƪdzȁƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ȆǓƢŭơ ǩƢȈLJ ǺǸǓ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ DZȁƢǼƫ Ŀ śūơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ƾƟƢLjdzơ ǽƢšȏơ DzưǸƬȇȁ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭƢǯ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz ƨȈǟȂǗ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǽǀºǿȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ƢȀƬǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǞǔƼ Ąƫ ȏ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ƢǼǿ ǺǷȁ .ƆƢǼȈǠǷ ƆƢǯȂǴLJ ơȂǰǴLjȇ ǹƗ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLj ŭơ ǺǷ ǞōǫȂƬĄȇ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƫ ƝƽƢƦǷ ǞǓȁ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠŭ DZơƚLjdzơ Ƶǂǘȇ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ DzǣơȂºNj ƆơƾºȇƾŢ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƮȈŞ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ƩƢŷƢLjǷ śºƥ ƩƢǯơǂnjºdzơ ǵơƾƼƬºLJơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƔȂǓ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈŷƗ ƽơƽDŽƫȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ Ŀ ȃŐǰdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƨǴȈLJȂǯ ǍƢŬơȁ ǵƢǠdzơ śǟƢǘǬdzơ ƩƢǷƾºŬơ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƆƢȈǼǠǷ ǍƢŬơ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƶƦǐȇ ȂȇǁƢǼȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƢȀǴȈǤnjƫȁ .ƨȈƬƸƬdzơ ŘƦdzơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƨǷƢŮơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ǺǷȁ ǭȂǰǐºdzơ ńƛ ƧǁƢºNjȍơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǴƦǬƬLjŭơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ Ŀ ƩƢºƦǴǘdzơ ǁơǂǸƬºLJơ ƨưdzƢưdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DZȁƢǼƬƫȁ .ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŠ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DzǰnjȈLJȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjǸǴdz ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ʊơǁƽȍ ƾǫ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƢēǁȂǐƥ ƨȈǟȂǘdzơ ƨȈȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǹƗ ƢȀǴǫƗ džȈdz ƣƢƦLJȋ ƆơŚƦǯ ƆƢȇƾŢ ơǀǿ .ƆƢǻȂǻƢǫ ƨǷDŽǴǷ ƧơƽƘǯ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƮȈŞ ƨȇƢǤǴdz ƨǔǷƢǣ ƨǣƢȈǏ ƪǤȈǏ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 58 ȄǴǟ ƨƦƳȂǷ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǒǂǧ ǹƗ ƨǨȈǔŭơ DZȁƾdzơ ŐƬǠƫ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ ȄǴǠǧ .Dzƻơƾdzơ ńƛ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǬǧƾƫ ȄǴǟ ǞȈƴnjƬdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǞǷ ǪLjƬȇ ȏ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƨǨȈǔºŭơ ƨºdzȁƾdzơ ƢŮǀºƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ ǺǷ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƨŷƢLjŭơ ǕǂNj ƾŹ ƾǫ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ǒºǠƥ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƪǠǻƢǷ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈƦȇǂǔdzơ DŽǧơȂūƢƥ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳȏ ȆLjºǧƢǼƫ DŽºǯǂǷ Ŀ ƢȀǠǔȇ Ǯdzƿ ǹƘƥ ƢǿƽƢǬƬǟȏ ƨǨǴǰŭơ DŽǧơȂūơ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ƨºǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǍƢºƻ ǾƳȂƥȁ DŽǧơȂūơ ǽǀǿ ʼnƾǬƫ DzǏơȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ǦǠǓƗ ƾºƷƗ ȃǂºȇ ƾǫȁ .ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢŲ DzǣơȂNj ǁƢưƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .ƢȀLjǨǻ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽȁǀƷ ǀŢ Ń ƢǷ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ Ǒǂǧ ȄǴǟ ǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ǾǻƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨdzƘLjºǷ ƨºŪƢǠŭ ƨǬȇǂǗ DzǔǧƗ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǠǷ džǧƢǼƬȇ Ŗdzơ .ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬŭơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ Ȇǿ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǁƢƯȉơ (Ʊ) ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ DzȈǴŢȁ ƮŞ ńƛ ƨƳƢūơ ƽƢȇƽǃơ Ȃǿ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨǷƢŮơ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǺǷ ƩơǁƢºȈƻ ǦºǴƬű ǁƢºƯƕ ǶȈºȈǬƫ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭ ƩơǁƾǬdzơ ƔƢǼƥ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ǙƢǨūơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ƨǻǃơȂǸǴdz ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ DZȐƬƻơ ǹȋ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞȈŦ ƨƸǴǐǷ ǺǷ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƨǻȁǂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴƠºLJȋơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ĄƵ ǂǘĄȇȁ .DzȇȂǘdzơ ȃƾŭơ ȄǴǟ ǵơƾƬLjǷ Śǣ ǾǴǠƴȈLJ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ "ƨǻȁǂŭơ" ƩƢȈdzƕ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ ƨǴƠLJȋơ ǽǀǿ śƥ ǺǷȁ .ƆƢǏƢƻ ƆƢǷƢǸƬǿơ ǪƸƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔƢºǨǟȍơȁ ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJȏơ DzºưǷ) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ Ŀ Ȇǔºŭơ ǺǷ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ śǰǸƬdz ƨȈǧƢǯ (ƩƢǻƢǸǔdzơȁ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻȏơ ƩơǂƬǨdzơȁ Dzºǿ Ǯdzǀǯȁ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ƾƷ ȄǐǫƗ ńƛ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢēƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ DzƥƢǬǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ŁƢǐŭơ Ƕǟƽ ƨǴǏơȂŭ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǭƢǼǿ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨȈǟȂǓȂŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ - ƩȏƢĐơ Ȇǿ ƢǸǧ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƢǷȁ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƤLJƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ Ŗdzơ - ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjºŭơ ƨŷƢLjºǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƾȇDŽƫ ǦȈǯȁ Ǿƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ Ŀ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ -Ð ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 59 ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ ƱƢǷƽƛ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ŀ ƨȈŷȋơ ƨǤdzƢƦdzơ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǺǸǰƫ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȈdzȉơ DzǸnjƫȁ .Dzǔǧȋơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJȏơȁ ƩƢºǜǨƸƬdzơ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ DzǣơȂnjºdz ȅƾǐƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨǸċǸǐŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .ǁȁƢnjºƬdzơȁ ƾǏǂǴdz ƨȈLjLJƚŭơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻȏơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơȁ ƨƬǫƚŭơ ƩơƔƢǨǟȍơȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǾǴǸǟ ǺǰŻ ƢŲ Śưǰdzơ ǭƢǼǿ Dzǿ Ȃǿ Ƶȁǂǘŭơ DZơƚLjdzơȁ .( Õ) ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨȈdzƢūơ ƨLJǁƢǸŭơ Ŀ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ (Ɨ) DzƟƢLjºŭơ ƨƷơǂºǏ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫ ơ ǺǷ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƨȈƦǴǣȋơ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ȏ Ŀ Ȃǿ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǽǀŮ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ǥƾŮƢǧ .ƨȈǓǂǟ ȁƗ ƨȈnjǷƢǿ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƢŮȁƢǼƬƫ ȁƗ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ .ȆLJƢȈLJ ǥƾǿ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ ƩơƔƢǼưƬºLJơ ƶȈºƬƫ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ ǺǸǔƬȇȁ řǗȂdzơ ǺǷȋơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨǷƢǟ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJơ DzǸnjƫ ȁƗ ƨȇƾǿƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzȏơ ǺǷ ƨȈǟƢǘǫ ǽǀºǿ ǪºƦǘǼƫ ƾǫȁ .ǂǐūơ ȏ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƨƠȈƦdzơ ȁƗ ƨǷȐLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨƸǐdzơ ȁƗ ƾºȈƥ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǑơǂǣȌdz ǵƾƼƬLjƫȁ ƨȈǼǨdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơȁ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏơ ƾºǴƥ ȅƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƘƴǴȇ ƾǫȁ .(UNCTAD, 2006g) ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀº Ů ƨƷơǂǏ ƧƾǠǷ Śǣ ƢĔƗ ǶǰƷ Dzǯ džǰǠȇ ǹƗ ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǺǰŻ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ȆƟƢŶȍơ ǽơȂƬLjǷ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǥǂǐƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ ƧƢǟơǂŭ ǦċȈǰĄȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ DzǣơȂnjdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ǹơƾºǴƥ śƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ DzƯƢǸƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǾƳȁƗ džǰǠȇ ǹƗ ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ ǺǰŻ ƢǸǯ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ .ƨƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƨȈǸǼƫ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ Ʃơƿ DzȈƦºLJ ȄǴǠǧ .ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƤȈdzƢLJƗ Ŀ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ ǂȀǜȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ ƧƽƾƄơ Ƨơƽȋơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻơ DzƷơǂǷ ƾȇƾŢ ǺǰŻ DZƢưŭơ ǵȂºȀǨǷ ǂǷƗ ơǀǿȁ .( Ö) ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ Ʊǁƾƫ ƢǷ ƆơǁƽƢǻ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǑơǂǣȌdz ƢǸǴǰǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢŧ ƤǻƢƳ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ Ŀ ǞǓȂȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢȀºLJƛ ǹƢºǯ ȃǂºƻȋơ ƨǻȁǂŭơ DZƢǰNjƗȁ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻȏơ DzƷơǂǸǴdz DZƢĐơ ƶLjǧƌƗ ƣơǀºƬƳơ Ŀ DzºưǸƬŭơ ƢȀǧƾǿ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀȁ ňȂǻƢǬdzơ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơ Ŀ DzǫƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 60 ǞºǓȁ ƲǷƢºǻǂƥ Ŀ ƩƢȇȂdzȁȋơ ǺǷ džȈdz ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǰŻ ƆƢǷƢƬƻȁ ǦºǫȂǷ ǺºǷȁ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƦǧ ŀȂǟ ǹƛ Ȃǿȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƨȈdzƢūơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ džǸƬǴȇ ƢȀđƢNj ƢǷȁ ƩƢǜǨƸƬdzơȁ ƩơƔƢǼưƬLJȏƢƥ ǀƻȋơ ƲĔ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ řǠȇȁ .ƆƢLJƢLJƗ ȆǟƢǧƽ ƤƳȂŠ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƢēƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǸŢ ǺǷ ƨƬǫƚǷ ȁƗ ƨǸƟơƽ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ śǐŢ ƆƢºȈǧƢǯ ȆƟƢºǸūơ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ DZƙƢLjƬdzơ ǺǰŻȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ .ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ (ƣ) ƽǂºƫ ȏ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǺǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ǝơȂǻƗ ƨǧƢǓƛ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƾǫ Ŀ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀºǿ ƪǻƢǯ ƆƢǨǻƕ ǚƷȂdz ƢǸǯȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƆơŚưǯ .ǾƬȇƢŧ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ńƛ ǖǬǧ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ƧǁȂǐƥ ƧƽƢǟ ȄǠLjƫ ǪƥƢLjdzơ DzƟƢºLJȂƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ǟƴnjƫ ǹƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƬdz ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ DZơƚLjdzơ Ƶǂǘȇ ƢǼǿȁ .ƘnjºǼŭơ ƾº ºǴƥ Ƣº ºǿǀƼƬȇ Śƥơƾƫ DZȐƻ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ DzƦǫ ȅƿ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƧǂĉNj ƢƦǷ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǮǴƫ DzǸnjƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻȁ .( UNCTAD 2001 ) ƤºǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjºŭơ śƥ ǖƥơȁǂdzơ ǞȈƴnjƫȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ DZƽƢƦƫȁ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ȄǴǟ śǷƘƬdzơ ƶǼǷȁ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjŭơȁ ƩơǁƾǬdzơ ƔƢǼƥȁ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơȁ ƔƢnjǻƛȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩȂǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈũǂdzơ Śǣ ƩƢƦǬǠdzơ DzȈdzǀƫȁ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ DzǬǻ ǞȈƴnjƫȁ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǭǂƫ Ǻǟ ƆƢǓȂǟȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ƨǘnjǻƗ ǪȈLjǼƬdz ƨȈLjLJƚǷ ƨȈdzƕ ƆƢºǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǸǔºƬƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƜǧ ƾǴƥ Dzǰdz ƨȇǂȇƾǬƬdzơ ǺºǷ ǝơȂºǻȋơ ǽǀǿ ƶƦǐƫ ƾǫȁ .ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ƿƢţȏ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƆȏƽƢƦƬǷ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz ƨǷƢǿ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩơȁƽƗ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƬdz ƧƽƾŰ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ʊơǁƽƛ Ƨǂǰǧȁ ǝơȂǻȌdz ƨǴưǷƗ ȄǴǟ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ȅȂƬŢ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǒǠƦǧ .ƆƢȈǴǯ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƪLjȈdz ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǝȂǸů ǺǷ ƧŚǤǏ ƨƠǧ Dzǜƫ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨƠǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ǽȐǟƗ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ .(ƆƢǬƷȏ ǁƾǐȇ UNCTAD b ) ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƧƽƢȇDŽdz ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǥȐş ƢȀŷƗ ƢŠǁȁ ƢŮȁƗ .ƢȇơDŽǷ Ƨƾǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƞnjǼĄƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨȇƢǸŞ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 61 ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƾǫ ƢĔƜǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ȄǴǟ ǕƢnjǼƥ DzǸǠƫ ǹƘƥ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǺǰŻ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ .ȃȂǫƗȁ ǝǂLJƗ ƆƢȈŸȁǂƫ ƆơǂƯƗ ǭǂƬƫ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ǾºȈƳȂƫ ńƛ ƨȈǷơǂdzơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȏơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ǩƢȈLJ .ƢȀǼȈǠƥ ǪǗƢǼǷ ȁƗ ƨǘnjǻƗ ȁƗ ƩƢǟƢǘǫ ńƛ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ȄǴǟ ŐǯƗ ƨƳǁƾƥ DŽȈǯǂƬdzơ śǠƫ ơƿƛȁ Ƕǟƾºdz ǞȈƴnjºƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ʊǁƾƫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢūơ ȅƽƢǨƫ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLjǧ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƽǂƴŠ ǵƢǰƷȌdz ƆơŚƦǯ ƆƢǷƢǸƬǿơ ƧƾǫƢǠƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ ŅȂƫ ȏ ƮȈŞ ƆȐǠǧȁ ƆȏȂǫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǺºǷ ǝȂǼƥ ƨǻǂƬǬǷ Śǣ ǞȈƴnjƬdzơ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ƵȁǂǘǷ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ ơǀǿȁ .ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƢºǸǯ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬŭơ ƧƽƾƄơ ƨȈǠȈƴnjƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƾǏǂƫȁ Ƥǫơǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǠƥƢƬŭơ ƩƢȈdzƕ ȆǤƦǼȇ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ȏ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƢȀƷƢų ȃƾǷ ǶȈƐǬƫ Dzºƥ ȏ ǵƗ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǹƗ .ƨdzƢǠǧ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǽǀǿ DzǠŪ Ǿƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢǷ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ǝơȂǻȋơ (Ʊ) ȄǴǟ ǾƳȁȋơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ƶƦǏƗ ǽȐǟƗ ǾȈdzƛ ŚNjƗ ƢǸǯ DzºưǷ ƩơƾºǿƢǠŭơ ǝơȂºǻƗ ǦǴƬű ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǟȂǸů ǺǷ ǹȂǰƬȇ ǾǻƗ ŘǠŠ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ȂŴ ȅƽƢǐºƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơȁ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ .ǥơǂºǗȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ȁƗ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƧƽȁƾƄơ ƨȈǟƢǘǬdzơ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơȁ ƨȈǸȈǴǫȍơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơȁ ǥơƾºǿȋơ ƨºǷƾş ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǽŚǣ ǺǷ DzǔǧƗ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ǭƢǼǿ Dzǿȁ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƢºȀȈǴǟ ǪºǨƬŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǜƷȐŭơ ǒǠƥ ńƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ Dzǿȁ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǁƾºš ǩƢȈLjºdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƾǴƥ Dzǯ ƨdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƆƢȈǴǯ ƆơƽƢǸƬǟơ ƾǸƬǠȇ ƣơȂŪơ ǺºǷ ƨºȈǸȈǴǫȍơȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƽƾǟ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƗ ńƛ ƧǁƢNjȍơ DzǛ ȁƗ ƆƢȇȂǼLJ ƨǷŐŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƽƾǟ ǾȈǧ ǎǫƢǼƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȀƳ ǁƢºǗƛ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǾȈǼǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ƢǷȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ śȈǓƢŭơ śǷƢǠdzơ ƧǂƬǧ DZơȂǗ ǾdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ǾǻƗ ȁƗ ƞȈLJ ǵƗ ǺLjƷ ǽƢšơ Ȃǿ Dzǿȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƤǻƢŪơ ǩȐǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈŷƗ ȆLjƬǰȇ ȏ ǁƢǸưƬºLJ ȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ ƨǧǂǠǷ Ŀ DzưǸƬŭơ DZơƚLjdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢƳȍơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǞºȈŦ ƤºLJƢǼȇ ƾȈƷȁ ƽǂƥ ǾƳȁ DzǔǧƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǵƾź ǹƗ ǾǼǰŻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 62 ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂƫ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǵơǂƥƛ ƆȐưǷ ƢǷ ƾǴƥ ǁƢƬź ƾǬǧ .ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȁƗ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ džȈLJƘƬdz ƨǬƥƢLJ ƩƢǷơDŽƬdzơ ǺǸǔƬƫ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ȁƗ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Śºǣ ȃǂºƻƗ DzƟƢLjǷ DZȁƢǼƬȇȁ DzǷƢNj ǂȇǂŢ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ȆǴȈǔǨƫ ƧǁƢšȁ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵơǂºƥƛ ȁƗ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ȁƗ ƨLjǧƢǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨdzƢǸǠdzơ DzǬǼƫ ƨȇǂƷ ȁƗ ƩƢǷƾŬƢǯ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞǓȂdz ƾȈȀǸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƬǬȇ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬǴdz ǩƢǨƫơ ǮºǴŤ ȏ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢǸȈLJ ȏȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ƾȈƥ .ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ ƧƽƢȇDŽǯ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţơ ȆǨǰȇ ƢŠ ƨȇǂǤǷ ƢĔȁŐƬǠȇ ȏ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ Ŀ śǴǸƬƄơ ƔƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹȋ ǩȐǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ƆơǁƢȈƻ .ƆƢǷƾǬƫ ǂưǯȋơ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗ ǺǷ DzǰNj ȅƗ ƣơǀƬƳȏ ǥơƾǿȋơ Dzǔǧȋơ ȂƸǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵƾź ȅǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǝȂǻ ƾȇƾŢȁ ǮǴƬdz ǞōǫȂƬŭơ ǂƯȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ŚLjǠdzơ DZơƚLjdzơ Ǻǟ ƨƥƢƳȍơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǦǫȂƬȇ ƢǷ ƾǴƦdz ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ǹƘnjºƥ ƢǷ ƆƢǟȂǻ ƨƥǁƢǔƬǷ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJơ ńƛ ƨȈƦȇǂƴƬdzơ ƩƢLJơǁƾdzơ ƪȀƬǻơ ƾǫȁ .ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ œǼºƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƾȇơDŽƬƥ ǖƦƫǂȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵơǂƥƛ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ .(ǽȐǟƗ Ò - ǦdzƗ - ƆƢȈǻƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ)ǂNjƢƦŭơ ƩơȂºǷ ƹƢºǼǷ ǪºǴƻ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǁȁƽ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƩƢƷȐǏȍơ ƾȇƾŢ Ŀ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǶȀLjƫ ƾǫ ƆȐưǸǧ .ƆơƾƐǬǠǷ Ɔơǁȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz Ŀ DZǀƦĄƫ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƣơǀƬƳȏ ƨǸȀǷ Ƣēơƿ ƾƷ Ŀ ǹȂǰƫ Ŗdzơ ǺºǷ ƾºȇDŽǷ ƔơǂºƳƛ ńƛ ȅƽƚºƫ ƾǫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ǀȈǨǼƫ DzȈƦLJ ǽǀºǿ ǶȀLjºƫ ƾºǫȁ ȆƟơǂƳƛ ȁƗ řǧ ǞƥƢǗ Ʃơƿ ƪǻƢǯ ƔơȂLJ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƩƢƷȐǏȍơ Ǻºǟ ƆȐǔºǧ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ƆƧƢƫơȂǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨƠȈƥ ǪǴƻ Ŀ ƪǫȂdzơ ǁȁǂŠ ƩƢƷȐǏȍơ ǂLjǨȇ ǶȈǰŢ ǁơǂǫ ǁȁƾǐǯ ƧƽȂǐǬǷ Śǣ ƲƟƢƬǻ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǮǴƬdz ǹȂǰƫ ƾǫȁ .ȆǴƄơ ȆǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸūơ ǺǷ ƆƢǟȂǻ ǺǸǔƫ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ Ņȁƽ ǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǵƢǰƷƗ ƾǫ Ǯdzǀǯȁ .ƢȀƸǼǷ ȅȂǼȇ ƾǴƦdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨȇƢŧ Ȇǿȁ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ǿƥ ǵȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨºǨǴƬű ǁƢºƯƕ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǍȂǐǼŭơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǦǴƬƼŭ ǹȂǰƫ ƢēƢǸȈȈǬƫ ȅǂš ǹƗ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤŸȁ .řǠŭơ ƾǴƦǴdz ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƤLjŞ ƶċƳǂȇ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ȅƗ ƢȀƦǻơȂƳ ƨǧƢǯ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƮŞ ƾǠƥ ǥǂǠƫ Ȇǯ ƨǏƢŬơ .ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ ƢȀǧơƾǿƗ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ Őǯȋơ ƨŷƢLjŭơ Ǿºdz ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 63 ȅǀºdzơ Ǯǐdzơ ǝȂǻ ǁƢȈƬƻơ ƾǼǟ ƵǂǘĄƫ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ ǹƛ DZȂǬdzơ ƨǏȐƻȁ ǾºȈǴǟȁ .ǩƢºǨƫȏơ ǵƢºǰƷƗ ǺǷ ǶǰƷ Dzǯ ƨǣƢȈǏ ƾǼǟ ƆƢǔȇƗȁ ǾǻƘnjƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ǶƬȈLJ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǩƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ƨǴǐǨǼǷȁ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǵƢǰƷƗ Ŀ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠĄƦdzơ džǰǠǼȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ ȏ .ǾǴǯ Ǯǐdzơ Ŀ džǰǠǼȇ ǹƗ ȆǤƦǼȇ Dzƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨǴȇƾƦdzơ DzƦLjdzơ (ƽ) ƨȇȂLjºƬƥ ǪºǴǠƬȇ ƆƢǔºȇƗ ǂƻƕ ƤǻƢƳ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦǴdz Ŗºdzơȁ DZȁƾºdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjºŭơ śƥ ƤnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƧƽƢƬǠŭơ ƨǴȈLJȂdzƢǧ .ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷȁ .Ņȁƾdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ȇǿ ƨǟǃƢǼƬŭơ ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭƢƥ ƢȀǴƷ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǬǧ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƨǬƯ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ƧƽƢȈLJ DŽȇDŽǠƬdz ƨǷƢǿ ƧơƽƗ Dzǰnjȇ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ DzƷ ǺǷ ƾǫȁ ƆȐȇȂǗ ƆƢƬǫȁ ǩǂǤƬLjȇ ƾǫ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǹƗ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƣȂȈǠdzơ śƥ ǺǸǧ .ƧŚƦǯ ƩƢȈƦǴLJ ƆƢǔȇƗ Ǿdz ƨºǫȐǟ Ǟǘǫ DZƢǸƬƷơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢŠ śƦǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣȁ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǜǿƢƥ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƤĈƫǂȇ ǁơǂºǫ ǹƗ Ǻºǟ ǂƻƕ ƤȈǟ ǶƴǼȇ ƾǫ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷȁ .ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƨǷƢǿ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƨºdzƢūơ ƽȁƾºƷ ƆơŚưǯ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ǶȈǜǼƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƆơƽȂȈǫ ǾȈǴǟ ǑǂǨȇ ǵDŽǴŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ Ƕǟƾºdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƹƢǼǷ ȄǴǟ ƆƢƦǴLJ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬŹ Ǯdzǀǯȁ .ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ǁơǂºǫ ƔƢƳ Ȃdz ŕƷ ƆơŚưǯ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ļơȂȇ ȏ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǁƢƦǠƥȁ .œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȐdz ǵƢǠdzơ .ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ȆǷƢǼdzơ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ŁƢǐdz ǝơŗdzơ Ŀ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjºŭơ śºƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƽƾǟ ǝƢǨƫǁơ ƤƦLjƥ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǸǫƢǨƫ ƾǫȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƢȀǼǷ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƽƾǟ ǾƳơȂȇȁ .ƧŚƻȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ DZȁƾdzơȁ .(ǽȐǟƗ Ð - ǦdzƗ - ƆƢȈǻƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ƾºǫȁ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ ǵƢǜǻ śLjƸƬdz ƽȂȀƳ DZǀƥ ǺǰŻȁ .(ǽȐºǟƗ ƱÎ ƔƢƥ - ƆƢưdzƢƯ ǝǂǨdzơ ǂǜǻơ) ǽƢšȏơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƩơȂǘŬơ ǒǠƥ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƆơǂƻƚǷ Ʃǀţơ Ŀ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨǴȇƾƦdzơ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ńƛ ŐǯƗ ƨƳǁƾƥ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƨǼǰǸŭơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ ǺǷȁ Śºǣ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ȃǿ ƨǴȇƾƦdzơ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ǽǀǿ ƾƷƗȁ .ƨǴƦǬŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǽǀºǿ Ŀȁ .ǪºȈǧȂƬdzơ ȁƗ ƨǗƢºLJȂdzơ DzºưǷ ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨǷDŽǴǷ ȄǴǟ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ Ŀ ǶēƾǟƢLjŠ śǟǃƢǼƬŭơ ƨǬǧơȂŠ ƧƽƢǟ ǁƢƬƼĄȇ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǵȂǬȇ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƨºǴȇƾƦdzơ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ńƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ ǁƢnjȇ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮȁ .ǶȀǼȈƥ ǝơŗǴdz ƨȇȂLjƫ ƽƢŸƛ ƩƢºǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjºƬdz Ņȁƾºdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ǵƾǬȇ ƆȐưǸǧ ."ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ŚLjȈƫ" ŚƦǠƬƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 64 Ņȁƾdzơ ȅǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ƨǼŪ ƪǠǓȁȁ .ȃȁƢǟƾdzơ śƥ ǪȈǧȂƬǴdz ƆƢǬǧǂǷ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Ņȁƾºdzơ ȅǁƢºƴƬdzơ ǪȈǧȂƬdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƆƢȈƳƿȂŶ ƆƢǻȂǻƢǫȁ (ÎÖÕÍ) ǪȈǧȂƬǴdz ƾǟơȂǫ (DZơǂƬLjǻȁȋơ) ǥǂºǗ ǪºȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨǷDŽǴŭơ Śǣ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ƪǴǴǰƫ ơƿƜǧ .(ÎÍ)(ÏÍÍÏ) ƤǻƢƳȋơ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ȆǸŢ ƾǫȁ ǝǂLJƗȁ ƨǨǴǰƫ DzǫƗ ǹȂǰƫ ƾǬǧ ƵƢƴǼdzƢƥ ƮdzƢƯ .Ȇũǂdzơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƢȀȈǸŹ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ DzȈƠǓ ƽƾǟ ȃȂLJ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ ƮºdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨǷDŽǴǷ Śǣ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ơƾǼdzȂƥ śƥ ƨǠǫȂŭơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǜǻơ) .(ÏÍÍÑ ǵƢǠdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨȈƳƿȂǸǼdzơ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷȁ (ÎÖÖÖ) ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǽǀºǿ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƆƢǸǰƷ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƪǼǸǔƫ ƢǸưȈƷ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛȁ DzǠdzȁ .ƢȀǼǟ ƆƢǓȂǟ ǵDŽǴŭơ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ƧƽƢǟ ǹȁǁƢƬź ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǹƜǧ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ DZȐƻ ȆƟƢĔ ǁơǂǫ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ DzƷ ƔơǂƳƛ DzǔǨȇ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ǹƗ ǂȀǜȇ Ǯdzƿ .ƩƢºǓȁƢǨŭơ Dznjǧ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ƤǴǘȇ ȏ ƧŚưǯ ƩȏƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƧƽƾŰ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƧǂƬǧ ǥǂºǗ ƧƾǟƢLjŠ Ȃdzȁ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƔơǂƳƛ ǹƗ ǂǸưƬLjŭơ ȃǂȇ ȏ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ƾǼǟȁ śǠƬºȇ ƨºdzƢǠǧ ǹȂǰƫ Ȇǰdz ƨǷDŽǴŭơ Śǣ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .ƆơǂǸưǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƮdzƢƯ .ǝơŗdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂǰƦǷ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƔȂƴǴdzơ DzºưǷ ƩƢºǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzºū ƨºǴȇƾƦdzơ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ƩƢȈdzȉ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƢȇơDŽŭơ ńƛ Ɔơǂǜǻȁ ǹƗ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ƥǣǂƫ ƾǬǧ ƮdzƢƯ ǥǂǗ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ Dzū ƨǷDŽǴŭơ Śǣ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ .(ƆƢǬƷȏ ǁƾǐȇ UNCTAD c) .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǞǓȁ ƾǼǟ ǶǿƗ Ɔơǁȁƽ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼLjƫ ǽǀºǿ ńƛ ƔȂƴǴdzƢƥ ƨǨȈǔŭơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǾǷƾǬƫ ļƢLJƢȈLJ ǵơDŽƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬȈLJ ƢȀƷƢų ǹƗ ƾȈƥ ƢǿƾºǼǟ ǁǀºǠƬȇ ƨºǴƷǂǷ ńƛ Dzǐºƫ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ǝơŗdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂǰƦǷ DzƷơǂǷ Ŀ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƶȈºƬƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƩƢƷȐǏƛ ǽǁȁƾƥ Ǯdzƿ ȆǔƬǬȇ ƾǫȁ .ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƾºǓ ǵDŽǴǷ ǁơǂǫ ńƛ ǁƢǬƬǧȏơ ƾǼǟ ȃȂǟƽ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ ƾȇƾLjƬƥ ǹƿȍơ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ƨǷȂǰū ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ śƥ ǖƥơǂƬdzơ ƨǫȐǟ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƾǯƚƫȁ .ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 65 ȆNjơȂūơ ǞºLJȂƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ƽƾǠdzơ ǍƢƻ ǾƳȂƥ Ǯdzƿ DzǸnjȇ (Î) śºƥ ǶȈºǰƸƬǴdz ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƽƾǟ ǝǁƢLjƫȁ ƢȀǟȂǼƫȁ ƢǿƾȈǬǠƫ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǽǀǿ ǩƢǘǻ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ƩơǁƾǬdzơ ƔƢǼƦƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ƧƾǟƢLjǸǴdz ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ DzǸǟ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǹƛ (Ï) ȄºǴǟ ơƆƾȇƾŢ DŽǯǂȇ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ DzƟƢLjŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻơ ƨǴƷǂŠ ǂŤ Ŗdzơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ .DZȁƾdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǹƘnjƥ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ƪºǻǂƬǻȍơ ȄºǴǟ ƧǂºNjƢƦǷ ƨƷƢƬŭơ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ ƩƢǻƢȈƥ ƧƾǟƢǫ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȏơ ǺǰŻ (Ð) .www.unctad.org/iia :ŅƢƬdzơ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ǭȂǰǐƥ ƨǏƢŬơȁ .ǽȐǟƗ Î ǁƢǗȍơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƨȈǠƳǂŭơ ƩơǁƢNjȍơ ǂǜǻơ ( Ñ) ǹơȂǼǠƥ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ƨǻƢǷƗ ǺǷ ƨǷƾǬǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƨǫǁȁ (Ò) Improvement of the "ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǟǃƢǼǷ ƨȇȂLjƬdz Ņȁƾdzơ DŽǯǂǸǴdz ǶȈǰƸƬdzơ ǁƢǗȍ ǺǰǸŭơ śLjƸƬdzơ" .ÏÍÍÑ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ /DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÏÏ "Possible Framework for ICSID Arbitration" :DZȁƾºdzơȁ ǺȇǂǸưƬLjŭơ śƥ ƩƢǟǃƢǼŭơ ƨȇȂLjƫ" Ǻǟ ǂŤƚǷ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪnjǫȂǻ (Ó) ǺǘǼºNjơȁ Ŀ ƾºǬĄǟ "ƢȀȇǂǸưƬLjºǷȁ ƨȈǼȈƫȐdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ǹơƾǴƥ ǾƳơȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƠNjƢǼdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơȁ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƨºȈǸǼƬdzơ ǥǂǐǷ ǾǸȈǜǼƫ Ŀ ǭǂƬNjơȁ ÏÍÍÔ ǂƥȂƬǯƗ/DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ÎÏ-ÎÎ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ƨǸǏƢǠdzơ ǪºǴǠƬŭơ ƢȈƦǷȂdzȂǯ ƲǷƢǻǂƥȁ (ƽƢƬǰǻȁȋơ) ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ǶǷȋơ ǂŤƚǷȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƩơƽƢǐºƬǫȐdz ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ DŽǯǂǷȁ ƨȈǰȇǂǷȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏƢƥ .ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƢǰȇǂǷƗ ƨȈŻƽƢǯƗ/ƧŚǤǐdzơ Ǿºdz ǪȈǴǠƫ Ŀ ǹȂLjǼƥȁǁ ǮȇǂƫƢƥ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ DZƾǠdzơ ƨǸǰŰ Ŀ ȆǓƢǬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƵǂƬǫơ (Ô) .ƨǫǁȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ śºƥ ƨǻǃơȂŭơȁ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŤ Ƣŷȁ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ śȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ȅƾƸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǖƦƫǂȇ (Õ) .ƨȈƟƢŶƛ ƨȇȁơǃ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢǸŮ ǹȋ ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ Śƥơƾƫ ǩƢǨƫơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ŘưƬLjȇ (Ö) .ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻơ DzƷơǂǷ ǺǸǔƫ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ :ŅƢƬdzơ ǹơȂǼǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƵƢƬǷ (ÎÍ) .(http://www.uncitral.org/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration.html) ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ǩƢǧƕ - ƆƢǠƥơǁ ƢǸȈºLJ ȏȁ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ƢȀȀƳơȂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǪƥƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ Ǒăǂăǟ .ǺȇǂnjºǠdzơȁ ȅƽƢūơ ǹǂǬdzơ ǞǴǘǷ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫȏơ ȃȂºƬŰ Ŀȁ ƩơǁƾǬdzơ ƩƢǫȂǠǷ Ŀ śǴưǸƬŭơ śȈLjȈƟǂdzơ śȇƾƸƬdzơ ǺċȈǟ ƢǸǯ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮLJƢŲ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzƿȁ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ Ŀ ƨºǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ŁƢǐŭơ śƥ ǶƟȐŭơ ǹǃơȂƬdzơ ǪȈǬŢȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ .ĿƢǰdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ƾǠƦdzơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǹƢǸǓȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢȇƾºƸƬdzơ ǽǀºǿ ƨºȀƳơȂǷ ƾǼǟ ƘnjǼƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ƨǫǁȂdzơ ƪưŞ ƾǬdzȁ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ ǽǀǿ śƥ ǺǷȁ .ƢŮ ȅƾǐƬdzơ ƨȈǨȈǯ ǹƘnjƥ ƩƢƷơǂƬǫȏơ ǺǷ Ɔơƽƾǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƪǷƾǫȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ DzƟƢLjŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈƫƢLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩȐȈǴƸƬdzơȁ ƭƢŞȋơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽŭơ ƔơǂƳƛ ƆȐǔǧ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫȁ ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǵơǂƥƛ ƾǼǟ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦǴdz ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƨȈǼǬƫ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ŚǧȂƫȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ȃƽơǂǧ ǎţ ƤǻơȂƳ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǼȈǠǷ Ɣơǁƕ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ǍȂǐş ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ńƛ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƢĔƗ Ȃǿ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǽǀǿ ǞȈŦ śƥ ǭǂƬnjŭơ ǶLJƢǬdzơȁ Ŀ Ǯºdzƿ ǀºƻƘȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƢƥ ƨǴǐƬŭơ ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƢēƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơȁ ƢȀůơǂƥ ǂƻƕ Dzȇƾƥ ǂǧȂƫ ǵƾǟȁ ƆƢȈdzƢƷ Ǿƥ DZȂǸǠŭơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ƙDŽš ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǵơǂƥȍ ƽȂȀƳ ǺǷ ǾdzǀƦƫ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȇƽǂǧ DZȂǴƷ DžƢǸƬdzơ ȃȂLJ ƨdzƢūơ ǽǀǿ DzǛ Ŀ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬǴdz ȅƾǐƬdzơ Ŀ ƢǷ ƾƷ ńƛ ȅƽǂǨdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ƧƾƟƢǧ Ƕǣǁȁ .ƩơƾǿƢǠŭơ ǾºƳȁƗ ƨŪƢǠǷ Ǻǟ DŽƳƢǟ Ǿǻȋ ǽƽȁƾƷ ƲȀǼdzơ ơǀŮ ǹƜǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂƥ .ŅƢūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǠƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơȁ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ŀ ƨǼǷƢǰdzơ ǁȂǐǬdzơ ƧƾºǿƢǠǷ Ï ÕÍÍ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǵơǂƥƜƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴƴƬȇ ƢǸǯ ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƙDŽš ƧƾNjȁ Ŀ ƨȈǴȈǔºǨƬdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ǩƢǨƫơȁ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ǺǷ ǾºǻƗ řǠȇ Ǯdzƿȁ .Dzƻơƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ ƢȀǴƷ ǺǰŻ ȏ DzǯƢnjǷ Śưȇ ƢŶƛ ÏÍÍÔ ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ Ŀ ƢȀūƢǐǷ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾǴdz ƢǿƽǂǨŠ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǦǬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨǷȁƢLjŭơ ȄǴǟ Ƣēǁƾǫ ǹȋ ǦȈǠǓ ǦǫȂǷ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ Ǯdzƿ Ǟǔȇȁ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǪȈǬŢ - DzȈƸƬLjŭơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƛ - ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫȁ .ƧƽȁƾŰ ŁƢǐºŭơ śºƥ ǶƟȐǷ ǹǃơȂƫ ǪȈǬŢȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƢēƢǫƢǨƫơ ƨǰƦNj Ŀ ǮLJƢǸƬdzơ ƾºǠƦdzơ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǹƢǸǓȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ȃƾdz ƨǷƢǠdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ƾºūơ ơǀǿ ńƛ ƗDŽů ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ DzǛ ƢŭƢǗȁ .ĿƢǰdzơ ǁƾǬdzƢƥ ȆƟƢŶȍơ ǥơǂºƬǟȏơȁ ŚƦǯ ƾƷ ńƛ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơȁ džǻƢƴƬdzơ ƨƳǁƽ ƧƽƢȇǃ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ǦȈǠǓ DzǷȋƢǧ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 68 ǶǰŞ Ȃǿ ǾLjǨǻ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǁȂǘƫȁ .ƨǟȁǂnjŭơ ƨȈƟƢŶȍơ DzǣơȂnjdzƢƥ .ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ ǽǀǿ ǁȂǐǬdzơ ǾƳȁƗ ƨŪƢǠŭ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǾǨȇǂǠƫ ǺLjƷƗ Ŀ ƶǸLjȇ ȏ ŅƢūơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǵƢǜǻ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ǥƢǔȇ Ǟǫơȁ Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤǴǤƬdzơ ȏȁ ƩơǁƾǬdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƨȀƳơȂŭơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǦȈǨƼƬƥ ōȏƛ ƩȏƢūơ ƩƢºǟǃƢǼǷ DzºưǷ ƢȀºǴưǷ ƆơƾºȈǬǠƫȁ Ɔơƽƾǟ ƽơƽDŽƫ ƪǰǨǻơ ƢǷ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ .ǂǷȋơ śǠƬºȇ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ ƧƘǗȁ ƪŢ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǞǬƫ ƾǫ ǽǀȀǯ ƨdzƢƷ DzǛ Ŀȁ .ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ DzºȈŭơ ǹƗ Ǻǟ ƆȐǔǧ ơǀǿ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ŚƯƘƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǮȈǿƢǻ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzơ ƨƦǯơȂǷ ƽǂĐ ƢŮǀƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƾǫ ƨȇǁƢǸưƬLJơ ƆƢǷƢǰƷƗ DzǸnjƫ Ŗdzơ Ƨǂūơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ƽƾǟ ǵơǂƥƛ ńƛ ƾȇơDŽƬŭơ ǽǀǿ ǵơǂƥȍ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƨƥơǀƳ ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ƾǫ ƢĔȋ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ńƛ ƔȆLjȇ .ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǞǓȁ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ǻǟ ŅƢƬdzƢƥ ǦǴƼƬƫ ƾǫȁ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ǵơǂºƥƛ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ DzǏơȂƫ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǪȈLjǼƫ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǟ ńƛ Ɔơǂǜǻȁ ƩƢºǫƢǨƫơ ǺǷ ŅƢūơ ǖȈǴŬơ ƐĽ ǺǷ ǃDŽǠƫȁ ʼnƾƫȁ ȅƽǂǧ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ Ǯdzǀdz ƨƴȈƬǻȁ .(UNCTAD, 2006c) "ƨǻȁǂǰǠŭơ ǪƦǗ" ƥ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ǾċƦnjȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƨºƳǁƾƥ ȆǸȈǴǫƛ ƲĔȁ ȆƟƢǼƯ ƲĔ ǝƢƦƫơ ńƛ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ƾȇƾŢ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǾƴƬƫ ƵȂºǓȂdzơ DŽºȇDŽǠƬdz ȅǁȁǂǔºdzơȁ ǪLjǼŭơ ȆǟƢǸŪơ ƲȀǼdzơ džǰǟ ǖƦǔdzƢƥ Ȃǿȁ - ŐǯƗ ǺºǷ ƨºȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ śǰŤȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫȐǟ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơȁ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơȁ .ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǠǨƥ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǁȂǿƾƬȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǸǧ ƙDŽƴƬdzơ ƾȇƾNj ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ǵơƽ ƢǷȁ ƨȈǷƢǼdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƾš ƨƥǁƢǔƬŭơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǧƢǨnjdzơ DzȈǴǫ ǖȈǴƻ ńƛ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁƢǸưƬºLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ ŃƢǟ ƾǬǠƫ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ .ǾǠǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ Ŀ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨƥȂǠǏ Ƣēơǁƾǫ ƧƾȈǬŭơ ƨºǧǂǠǷ ƧƾºȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǨǐƥ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ .ƆƢȈǸŰ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ Ŀ ƢǿǁƢǸưƬLJơ ǹȂǰȇ ȃƾǷ ȅƗ ńƛȁ ȅǂLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ Ɣơǁȉơ Ŀ ǪǧơȂƫ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ȆǠLjdzơ ǹƗ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƲƬǼƬLjĄȇȁ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ ȏȁ .ƾǠƥ ăDŽƴǼĄȇ Ń DzǸǟ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫƢǨƫơ DzƟƢLjǷ Ŀ ǥơǂǗȋơ ƽƾǠƬǷ ƾºȀƳ DZǀºƥ ǹƘNj ǺǷȁ .DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ŚƦǯ ǵƾǬƫ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ǂǯǀĄȇ DzǷƗ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ ƾºǟơȂǬdz ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƧƔƢǨǯȁ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ƧƽƢȇǃ Ŀ Ƣđ ǹƢȀƬLjĄȇ ȏ ƨŷƢLjǷ ǶȀLjȇ ǹƗ ȆǟƢŦ ńƛ ƨȈŸǁƾƫ ƨǨǐƥ Ǯdzƿ ȅƽƚȇ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈǸǼƬdzơȁ ȂǸǼǴdz ƧƢƫơȂǷ ǂưǯƗ ǾǴǠƳȁ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ơǀǿ ƿƢţơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǩƢLjƫơ śLjŢȁ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢǫȐǟ Ŀ ǁơǂǬƬLJȏơȁ ƵȂǓȂdzơ ƧƽƢȇǃ ǹơƾºǴƦdzơ ǞȈŦ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ǹƢǸǓȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂdz ƆƢȈLjȈƟǁ ƆƢǠƳǂǷ ǵƢǜǼdzơ .ƢȀƬȈǸǼƫ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǹƢǯ ƆƢȇƗ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ ǞƳơǂŭơ Banga, Rashmi (2003) "Impact of Government Policies and Investment Agreements on FDI Inflows”, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi. Gallagher, Kevin and Melissa Birch (2006), "Do Investment Agreements Attract Investment? Evidence from Latin America", The Journal of World Investment & Trade, Volume 7, (December), pp. 961-973. Neumayer, Eric and Laura Spess (2005) "Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries?" (May), available online at (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ 627/01/World_Dev_(BITs).pdf). Schreuer, Christoph (2006). “Diversity and Harmonization of Treaty Interpretation in Investment Arbitration”, Transnational Dispute Management, Volume 3, Issue Number 2. __________ (2007). “Preliminary rulings in investment arbitration", in Karl Sauvant (ed.), Coherence and Consistency in International Investment Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press) (forthcoming). Tobin, Jennifer and Susan Rose-Ackerman (2006), "Bilateral Investment Treaties: Do They Stimulate Foreign Direct Investment?", available online at: (www.upf.es/dret/civil/ clef/sra.pdf). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1999a). Lessons from the MAI. UNCTAD Series on issues in international investment agreements. (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.II.D.26. ___________(1999b). Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment. UNCTAD Series of Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.II.D.11. _________ (2000). Taxation. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.00.II.D.5. Ņȁƾdzơ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 70 _________ (2001). Home Country Measures. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.II.D.19. _________(2003a). Dispute Settlement: Investor–State. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.D.5. __________(2003b). Dispute Settlement: State-State. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.D.6. __________(2004). Transparency. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.04.II.D.7. __________ (2005a). South–South Cooperation in International Investment Arrangements. UNCTAD Series on International Investment Policies for Development (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.II.D.5. __________ (2005b). Investor–State Disputes Arising from Investment Treaties: A Review. UNCTAD Series on International Investment Policies for Development (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.06.II.D.1. __________(2006a). "The Entry into Force of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)", IIA Monitor, No.3 (UNCTAD/WEB/ITE/ IIA/2006/9) _________(2006b). Investment Provisions in Economic Integration Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/2005/10. __________(2006c). "Systemic Issues in International Investment Agreements (IIAs)", IIA Monitor, No. 1 (UNCTAD/WEB/ ITE/IIA/2006/2). ___________(2007a). International Investment Rule-making (New York and Geneva: United Nations), Note by the UNCTAD Secretariat, Expert ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 71 ǞƳơǂŭơ Meeting on Development Implications of International Investment Rule-making, Geneva, 28–29 June 2007, TD/B/COM.2/EM.21/2. ____________(2007b). Investor-State Dispute Settlement and Impact on Investment Rulemaking (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.07.II.D.10. __________ (2007c). World Investment Report 2007. FDI in Extractive Industries (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.07.II..D.9. ____________(2007d). Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995-2006: Trends in Investment Rule-making (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.06.II.D.16. __________ (2007e). World Investment Prospects Survey 2007-2009 (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication. ____________(2007f) "Development implications of international investment agreements", IIA Monitor No. 2 (UNCTAD/WEB/ ITE/IIA/2007/2) ____________(2007g). International Investment Rule-setting: Trends, Emerging Issues and Implications (New York and Geneva: United Nations), Note by the UNCTAD Secretariat, Commission on Investment, Technology and Related Financial Issues, Geneva, 8-14 March 2007, TD/B/COM.2/73 __________ (2008a). "Recent developments in international investment agreements (IIAs) in 2006", IIA Monitor No. 3, 2007. __________ (2008b). "Recent developments in international investment agreements (2007-june 2008) IIA Monitor No. 2, 2008. __________ (2008c). "Latest developments in investor-State dispute settlement", IIA Monitor No. 1, 2008. (2008d) World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations and the Infrastrure Challenge (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.08.II.D.23). ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 72 __________ (2008e). Investment Promotion Provisions in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E08II.D.5. __________ (forthcoming a). Alternative Methods of Treaty-Based InvestorState Dispute Resolution (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (For more information, please visit www.unctad.org/en/pub) A. SERIAL PUBLICATIONS World Investment Reports (For more information visit www.unctad.org/wir) World Investment Report 2007. Transnational Corporations, and the Infrastructure Challenge. Sales No. E.07.II.D.23. $80. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2008_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2007. Transnational Corporations, and the Infrastructure Challenge. An Overview. 42 p.. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs/wir2008_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2007. Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development. Sales No. E.07.II.D.9. $75. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2007_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2007. Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Development. An Overview. 50 p. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs/wir2007overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2006. FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development. Sales No. E.06.II.D.11. $75. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs//wir2006_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2006. FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development. An Overview. 50 p. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs/wir2006overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2005. Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D. Sales No. E.05.II.D.10. $75. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs//wir2005_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2005. Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D. An Overview. 50 p. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs/wir2005overview_en.pdf. Ņȁƾdzơ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 74 World Investment Report 2004. The Shift Towards Services. Sales No. E.04.II.D.36. $75. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2004_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2004. The Shift Towards Services. An Overview. 62 p. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2004overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives. Sales No. E.03.II.D.8. $49. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs//wir2003_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2003. FDI Polices for Development: National and International Perspectives. An Overview. 66 p. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs/wir2003overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. 352 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.4. $49. http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs//wir2002_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. An Overview. 66 p. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ wir2002overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. 356 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.12 $49. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir01content.en.htm. World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. An Overview. 67 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir01content.en.htm. Ten Years of World Investment Reports: The Challenges Ahead. Proceedings of an UNCTAD special event on future challenges in the area of FDI. UNCTAD/ITE/Misc.45. http://www.unctad.org/wir. World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and Development. 368 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.20. $49. http://www.unctad.org/wir/ contents/wir00content.en.htm. World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and Development. An Overview. 75 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/ wir00content.en.htm. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 75 ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz ƧǁƢƬű ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ World Investment Directories (For more information visit http://r0.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite/fdistats_files/WID2.htm) World Investment Directory 2004: Latin America and the Caribbean. Volume IX. 599 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.12. $25. World Investment Directory 2003: Central and Eastern Europe. Vol. VIII. 397 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.24. $80. Investment Policy Reviews (For more information visit http://www.unctad.orgi/pr) Investment Policy Review – Rwanda. 130 p..Sales No. E.06.II.D.15.$25 Investment Policy Review – Colombia 73 p..Sales No. E06.II.D.4 $25 Investment Policy Review – Kenya. 126 p. Sales No. E.05.II.D.21. $25. Investment Policy Review – Benin. 147 p. Sales No. F.04.II.D.43. $25. Investment Policy Review – Sri Lanka. 89 p. No. E.04.II.D.19 $25 Investment Policy Review – Algeria. 110 p. Sales No. F04.II.D.30. $25. Investment Policy Review – Nepal. 89 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.17. $20. Investment Policy Review – Lesotho. 105 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.18. $15/18. Investment Policy Review – Ghana. 103 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.20. $20. Investment Policy Review – Tanzania. 109 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.6 $20. Investment Policy Review – Botswana. 107 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.I. $22. Investment Policy Review – Ecuador. 136 p. Sales No. E.01.II D.31. $25. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 76 Investment and Innovation Policy Review – Ethiopia. 130 p. UNCTAD/ITE/ IPC/Misc.4. Investment Policy Review – Mauritius. 92 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.11. $22. Investment Policy Review – Peru. 109 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.7. $22. Investment Policy Review – Egypt. 119 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.20. $19. Investment Policy Review – Uganda. 71 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.24. $15. Investment Policy Review – Uzbekistan.. 65 p. UNCTAD/ITE/ IIP/Misc. 13. International Investment Instruments (For more information visit http://www.unctad.org/iia) International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. XIV. Sales No. E.05.II.D.8. 326 p. $60. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. XIII. Sales No. E.05.II.D.7. 358 p. $60. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. XII. Sales No. E.04.II.D.10. 364 p. $60. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. XI. 345 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.9. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs// dite4volxi_en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. X. 353 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.21. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v9.en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. IX. 353 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.16. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v9.en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VIII. 335 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.15. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v8.en.pdf. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 77 ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz ƧǁƢƬű ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VII. 339 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.14. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v7.en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VI. 568 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.34. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ps1dited2v6_p1.en.pdf (part one). International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. V. 505 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.14. $55. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. IV. 319 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.13. $55. UNCTAD Investment Guides (For more information visit http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=2705&lang=14) An Investment Guide to Rwanda: Opportunities and Conditions. 79 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2006/3 An Investment Guide to Mali: Opportunities and Conditions. 68 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2006/2. An Investment Guide to Kenya: Opportunities and Conditions. 92 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2005/2. An Investment Guide to Tanzania: Opportunities and Conditions. 82 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2005/3. An Investment Guide to the East African Community: Opportunities and Conditions. 109 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA2005/4. An Investment Guide to Mauritania: Opportunities and Conditions. 80 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2004/4. Guide de l’investissement au Mali: Opportunités et Conditions. 76 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2004/1. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 78 An Investment Guide to Cambodia: Opportunities and Conditions. 89 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2003/6. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//iteiia20036_en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Nepal: Opportunities and Conditions. 97 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2003/2. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteiia20032_en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Mozambique: Opportunities and Conditions. 109 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/4. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiiad4.en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Uganda: Opportunities and Conditions. 89 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2004/3. An Investment Guide to Bangladesh: Opportunities and Conditions. 66 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.29. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiitm29.en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Ethiopia: Opportunities and Conditions. 90 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2004/2. International Investment Policies for Development (For more information visit http://www.unctad.org/iia) Investment Promotion Provisions in International Investment Agreements. 103 p. Sales no. E.08.II.D.5. $15 Preserving Flexibility in IIAs: The Use of Reservations. 104 p. Sales no.: E.06.II.D.14. $15. International Investment Arrangements: Trends and Emerging Issues. 110 p. Sales No. E.06.II.D.03. $15. Investor-State Disputes Arising from Investment Treaties: A Review. 106 p. Sales No. E.06.II.D.1 $15 South-South Cooperation in Investment Arrangements. 108 p. Sales No. E.05.II.D.26 $15. International Investment Agreements in Services. 119 p. Sales No. E.05.II.D.15. $15. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 79 ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz ƧǁƢƬű ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ The REIO Exception in MFN Treatment Clauses. 92 p. Sales No. E.05.II.D.1. $15. Issues in International Investment Agreements (For more information visit http://www.unctad.org/iia) International Investment Agreements: Key Issues, Volumes I, II and III. Sales no.: E.05.II.D.6. $65. State Contracts. 84 p. Sales No. E.05.II.D.5. $15. Competition. 112 p. E.04.II.D.44. $ 15. Key Terms and Concepts in IIAs: a Glossary. 232 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.31. $15. Incentives. 108 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.6. $15. Transparency. 118 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.7. $15. Dispute Settlement: State-State. 101 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.6. $15. Dispute Settlement: Investor-State. 125 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.5. $15. Transfer of Technology. 138 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.33. $18. Illicit Payments. 108 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.20. $13. Home Country Measures. 96 p. Sales No.E.01.II.D.19. $12. Host Country Operational Measures. 109 p. Sales No E.01.II.D.18. $15. Social Responsibility. 91 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.4. $15. Environment. 105 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.3. $15. Transfer of Funds. 68 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.27. $12. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 80 Flexibility for Development. 185 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.6. $15. Employment. 69 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.15. $12. Taxation. 111 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.5. $12. Taking of Property. 83 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.4. $12. National Treatment.. 94 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.16. $12. Admission and Establishment.. 69 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.10. $12. Trends in International Investment Agreements: An Overview. 133 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.23. $12. Lessons from the MAI. 52 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.26. $10. Fair and Equitable Treatment.. 85 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.15. $12. Transfer Pricing. 71 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.8. $12. Scope and Definition. 93 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.9. $12. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment. 57 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.11. $12. Investment-Related Trade Measures. 57 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.12. $12. Foreign Direct Investment and Development. 74 p. Sales No. E.98.II.D.15. $12. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 81 ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz ƧǁƢƬű ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ B. INVESTMENT ADVISORY SERVICES Series A. No. 1. Aftercare: A Core Function In Investment Promotion. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/2007/1 (October 2007). Series A. No. 2. Shaping the Investment Climate: The IPA as Policy Advocate (forthcoming) No. 18. A Survey of Support by Investment Promotion Agencies to Linkages. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/2005/12. ISSN: 1819-5938 C. INDIVIDUAL STUDIES Investor-State Dispute Settlement and Impact on Investment Rulemaking. 110 p. Sales No. E.07.II.D.10. $30. Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995—2006: Trends in Investment Rulemaking. 172 p. Sales No. E.06.II.D.16. $30. Investment Provisions in Economic Integration Agreements. 174 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/2005/10. Globalization of R&D and Developing Countries.. 242 p. Sales No. E.06.II.D.2. $35. Prospects for Foreign Direct Investment and the Strategies of Transnational Corporations, 2005-2008. 74 p. Sales No. E.05.II.D.32. $18. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2005. 136 p. Sales No. E. 05.II.C.2. $15. (Joint publication with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.) Foreign Direct Investment and Performance Requirements: New Evidence from Selected Countries. 318 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.32. $35.http://www.unctad.org/ en/docs//iteiia20037_en.pdf FDI in Land-Locked Developing UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2003/5. Countries at a Glance. 112 p. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ Ņȁƾdzơ ǁ ƢǸưƬLJȏơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȁ 82 FDI in Least Developed Countries at a Glance: 2002. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/6. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs// iteiia6_en.pdf. 136 p. Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Performance and Potential. 89 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.15. Free of charge. Also available from http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiitm15.pdf. TNC-SME Linkages for Development: Issues–Experiences–Best Practices. Proceedings of the Special Round Table on TNCs, SMEs and Development, UNCTAD X, 15 February 2000, Bangkok, Thailand.113 p. UNCTAD/ITE/TEB1. Free of charge. Measures of the Transnationalization of Economic Activity. 93 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.2. $20. The Competitiveness Challenge: Transnational Corporations and Industrial Restructuring in Developing Countries. 283p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.35. $42. FDI Determinants and TNC Strategies: The Case of Brazil. 195 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.2. $35. Summary available from http://www.unctad.org/en/pub/ psiteiitd14.en.htm. Studies on FDI and Development TNCs and the Removal of Textiles and Clothing Quotas. 78 p. Sales No. E.05.II.D.20. Measuring Restrictions on FDI in Services and Transition Economies, 56 p. Sales No. 06.II.D.13. D. JOURNALS Transnational Corporations Journal (formerly The CTC Reporter). Published three times a year. Annual subscription price: $45; individual issues $20. http://www.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite/1_itncs/1_tncs.htm. ƨººȈǸǼƬdzơ Ǒơǂºǣȋ ƨºȈdzȁƾdzơ ǁƢººǸưƬLJȏơ ƩƢººLJƢȈLJ ǹƘºnjƥ ƽƢººƬǰǻȁȋơ ƨººǴLjǴLJ 83 ǂNjƢƦŭơ œǼƳȋơ ǁƢǸưƬLJȏơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Őǟ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ƽƢƬǰǻȁȌdz ƧǁƢƬű ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ United Nations publications may be obtained from bookstores and distributors throughout the world. 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