ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺩﻮﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺮﲤﺆﻣ

‫ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻭﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪2004 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (1992-1975‬ﰒ ﺷـﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻴﺔ )‪ .(1993-1992‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1993‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨـﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺳـﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﻬﺗﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜـﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﻌﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﺎﹰ‪ ،،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺑﻠﺪ" ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﲑ ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪،‬؛ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺎﺩﻬﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻷﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠـﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﲣﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺇﻻ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗـﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺘﺎﻥ )‪ (..‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺮﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ؛‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮﺍﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺯﻫﻴﺪﺓ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ )‪ (-‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ )‪ (/‬ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ،1995/1994‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌـﲏ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻـﻠﺔ )‪ (-‬ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟـﺘﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﶈـﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺴـﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪ ،1995 - 1994‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﻭﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ "ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ" ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ؛‬ ‫‪ii‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸـﲑ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳚـﻮﺯ ﺍﻗﺘـﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲝﺮﻳﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/2004/11‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪A.05.II.D.5‬‬ ‫‪ISBN 92-1-611006-6‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪2004 ،‬‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‬ ‫‪230605‬‬ ‫‪210605‬‬ ‫‪GE.05-50311‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨ ﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪iii‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺴﱠﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀـﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ )ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ(‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ )ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪iv‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ( ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺑـﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﲔ ﻭﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸـﻜﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗـﺔ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﲔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺜﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﲢﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﺠﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻘﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﹰ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳـﺘﻮﱃ ﺇﻧـﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﺏ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻓﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺯﺍﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺁﻧﺎ ﺟﻮﺑﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳐـﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻳﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﺃﻭﺭﺗﻴﻨﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺮﻏﻴﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺒﻴﻨﺴـﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﻮﺭﻍ ﻓﻴﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﳘﺎ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺷﻠﻴﻨﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﺗﺮﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺑﻨﺴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳐﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﺃﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﻧﺎﺭﺍﺟﺎﻩ ﺑﺈﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺷﻠﻴﻨﺴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺳﻜﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﺭﻳﺒﺎﻟﺪﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺍﺧﻴﻢ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻑ ﺷﺮﻭﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪2004‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨ ﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻟﻮﺱ ﻓﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳـﺘﻮﱃ ﺗﻨﻔـﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻇﻔـﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺸـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﻳﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺯﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﺏ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻓﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﲪﺪﺍﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻ ﻏﲑﻳﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻧﺎ ﺟﻮﺑﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﻳﻮﺭﻍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﻔﲑﻳﻦ ﺇﻳﻜﺴﻜﻮﻓﻴﻪ ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﺒﻄﻮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿـﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻧﻜﻮﻓﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻚ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻧـﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌـﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜـﺘﺎﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﲝﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﺴـﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ )ﺍﳍﻨﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ )ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﺼﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴـﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﺶ ﺇﻳﱪﺕ )ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﻟـﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﲝﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ )ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺒﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻛﺴـﻔﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻸﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2002‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻘـﻰ ﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴـﺮﺍ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳـﻬﻤﺖ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﹰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻮﺗﺴـﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻭﺑﲑﻭ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﺗﺮﻳﻨﻴﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺑﺎﻏﻮ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻴﺒﻮﰐ ﻭﺳﺮﻱ ﻻﻧﻜﺎ ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﻏﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ ﻭﻓﱰﻭﻳﻼ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﻭﻛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻮﺑﺎ ﻭﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﺎﻣﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗﻌـﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜـﺘﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻧﺎﹰﺎ ﻭﺛﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺲ ﺁﻳﺮﺱ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻟﻴﻐﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺮﺍ )ﻏﺎﻧﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ )‪) (ProInversión‬ﺑﲑﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨ ﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪vii‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜـﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑـﲑﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻨﻐﻮﺭ )ﻣﺼﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ )ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺱ ﺃﻧﺪﻳﺲ )ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫)ﺑـﲑﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ )ﺑﲑﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻـﻤﺔ )ﺗﻮﻧﺲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﺎﻭﻧﺪﻱ )ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﲑﻭﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻨﻐﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺼﲔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ )ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﻳﻨﻴﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺑﺎﻏﻮ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳚﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪viii‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ‪..................................................................‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ‪...............................................................‬‬ ‫‪vii‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ -‬ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪......................................‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ -‬ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪...............‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪........................‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪...............‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ‪.......‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ‪...................‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨ ﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ix‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻝ ‪ -‬ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪....................‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪................‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﲤﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.......‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪....................................................‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪..................................................‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﳔﺒﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪.......................................................‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪..............................................................‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪REFERENCES‬‬ ‫‪LIST OF CASES‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪-1 -‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪........................................‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ -1 -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﺪﺧـﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺎﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺃﺟـﻨﱯ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗـﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳـﻴﻤﺎ ﻟـﺪﻯ ﺍﻟـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻬـﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛـﺜﲑ ﺍﻷﺣـﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣـﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﻔـﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰﺎ ﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔـﺘﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻄـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﻂ ﻣـﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸـﻤﻞ ﻗﻀـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺪﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﶈـﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﻳﺮﺗـﺒﻂ ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻘـﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴـﲑﻫﺎ ﳌـﺎ ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺒـﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴـﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻛـﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺃﺛـﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﻤـﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻘﻴـﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻛـﺎﻣﻼﹰ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧـﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪،‬ﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻲ ﳊﺴـﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟـﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺘﻠﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄـﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺧـﻼﻝ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌـﺎﹰ‪ ،،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺿـﻊ ﻧﻈـﻢ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،،‬ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﲢـﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﲤـﺔ ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ ﺧـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺮﻏـﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔـﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﲡﻨـﺐ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ ﺍﳌـﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻜـﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳋـﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﲢﺬﻳـﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻠـﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺮﻏـﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺳـﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﲢـﺎﻓﻆ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺳـﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳـﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﻓـﺮﺽ ﻗـﻴﻮﺩ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺧـﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺴـﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌـﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ‪ ،،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟـﻚ ﻋـﻦ ﻃـﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌـﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻔﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ُﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ" ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻳﱪﻡ‬ ‫ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻳﻌﻌﱠﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺮﻑ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻁ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺽ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳍـﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋ‬ ‫ُﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎﹰﺎ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﺎ )‪.(Brownlie, 2003, p. 522‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻴﺎﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺎ ﻓﻨﻴﹰ‬ ‫ﺑ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺠـﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﲣﻀـﻊ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ)‪.(1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣـﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧـﲔ ﺍﶈﻠـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟـﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳـﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭُﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰﺎ‬ ‫ُﻨﻈﺮ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﺍ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍﹰﺍ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷـﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻋﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺜﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺇ‪‬ﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﱪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻧُﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻈﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ )ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ" ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﺎ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻏـﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜـﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺠﻪ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ )‪ .(Turpin, 1972; Lamgrod, 1955‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﱪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻮﺩﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﱪﻡ‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﲣﻀـﻊ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﻲ ﻓـﻴﻤﺎ ﻳـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺊ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺆﻫ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻫﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄـﺒﻖ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﱪﻡ‬ ‫ﱪﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ)‪ .(3‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻄـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﻤﺤﻴﺺ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﳝـﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻗـﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺗﺪﻗﻴﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﲤﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﺺ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍﺍ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻄـﺒﻖ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﻤﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﲑ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ‪،،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺅﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺳـﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﲡﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ)‪.(5‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟـﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﻛﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﲤﺎﻣﺎﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎﺎ ﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﹰ‬ ‫ﺒـﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪‬ﺭﻏﱠﺒـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀ "ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ" ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺎﺟﺲ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﱰﺍﻫﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﺛـﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺟﺲ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﻔـﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ‬ ‫)‪ .(Muchlinski, 1999, ch.14‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﻜﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭﺿـﺤﺖ ﺃﳘـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ)‪.(6‬‬ ‫ﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳُﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺎﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ "ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ"‪ .‬ﰒ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻳﻨـﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻮ‪‬ﻥﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﲣﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺻـﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧـﻠﻲ ﻟﻜـﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻨﻨُﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻨﺠﺰ‬ ‫ﻼ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧـﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑـﺎﻃﻼ‬ ‫ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺑـﺎﻃ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ)‪ .(7‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﱪ‬ ‫‪‬ﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﺄﲰﺎﺀ ﺷﱴ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻣﺜﻼﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤـﻦ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ)‪ .(8‬ﻭﻭﻳﻳُﻌﻌﺮﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻌـﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻳﻳُﻌـﺮﺽ‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺣـﺪ ﺃﻏـﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻛﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳُﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﺘـﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸـﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ )ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍﺍ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ُﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﳍﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗـﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪.Leben, 2004‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﰲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺄ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣـﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻳـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺃﺩﺭﺟﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻐﻠﻮﺳﻜﺴـﻮﱐ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳋـﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪.Fitzgerald, 2002, pp. 37-52‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻭﻳﻨﺴﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﻔﺴﺨﻬﺎ ))‪.(116 SCT 2432 (1996‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃـﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪،‬‬ ‫;‪Fatouros, 1962, 1969; Amerasinghe, 1967, pp. 66-119; Passirvirta, 1990‬‬ ‫;‪Nassar, 1995, pp. 133-135; Sornarajah, 2000, pp. 85-112; Bowett, 1988, pp. 49-74‬‬ ‫‪.Maniruzzaman, 2001‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺯﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.100‬‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﺪﻝ ﻭﺧﻼﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻧﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫)ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ( ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺜﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ )‪ Schwebel (1987‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﻨﱯ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﹰ‬ ‫‪.Sornarajah, 2004‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻴﻜﺴﺎﻛﻮ‪/‬ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺗﻴﻚ )‪ (Texaco/Calasiatic‬ﺿﺪ‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪ ،(1997) ،53‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪ .389‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ‪ .Sornarajah, 2000, pp. 223-278‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﳘـﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻮ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪Shea, 1955; Fatouros, 1962, 1969; Schrijver, :‬‬ ‫‪.1997‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸـﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﳚـﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬـﺪ ﺗـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪ ،Benhamida‬ﻳﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻘـﹰ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻘـﺎﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃـﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳊـﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪ .Weiler 2004‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻻﺣﻘﹰ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺇ‪‬ﺎﺋﻪ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟـﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟـﺒﺎﹰ ﻣـﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻭﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑـﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﳏﺪﺩﻳـﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗـﻨﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﱪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻂ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣـﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـﻠﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋـﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﻬﺎﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋـﻴﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄـﺒﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻗﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻗﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜـﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟـﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪(Schreuer, 2004, pp. 249-‬‬ ‫ﲤﻴﻴﺰﺍ ﻟـﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫)‪ 250‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧـﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﻴﻴﺰﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼـﺮﻑ)‪ .(1‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎﺎ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﻤـﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑ "ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌـﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﹰﺎ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪(Schreuer, 2004, p.‬‬ ‫)‪.250‬‬ ‫• ﺣﻔـﻆ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﲣﻀـﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺧﺎﺹ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻔـﻆ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪2003 ،‬ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ(‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻟـﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔﹰ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳊـﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪‬ﺰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﳊـﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔﹰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﻷﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸـﺘﺮﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﻴﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(18‬؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ؛ ﻭﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣـﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﺟـﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺣـﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﳝﻜـﻦ ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺍ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺎﺑﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﳌﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺇﺑـﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ؛ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﲝﺴـﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟـﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎﹰﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ)‪ .(2‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺸﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﺎﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻤـﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻼﹰ‪ ،،‬ﳝﻜـﻦ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻜﻤﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﻤـﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻘﺎﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺜﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻠﻘﹰ‬ ‫ﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻓﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻـﺎﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻـﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸـﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﺍﺍ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﻋﻬﺪﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺼـﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﲑ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺌﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﻫﺎﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﹰ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣـﺪ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﲢـﻮﻻﻻ ﳓـﻮ ﺗﻄـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﲢـﻮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﻜﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ )ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻘﻮﺩ )ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ( ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣـﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣـﺎﹰ‬ ‫‪ CMS‬ﺿـﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨـﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ Azurix‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ Siemens‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺠـﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ‪ – Vivendi‬ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪.(www.worldbank.org/ICSID‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﻖ ﲝﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﺶ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻠـﻴﻠﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻷﻣـﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺄﻱ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﱪﻣﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺃﳘـﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺑﻴ‪‬ﻨﺔﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ُﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺘﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻖ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺒﻞ ﻛـﻞ ﺷـﻲﺀ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎﹰ‪ ،،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ" ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺗﻮﺳـﻴﻊ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌـﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫"ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ" ﻭﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻛـﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮٍ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،1998 ،‬ﺹ‪ .(35 .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1994‬ﺑﲔ ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ "ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﲟـﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴـﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )ﺃ()‪ (5‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (1‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1995‬ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ "ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻘـﺪ ﻟﻠﻘـﻴﺎﻡ ﺑـﺄﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )ﻭ()‪ (6‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(2)(1‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬـﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻃﺎﻏﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻏﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺠ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺠ‪‬ﺰﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍﹰ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ" ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟـﻨﱯ ﲤـﻨﺢ ﺍﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮٍ‬ ‫ﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻓﺮﺩ)‪ .(3‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻘـﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ")‪ .(4‬ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀـﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ)‪ .(5‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ")‪.(6‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝُ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺗـﺘﻌﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﲟﺠﻤﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﻞ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺼـﺮﻑ ﺍﻟـﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﺼﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗـﺎ ﻗﺼـﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻛﺎﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ "ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ" )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،1998 ،‬ﺹ‪.(35 .‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ"‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧـﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺎﺭﻳﺢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ‬ ‫‪‬ﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻀـﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪‬ﺗُﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓـﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻠﻜﺎ ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫‪‬ﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1994‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪)(6‬ﻭ( ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﱠﻉ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫‪‬ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﳜﻮﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ "ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﳜﻮ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺃﻳـﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﺗﺼﺎﺭﻳﺢ ﲤﻨ‬ ‫ﲤﻨ‪‬ﺢﺢ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ )ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﺎ( ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ُﻤﻨﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺍﳌﹸﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧـﻴﺺ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﱰﻉ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻔﺎﺿـﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺜﲏ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪)1139‬ﺡ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ `‪ `1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫"]‪ [...‬ﻻ ﻳﻌـﲏ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﺣﺼﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻴﻊ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲏ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲏ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪ‬ ‫ﺗﱪ‪‬ﻡﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ)‪.(7‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻣـﺎ ﻓـﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﱪﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟـﻪ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿ‪‬ﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸـﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ "ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ" ﺃﻭ "ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟـﻪ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ)‪.(8‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋـﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ" ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﳚﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻟـﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺰﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﹰ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﺍﹰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ "ﺑﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﲦﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﲏ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ )ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ .(1 -‬ﻓﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (2)2‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1983‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻳﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍﹰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ "ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﳛﻴﻂ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻳﻘﲔ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﲢﻤﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ "ﺃﻱ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ " ‪(Dolzer and Stevens, 1995, p.‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻼﰲ ﺍﻟﻼﻳﻘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳـﺪﺭﺝ‬ ‫)‪ .82‬ﻭﻳـﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﺑـﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ)‪.(9‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺨﻀﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﲢﻜﻴﻤﻴﲔ ﺻﺪﺭﺍ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍﺍ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪Societe Generale de‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Surveillance (SGS‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺿﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣـﺎﻭﻻ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﲟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺿﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑـﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺣﻞ ﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ )ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﺧﻼﻟـﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ( ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ -1 -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗـﺒﲔ ﻣـﻨﻬﺠﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴـﻴﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ " :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻗـﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﻣﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻤﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ" )ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،(2)2‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1991‬؛ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،(3)2‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪2000‬؛ ﻭﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(4)2‬؛ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .(2002‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (2)8‬ﻣﻦ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺘﻀـﻤﻦ ﺑـﻨﺪﺍ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪ 8‬ﻣﻦ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫"‪ -1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻀـﻤﻨﺖ ﺗﺸـﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ]‪ [...‬ﻗـﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ]‪ [...‬ﲤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛـﺜﺮ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪‬ﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻛـﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻬـﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ SGS‬ﺿﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ)‪ .(10‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1995‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺼﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫـﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪‬ﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺃﺕ ﺍﶈﻜﻤـﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳُ ﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺸـﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺣـﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻳـﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻳـﺎ "ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ"؛ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ "ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ")‪ .(11‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻷﻥ ﻳُﻌﺘﺒ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﺒ‪‬ﺮﺮ ﺫﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻻ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ")‪.(12‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻀـﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﶈﻜﻤـﺔ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﲣﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺅﻩ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﻣـﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ SGS‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ)‪ (13‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺊ ﻋـﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﶈـﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠـﺒﲔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ُﺮﻓﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟـﺒﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﱠﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺖ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻡ( ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳉـﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﱠﻞﻞ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒـﻨﺪ ﺍﳉـﺎﻣﻊ ﳜـﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﲢﻜﻴﻢ ﺗﺸﻜ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻮﺍﻓـﻖ ﺍﶈﻜﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﻻ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﻮﻯ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ "ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺭﺟﺤﺖ ﻛﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ "ﻳﻌﲏ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ"‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺭﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧـﻪ ﺣـﱴ ﺇﻥ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻦ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﲟـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻓﲔ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳊﺼﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﲝـﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻗﻔﺖ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ)‪.(14‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻘـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﺁﻧﻔﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻣﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﱠﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺇﻧـﻪ ﻳـﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ‬ ‫ُﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻀﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ )‪ .(Schreuer, 2004, P.255‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌـﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌـﺘﻤ‪‬ﺪﺪ ﰲ ﻗﻀـﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﻛﻲ ﳜﻀﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻘـﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﰲ‬ ‫ُﺴﺘﻮﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻳﻌﺘـﱪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﳚﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳـﻴﻠﻐﻲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻪ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻘـﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﻲ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺇﺧﻼﻻ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ)‪.(15‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟـﺒﺎﺕ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﲦﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺖ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹸﺩﺭﺟـﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻳـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1983‬ﰲ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .(16)(11‬ﻭﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻳﻨـﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ‪ ،،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻔـﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﲝﺴـﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜـﻦ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻨـﺒﻐﻲ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳚﺐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳜﻀﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫]ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ[ ]ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ["‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫـﺮ ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ( ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﺲ ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻜ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺍ ﺇﺑﺇﺑ‪‬ﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺎﻥ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻳﻘﲔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺗﻐـﲑ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﻘﻮﺽ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺸـﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪﻭﻧـﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺻﺮﳛﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻮﻙ ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1985‬ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿـﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ 5‬ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫"ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﻢ"(‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑـﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻟ "ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ" ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ...‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺻﻔﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،"...‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺮﻱ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛـﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘـﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣـﱴ ﺗﻮﺿـﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ 1999‬ﺑﲔ ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼـﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻛﻮ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺟﻴﻬﺎﻥ)‪ .(17‬ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ 2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴـﺐ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣـﻞ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﲞﺼـﻮﺹ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻪ ﺇﺫ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪٍ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻋـﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴـﻔﻲ ﻭﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻔـﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ؛ ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺨﺮِﺝ‬ ‫ﻓـﺘُﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻓـﺘ‬ ‫ﺝ ﺑﺬﻟـﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ؛ ﻭﲦﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﳏﻜﻤـﺔ ﺩﻭﻟـﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪‬ﻝ" ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ "ﺗﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ)‪ .(18‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺃﺛﺮﺍ ﳍﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﻨﻮﺩ ﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ـﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻱ ﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗـﻞ‬ ‫)‪ .(Tschanz, 1984‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻳﻈﻞ ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺣﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﺻﺮﳛﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻷﻣـﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻪ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻـﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺛـﺮ ﺭﺟﻌـﻲ ﻭﺑﺬﻟـﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﲢﻈﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻣﺎ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﺛﺮ ﺭﺟﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺒﲔ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1999‬ﺑﲔ ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺧـﻂ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴـﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻛﻮ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺟﻴﻬﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﺘﺼﺪﻕ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﲟـﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ )ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺧـﻂ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴـﺐ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺰﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﺭﺑﻄﺎ ﺻﺮﳛﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧـﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻣﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺈﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ُﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ "ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﲪﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﱠﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮ‬ ‫"ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ" ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﲏ "ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺛﻘـﺔ ﻏـﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﻣﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ)‪ ،(19‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺑـﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ" )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟـﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻗﹸﻄﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻄﻌﺖ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (11) (2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪،7‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻑ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ .(11‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻁ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﻛﺔ ﻋـﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ .(51‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻻﻃـﻼﻉ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻹﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 16‬ﻣﻦ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،2004‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻻ ﲢـﺪ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫]‪[ ...‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﺮﺧـﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ" )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1998‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ؛‬ ‫ﻭﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻧﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(1-7‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﳎـﺎﻝ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲤﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺿـﺪ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜـﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) 1985‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪)11‬ﺃ(`‪ (`3‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﺃﻱ ﺗﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﲝﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‪) ،‬ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻜﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻋـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ )ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟـﻞ ﺯﻣﲏ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺬﱠﺭ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ )ﺝ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺬ‬ ‫ﻭﳒﺪ ﺻﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪)(2)19‬ﺝ(‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.1992‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋـﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫‪ 197‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪)(1‬ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:18‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪19711‬‬ ‫"ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲢﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆ‬ ‫ﱠــﻦ ﻟـﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻣـ‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣـﻴﻢ ﻭﻓـﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﺍﳉﱪﻱ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳـﺔ ﻟﻴﺸـﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺧـﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﻘـﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳋـﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀـﻤﻦ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟـﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷـﺮ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1992‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ "ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪‬ﻝ ﻋﻘﺪﺍ ﺃﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـﻨﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌـﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﺎﻩ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﻛﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺫﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻛﻄﺮﻑ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ(‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 9‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫‪‬ـﻞﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺼـ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻔﻔﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻓﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ 1980‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻋﺮﰊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1980‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﻠﺤﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﲣﺬﺗﻪ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﳐﺘﺼﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻟـﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺄﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻋـﺮﰊ "ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﱪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻝ ‪ -‬ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1999‬ﺑﲔ ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻛﻮ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺟﻴﻬﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸـﺮﻭﻉ ﺿـﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸـﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺃﻣـﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈـﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫـﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﳏـﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳚـﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺜﺔ )ﺍﳊﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.(20)(13‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺑـﲔ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ .(21)(9‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ) ﺍﻟﻌـﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ()‪ .(22‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ()‪ .(23‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟـﺒﺎﺏ ‪ .(24)(06‬ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻌـﺪﺓ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1994‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻗﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲣﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ)‪.(25‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺸـﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺧـﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎ ﱂ ﻳُﺸـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑـﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜـﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻜﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )‪.(www.unctad.org/iia‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )‪)(3‬ﻫ ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1987‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎ ﻳـﻠﻲ‪" :‬ﺍﻻﻣﺘـﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴـﺐ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ‪ ".‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤُﻪﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﻣﺼـﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ" ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﻨﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﺍﹰ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫‪)1-1‬ﻫ ((‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1989‬ﺑﲔ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﻧﺎ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪" :‬ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﻋﻘـﺪ ﻟﻠﻘـﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ‪) ".‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪)1‬ﻭ("‪ "4‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1995‬ﺑﲔ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ(‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌـﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ)ﺩ("‪ "3‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺃﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1998‬ﺑﲔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃـﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺪ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،2004‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) 1‬ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ"(‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃـﻼﻉ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 8‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1991‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 9‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1994‬ﺑﲔ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﱂ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﺩﻭﻟـﺰﺭ ﻭﺳـﺘﻴﻔﱰ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳـﺘﻬﻼ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ "ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﲏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ" )‪.(Doizer and Stevens, 1995, p. 81‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ 6 ،‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪2003‬‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪ 165‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 170‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ 168‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ 29 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪2004‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﱪ‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ )‪.Spiermann (2004‬‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻴﻞ ﺇﺧﻼﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫)‪(15‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻘـﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ‪Dolzer and Stevens, 1995:‬؛ ‪Karl 1996‬؛ ‪Schreuer,‬‬ ‫‪2004‬؛ ‪Schwebel 1994‬؛ ‪Sinclair, 2004‬؛ ‪Vandevelde, 1992, p. 78‬؛ ‪ ،Wälde‬ﺳﻴﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺣـﻲ ﲢﻠـﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻋﻼﺀ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺸ‪‬ﺄﺓﺄﺓ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﻬﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻣﻨﺸ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ( ﻟﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﻬﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋـﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺎﹰ‬ ‫) ﻭﺍﳌـﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻋـﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﱠﻖﻖ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺒ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﲞﺼـﻮﺹ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫)‪(16‬‬ ‫‪and Wälde, 2000‬؛ ‪.Berger, 2003‬‬ ‫‪Kolo‬‬ ‫)‪ (17‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋـﱪ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠـﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟــﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑــﲔ ﺑــﺎﻛﻮ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻴﺴــﻲ ﻭﺟــﻴﻬﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻼﻃــﻼﻉ ﻋــﻠﻰ ﺍﻟــﻨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪http://www.caspiandevelopmentandexport.com/Downloads/BTC/Eng/agmt4/agmt4.PDF‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫)‪(18‬‬ ‫‪ .50-51‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪.Ndi and wälde, 1996‬‬ ‫‪Sornarajah, 2000, pp.‬‬ ‫ﻋُ ﺮ‪‬ﻑ‬ ‫)‪(19‬‬ ‫ﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻓﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ )ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﲑ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﳑﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟـﻚ ﺍﻟﺸـﺨﺺ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﳜﻠﻔﻪ ﺃﻭ ﳛﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ" )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃــــﻼﻉ ﻋــــﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﻔــــﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــــﺮ‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬ ‫‪.http://www.mti.gov.sg/public/FTA/frm_FTA_Default.asp?sid=36‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃــــﻼﻉ ﻋــــﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﻔــــﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــــﺮ‬ ‫)‪(21‬‬ ‫‪.http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/chiusa_e/chiusaind_e.asp‬‬ ‫)‪(22‬‬ ‫ﻟ ﻼﻃــــﻼﻉ ﻋــــﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﻔــــﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــــﺮ‬ ‫‪http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/chieu_e/cheuin_e.asp‬‬ ‫)‪(23‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃــــﻼﻉ ﻋــــﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﻔــــﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــــﺮ‬ ‫‪.http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/ChiSKorea_e/ChiKoreaind_e.asp‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃــــﻼﻉ ﻋــــﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﻔــــﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــــﺮ‬ ‫)‪(24‬‬ ‫‪.http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/safta/index/html‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (28‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫)‪(25‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(28‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ )ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(1‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻉ ﺍﻟـﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻣ‪‬ﻞﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﶈـﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﺍ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﲟﻘﺘﻀـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﻜﻮﻙ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﱪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﱪﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻘﺪﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪﺍﺍ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴ‬ ‫ﻳُﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺢ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀـﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺧﻼﻻﻻ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ)‪.(1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺧﻼ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ -1-‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ =‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫= ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ = ++‬ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ‪ -‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﺎﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻤﻲ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻋﻘـﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺿـﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫‪‬ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻓـﻴﻤﺎ ﻳـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﶈﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑـﻨﺪ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﻻﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﺪﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﺍﹰ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﳛﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﺘﻀـﻤﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿـﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﲟـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ‪ ،‬ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣـﺮ ﺭﻫـﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ)‪ (2‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ "ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺗﺎﺓ" ﺃﻭ ﻳﻨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‪،‬ﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 2-9‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1996‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪3-26‬ﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﲡﻴﺰ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀَ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪2003 ،‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫• ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻔﺔ ‪ -‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳُﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﳊﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ)‪ .(3‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎ ﳊﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻝ ﳏﺘﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺧﻼﻻﹰ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣـﺎ‪،‬ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺧﻼﻻ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌـﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺎﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲢﻜﻴﻢ ﲣﺺ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍﺍ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗـﺜﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤـﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ)‪ .(5‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ )ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺮ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺎﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ"( ﻛﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺧﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ "ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ")‪.(6‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ‪ -‬ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﻔـﺔ ﻣﺘـﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻛﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠـﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴـﻨﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪2001 ،‬ﺃ(‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺤﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻃﺎ ﺻﺮﳛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺿـﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺪ ﳛﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﺽ ﺍﺷـﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﳛﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪2001 ،‬ﺃ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺬﻫـﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ 1‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 1106‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻣـﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺘﺤﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸـﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻐﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟـﻨﱯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﲢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﰲ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ‪ -‬ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉـﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﲢﺮﳝﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ )ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪2001 ،‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ْﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَ ﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘـﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﱪﻡ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﻭ‪‬ﱃ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷَ‬ ‫ﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑـﲔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻤﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪‬ﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَ ﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ ﻭ‪‬ﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﺍ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷَ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜـﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻔﺔ ﻳـﱪﻡ ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳـﺨﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑـﺘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺜﲑ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻥ ﻳﱪﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَ ﻭ‪‬ﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﱂ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ "ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ" ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﱪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـﺪﻯ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺗـﺜﻮﺭ ﻣﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﺑـﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺸـﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﺮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﺍﹰ ﳜﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟـﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ -‬ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧـﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻨﺸﺊ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﱄ ﻛـﻲ ﻳﻨﻄـﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓـﺌﺔ ﻟـﱰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﻜـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺳﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ)‪ .(7‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﺤﺖ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺳـﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫)ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜـﺘﺎﺩ‪2003 ،‬ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ .‬ﺟﻴﻢ؛ ‪.(2001 ،Wälde and Kolo‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2003‬ﺑﲔ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﳘﺎﹰ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ)‪.(8‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻻﹰ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﺗﻔﺎﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀـﻤﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫"ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗـﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻔﱠﺬﺬ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺰﻉ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﻻ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ"‪) .‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)4‬ﺏ((‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﱪﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2003‬ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ُﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ‪-10‬ﺩﺍﻝ()‪ .(9‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﲢﻔﻆ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﰎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ‪ :‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻡ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫ﰐ ﺩﻱ )‪ (MTD‬ﺿـﺪ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ )‪(2004‬؛ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻴﻜﻤﻴﺪ )‪ (Tecmed‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ )‪.(2003‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜــﻦ ﺍﻻﻃــﻼﻉ ﻋﻠــﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻌــﲔ ‪www.worldbank.org/icsid :‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪.www.naftaclaims.com‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.Spiermann (2004) :‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ‪ .Pope & Talbot Inc‬ﺿﺪ‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ 31 ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪.2002‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺯﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ )‪ (1999‬ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‪2003 ،‬ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ 113‬ﻭ‪.117‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪﻧﺘﺎﻝ )‪ (Occidental‬ﺿﺪ ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ ‪LCIA Case No. ،‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫‪ 1 ،UN3467‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪.2004‬‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻡ ﰐ ﺩﻱ )‪ (MTD‬ﺿـﺪ ﺷـﻴﻠﻲ‪2004 ،‬؛ ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪﻧﺘﺎﻝ‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫)‪ (Occidental‬ﺿﺪ ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ‪2004 ،‬؛ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻲ ﺇﻡ ﺇﻱ )‪ (CME‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪2003‬؛ ‪ILM 811 42‬؛ ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻴﻜﻤـﻴﺪ )‪ (Tecmed‬ﺿـﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺴـﻴﻚ‪2004 ،‬؛ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴـﺘﺎﻟﻜﻼﺩ )‪ (Metalclad‬ﺿـﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ - 2000 ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻌـﲔ‪ www.worldbank.org/icsid :‬ﻭ‪ .www.naftaclaims.com‬ﻭﲡﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﲢﻜﻴﻢ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺳﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸـﺮﻭﻋﺔ" ﻣـﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻄﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧـﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ُﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷﻲ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﻜﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺻﺮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻲ ﺇﻡ ﺇﻱ‬ ‫)‪ (CME‬ﺿـﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪2003 ،‬؛ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﺍﺱ )‪ (Karaha Bodas‬ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣُﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴـﻴﺎ‪ .(1999 ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳُﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻢ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻓﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴـﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣُﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ )‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،Wälde and Hober‬ﺳﻴﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃــــﻼﻉ ﻋــــﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﻔــــﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــــﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬ ‫‪.http://www.mti.gov.sg/public/FTA/frm_FTA_Default.asp?sid=36‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃــــﻼﻉ ﻋــــﻠﻰ ﻧــــﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﻔــــﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈــــﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬ ‫‪.http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/chiusa_e/chiusaind_e.asp‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﲤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺳـﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ‬ ‫ﻀﺎﻋ‪‬ﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﹶﻀﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻼ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﻮﺍﺟﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻸﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ُـﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﺩﺍ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋـﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺸﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣـﻊ ﺍﳊـﻖ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﲣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ )‪ .(Muchlinski, 1999, ch. 14‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﻳـﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺍﻟـﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻭﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀـﻴﻒ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗـﺒﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳـﻨﻈﺮ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ ﳓﻮ ﺇﺿﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺕٍ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺞ ﻣﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ‪ :1‬ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴـﺘﻤﻴﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﲤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺧـﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺴﺒﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺴﺒﺎ ﳛﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺺ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒـﻨﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ‪ :2‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﻏـﺐ ﺑﻠـﺪ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸـﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﱪﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣـﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﻤـﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓـﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ؛ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪،،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳﻔﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻹ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﺮﻏـﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻶﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧـﻴﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ ﺍﻷﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳـﺒﲔ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﳏـﺪﺩﺓ ﻳـﻮﺩ ﻓـﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣـﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧـﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ‪:3‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﹰ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌـﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﲤﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟـﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴـﺖ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﶈـﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺯ ﻟـﻪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀـﻤﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫* * *‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪41‬‬ REFERENCES Amerasinghe, A. (1967). State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Benhamida, W. (forthcoming). Arbitrage Transnational (Paris: Pedone). Berger, K. (2003). "Renegotiation and adaptation of international investment contracts: the role of contracts drafters and arbitrators", Vanderbuilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 36, pp. 1347-1380. Bowett, D. (1988). "State contracts with aliens: contemporary developments on compensation for termination or breach", British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 59, pp. 49-74. Brownlie, I. (2003). Principles of Public International Law (Oxford: Claredon Press). Dolzer, R. and M. Stevens (1995). Bilateral Investment Treaties (The Hague, Boston and London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers). Fatouros, A. (1962). Government Guarantees to Foreign Investors (New York: Columbia University Press). ___________(1969). "The administrative contract in transnational transactions: reflections on the use of comparisons", in E. von Caemmerer, S. Mentschikoff and K. Zweigert, eds., Ius Privatum Gentium: Festschrift für Max Rheinstein (Tübingen: Mohr, Siebeck), vol. 1, pp. 159-274. Fitzgerald, A. (2002). Mining Agreements: Negotiated Frameworks in the Australian Minerals Sector (Sydney: Prospect). Karl, J. (1996) "The promotion and protection of German foreign investment abroad", ICSID Review-Foreign Investment Law Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-36. Kolo, A. and T. Wälde. (2000). "Renegotiation and contract adaptation in international investment projects: applicable legal principles and industry practices", Journal of World Investment, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-59. Langrod, G. (1955). “Administrative contracts: a comparative study”, American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 4, pp. 325-364. Leben, Charles (2004). La Théorie du Contrat d'Etat et l'Evolution du Droit International des Investissements (Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers). Maniruzzaman, A.F.M. (2001). "State contracts in contemporary international law: monist versus dualist controversies", European Journal of International Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 309-328. REFERENCES Muchlinski, Peter T. (1999). Multinational Enterprises and the Law (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers). Nassar, N. (1995). Sanctity of Contracts Revisited: A Study in the Theory and Practice of Long-Term International Commercial Transactions (Dordrecht, Netherlands; Boston, Mass.: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers). Ndi, G. and T. Wälde (1996), "Stabilising international investment commitments", Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 215-268. Paasirvirta, E. (1990). Participation of States in International Contracts and Arbitral Settlement of Disputes (Helsinki: Finnish Lawyers' Pub. Co.). Schreuer, C. (2004). “Travelling the BIT route: of waiting periods, umbrella clauses and forks in the road”, Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 231-256. Schrijver, N. (1997). Sovereignty over Natural Resources: Balancing Rights and Duties (Cambridge, England; New York: Cambridge University Press). Schwebel, Stephen (1987). " On whether the breach by a State of a contract with an alien is a breach of international law ", in Universities of Geneva, Milano and Rome, eds., Essays in Honour of Roberto Ago (Milano: Giuffre), Vol. III, pp. 401-414. __________ (1994). "On whether the breach by a State of a contract with an alien is a breach of international law", Justice in International Law Selected Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 425-435. Shea, D. (1955). The Calvo Clause: a Problem of Inter-American and International Law and Diplomacy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press). Sinclair, A. (2004), "The origins of the umbrella clause in the international law of investment protection", Arbitration International, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 411-434. Sornarajah, M. (2000). Settlement of Foreign Investment Disputes (The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International). ____________(2004). International Law on Foreign Investment (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press). Spiermann, O. (2004). “Individual rights, state interests and the power to waive ICSID jurisdiction under bilateral investment treaties”, Arbitration International, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 179-211. 43 ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ Tschanz, P.-Y. (1984). "The contributions of the Aminoil award to the law of state contracts", International Lawyer, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 245-281. Turpin, C. (1972). Government Contracts (Harmondsworth: Penguin). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1998). Bilateral Investment Treaties in the Mid-1990s (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.98.II.D.8. _________(2001a). Host Country Operational Measures. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.II.D.18. _________(2001b). Illicit Payments. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.01.II.D.20. _________(2003a). World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.D.8. _________(2003b). Dispute Settlement: Investor-State. UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.D.5. _________ (forthcoming). Review of Investment Disputes arising From BITs and NAFTA, UNCTAD Series on International Investment Policies for Development (New York and Geneva: United Nations), United Nations publication. Vandevelde, K. J. (1992). United States Investment Treaties: Policy and Practice (Cambridge: Kluwer Law International). Wälde, T. and A. Kolo (2001) “Environmental regulation investment protection and “regulatory taking” in international law”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly Vol. 50, No. 4. pp. 811-848. Wälde, T, (forthcoming) "The umbrella or sanctity of contract clause in investment arbitration", Arbitration International. Wälde, T. and K. Hober (forthcoming) "The first Energy Charter Treaty case", Journal of International Arbitration. Weiler, Todd, ed. (2004). NAFTA Investment Law and Arbitration: Past Issues, Current Practice, Future Prospects (Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers). ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ 44 LIST OF CASES Amco Asia Corporation and others v. Republic of Indonesia (Amco v. Indonesia), ICSID Case No. ARB/81/1, Award, 20 November 1984. Robert Azinian and others v. United Mexican States (Azinian v. Mexico), ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/97/2, Award of the Tribunal, 1 November 1999. Fedax N.V. v. Republic of Venezuela (Fedax v. Venezuela), ICSID Case No. ARB/96/3, Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, 11 July 1997; Award, 9 March 1998. Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. The Republic of Ecuador (Occidental v. Ecuador), LCIA Case No. UN3467, Final Award, 1 July 2004. Pope & Talbot Inc. v. Canada, Interim Merits Award, 26 June 2000; Final Merits Award, 10 April 2001; Award on Damages, 31 May 2002. SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (SGS v. Pakistan), ICSID Case No. ARB/01/13, Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, 6 August 2003. SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Republic of the Philippines (SGS v. Philippines), ICSID Case No. ARB/02/6, Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, 29 January 2004. ‫ﳔﺒﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ (www.unctad.org/en/pub :‫)ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ A. Serial publications World Investment Reports ( For more information visit www.unctad.org /wir) World Investment Report 2004. The Shift Towards Services. Sales No. E.04.II.D.36. $49. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2004_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2004. The Shift Towards Services. An Overview. 62 p. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2004overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2003. FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives. Sales No. E.03.II.D.8. $49. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2003_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2003. FDI Polices for Development: National and International Perspectives. An Overview. 66 p. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2003overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. 352 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.4. $49. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//wir2002_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2002: Transnational Corporations and Export Competitiveness. An Overview. 66 p. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2002overview_en.pdf. World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. 356 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.12 $49. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir01content.en.htm. World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. An Overview. 67 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir01content.en.htm. Ten Years of World Investment Reports: The Challenges Ahead. Proceedings of an UNCTAD special event on future challenges in the area of FDI. UNCTAD/ITE/Misc.45. http://www.unctad.org/wir. World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and Development. 368 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.20. $49. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir00content.en.htm. ‫ﳔﺒﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ World Investment Report 2000: Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions and Development. An Overview. 75 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir00content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1999: Foreign Direct Investment and the Challenge of Development. 543 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.3. $49. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir99content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1999: Foreign Direct Investment and the Challenge of Development. An Overview. 75 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir99content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants. 432 p. Sales No. E.98.II.D.5. $45. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir98content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1998: Trends and Determinants. An Overview. 67 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir98content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations, Market Structure and Competition Policy. 384 p. Sales No. E.97.II.D.10. $45. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir97content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations, Market Structure and Competition Policy. An Overview. 70 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir97content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1996: Investment, Trade and International Policy Arrangements. 332 p. Sales No. E.96.II.A.14. $45. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir96content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1996: Investment, Trade and International Policy Arrangements. An Overview. 51 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir96content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1995: Transnational Corporations and Competitiveness. 491 p. Sales No. E.95.II.A.9. $45. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir95content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1995: Transnational Corporations and Competitiveness. An Overview. 51 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir95content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1994: Transnational Corporations, Employment and the Workplace. 482 p. Sales No. E.94.II.A.14. $45. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir94content.en.htm. 47 ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ World Investment Report 1994: Transnational Corporations, Employment and the Workplace. An Executive Summary. 34 p. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir94content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1993: Transnational Corporations and Integrated International Production. 290 p. Sales No. E.93.II.A.14. $45. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir93content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1993: Transnational Corporations and Integrated International Production. An Executive Summary. 31 p. ST/CTC/159. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir93content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1992: Transnational Corporations as Engines of Growth. 356 p. Sales No. E.92.II.A.19. $45. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir92content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1992: Transnational Corporations as Engines of Growth. An Executive Summary. 30 p. Sales No. E.92.II.A.24. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir92content.en.htm. World Investment Report 1991: The Triad in Foreign Direct Investment. 108 p. Sales No.E.91.II.A.12. $25. http://www.unctad.org/wir/contents/wir91content.en.htm. World Investment Directories (For more information visit http://r0.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite/fdistats_files/WID2.htm) World Investment Directory 2004: Latin America and the Caribbean Volume IX. 599 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.12. $25. World Investment Directory 2003: Central and Eastern Europe. Vol. VIII. 397 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.24. $80. World Investment Directory 1999: Asia and the Pacific. Vol. VII (Parts I and II). 332+638 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.21. $80. World Investment Directory 1996: West Asia. Vol. VI. 138 p. Sales No. E.97.II.A.2. $35. World Investment Directory 1996: Africa. Vol. V. 461 p. Sales No. E.97.II.A.1. $75. World Investment Directory 1994: Latin America and the Caribbean. Vol. IV. 478 p. Sales No. E.94.II.A.10. $65. World Investment Directory 1992: Developed Countries. Vol. III. 532 p. Sales No. E.93.II.A.9. $75. ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ 48 ‫ﳔﺒﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ World Investment Directory 1992: Central and Eastern Europe. Vol. II. 432 p. Sales No. E.93.II.A.1. $65. (Joint publication with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.) World Investment Directory 1992: Asia and the Pacific. Vol. I. 356 p. Sales No. E.92.II.A.11. $65. Investment Policy Reviews (For more information visit http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Startpage.asp?intItemID=2554) Investment Policy Review – Algeria. 110 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/2003/9. Investment Policy Review – Sri Lanka. 89 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/2003/8. Investment Policy Review – Nepal. 89 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.17. $20. Investment Policy Review – Lesotho. 105 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.18. $15/18. Investment Policy Review – Ghana. 103 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.20. $20. Investment Policy Review – Tanzania. 109 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.6 $20. Investment Policy Review – Botswana. 107 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.I. $22. Investment Policy Review – Ecuador. 136 p. Sales No. E.01.II D.31. $25. Investment and Innovation Policy Review – Ethiopia. 130 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.4. Investment Policy Review – Mauritius. 92 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.11. $22. Investment Policy Review – Peru. 109 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.7. $22. Investment Policy Review – Uganda. 71 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.24. $15. Investment Policy Review – Egypt. 119 p. Sales No. E.99.II.D.20. $19. Investment Policy Review – Uzbekistan. 65 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIP/Misc.13. International Investment Instruments (Fore more information visit http://www.unctad.org/iia) International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. XII. Forthcoming. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. XI. 345 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.9. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//dite4volxi_en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. X. 353 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.21. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v9.en.pdf. 49 ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. IX. 353 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.16. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v9.en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VIII. 335 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.15. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v8.en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VII. 339 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.14. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v7.en.pdf. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VI. 568 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.34. $60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ps1dited2v6_p1.en.pdf (part one). International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. V. 505 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.14. $55. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. IV. 319 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.13. $55. International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. I. 371 p. Sales No. E.96.II.A.9; Vol. II. 577 p. Sales No. E.96.II.A.10; Vol. III. 389 p. Sales No. E.96.II.A.11; the 3-volume set, Sales No. E.96.II.A.12. $125. Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1959-1999. 143 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2, Free of charge. Available only in electronic version from http://www.unctad.org/en/pub/poiteiiad2.en.htm. Bilateral Investment Treaties in the Mid-1990s. 314 p. Sales No. E.98.II.D.8. $46. LDC Investment Guides (For more information visit http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=2705&lang=14) Guide d’investissement en Mauritanie. Forthcoming. An Investment Guide to Cambodia: Opportunities and Conditions. 89 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2003/6. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//iteiia20036_en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Nepal: Opportunities and Conditions. 97 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2003/2. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteiia20032_en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Mozambique: Opportunities and Conditions. 109 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/4. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiiad4.en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Uganda: Opportunities and Conditions. 76 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.30. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiitm30.en.pdf. An Investment Guide to Bangladesh: Opportunities and Conditions. 66 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.29. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiitm29.en.pdf. ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ 50 ‫ﳔﺒﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Guide d’investissement au Mali. 105 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.24. http://www.unctad.org/fr/docs/poiteiitm24.fr.pdf. (Joint publication with the International Chamber of Commerce, in association with PricewaterhouseCoopers.) An Investment Guide to Ethiopia: Opportunities and Conditions. 68 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.19. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiitm19.en.pdf. (Joint publication with the International Chamber of Commerce, in association with PricewaterhouseCoopers.) Issues in International Investment Agreements (Fore more information visit http://www.unctad.org/iia) Key Terms and Concepts in IIAs: a Glossary. 232 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.31. $15. Incentives. 108 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.6. $15. Transparency. 118 p. Sales No. E.04.II.D.7. $15. Dispute Settlement: State-State. 101 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.6. $15. Dispute Settlement: Investor-State. 125 p. Sales No. E.03.II.D.5. $15. Transfer of Technology. 138 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.33. $18. Illicit Payments. 108 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.20. $13. Home Country Measures. 96 p. Sales No.E.01.II.D.19. $12. Host Country Operational Measures. 109 p. 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Sales No. E.91.II.A.19. $17.50. (Joint publication with the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations.) Transnational Corporations and World Development. 656 p. ISBN 0-415-08560-8 (hardback), 0-415-08561-6 (paperback). £65 (hardback), £20.00 (paperback). (Published by International Thomson Business Press on behalf of UNCTAD.) Companies without Borders: Transnational Corporations in the 1990s. 224 p. ISBN 0-415-12526-X. £47.50. (Published by International Thomson Business Press on behalf of UNCTAD.) The New Globalism and Developing Countries. 336 p. ISBN 92-808-0944-X. $25. (Published by United Nations University Press.) World Economic Situation and Prospects 2002. 51 p. Sales No. E.02.II.C.2. $15. (Joint publication with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.) World Economic Situation and Prospects 2001. 51 p. Sales No. E.01.II.C.2. $15. (Joint publication with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.) D. Journals Transnational Corporations Journal (formerly The CTC Reporter). Published three times a year. Annual subscription price: $45; individual issues $20. http://www.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite/1_itncs/1_tncs.htm. ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺯﻋﲔ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ،‫ ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺇﱃ‬ Sales Section United Nations Office at Geneva Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ 56 ‫ﳔﺒﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ Switzerland Tel: (41-22) 917-1234 Fax: (41-22) 917-0123 E-mail: unpubli@unog.ch ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻵﺳـﻴﺎ ﻭﻣـﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﱯ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ :‫ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ Sales Section Room DC2-0853 United Nations Secretariat New York, NY 10017 United States Tel: (1-212) 963-8302 or (800) 253-9646 Fax: (1-212) 963-3489 E-mail: publications@un.org ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ :‫ ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ‬،‫ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﻜﺘﺎﺩ‬،‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development Palais des Nations, Room E-10054 CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Telephone: (41-22) 907-5651 Telefax: (41-22) 907-0498 E-mail: natalia.guerra@unctad.org http://www.unctad.org 57 ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ‪A.05.II.D.5‬‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻔـﻴﺪ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻞ ﲟﻞﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Readership Survey‬‬ ‫‪UNCTAD Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development‬‬ ‫‪United Nations Office in Geneva‬‬ ‫‪Palais des Nations‬‬ ‫‪Room E-9123‬‬ ‫‪CH-1211 Geneva 10‬‬ ‫‪Switzerland‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﺲ ‪41-22-907-0194 :‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ )ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ(‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲝﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‪‬ﺩﺩ(‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ؟ ـــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻜﻢ ﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ؟‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪-5‬‬ ‫ﳑﺘﺎﺯ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻜﻢ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻻ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‬ ‫ُﺮﺟﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﺠﺒﺘﻜﻢ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻳﺮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ُﺮﺟﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﺠﺒﺘﻜﻢ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﻳﺮﺟﻰ‬ ‫‪-8‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨـﺘﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺃﰎ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﻤـﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸـﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤـﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻜﻢ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﳍﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-9‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻻ ﺻﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪ -10‬ﻫــﻞ ﺗــﺘﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻧــﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺸــﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌــﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ‪ (The CTC Reporter‬ﻭﻫــﻮ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ( )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ؟‬ ‫‪Corporations‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫‪Transnational‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ُﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫‪‬ﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻴ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﲔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬ ‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺩﻮﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻣﻷﺍ ﺮﲤﺆﻣ

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