Detection of
refractory materials
from combustion
processes by sootparticle aerosol mass
spectrometer
Samara Carbone, Sanna Saarikoski, Anna Frey,
Jyrki Ristimäki, Karri Saarnio, Douglas Worsnop
and Risto Hillamo.
Introduction
PM1 chemical composition
sulfate
nitrate
ammonium
chloride
organic
inorganic
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Objectives
 Evaluation of the feasibility in detection of trace
metals and soot in real-time with the SP-AMS.
 Application in different combustion processes: a
fired-oil heating station and a diesel engine.
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Methodology
In the laboratory:
(Aerodyne Res. Inc., Onasch et al., 2012)
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Methodology
In the laboratory:
mM
mW
mM
Drier
mrBC
mrBC
Mass ratio mmetal / mrBC is the same in the
mM
mw
mM = Z x mrBC
mrBC
solution and particle phase
mM
=Z
mrBC
(0.04 – 0.32%)
mrBC = CPC x V x ρ = CPC x PI x (300E-7)3 x 0.9 x 1E12 / 6
More information: Carbone et al., 2014, (Characterization of metals with the SP-AMS: detection and quatification)
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Results
In the laboratory:
How to identify trace metals?
measured x 100%
reference
Reference: NIST database
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Results
In a oil-fired heating station:
 Different boilers
 At different power conditions: 30, 47, 78, 120 MW.
 Different fuels: Heavy fuel oil (HFO)
Light fuel oil (LFO)
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Mass concentration µg m-3
Chemical composition in real time
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Average composition in the Boiler #4
organics
sulfate
rBC
metals
LFO
rBC, metals
HFO
sulfate
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On average the refractory material was dominant
sulfate
organics
V
metals
Ca
rBC
Na
Fe
More information:
Ni
Frey et al., 2013, 48 (1), pp 827-836(ES & T)
Happonen et al., 2013, 47 (24), pp 14468–14475 (ES & T)
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Results
From a diesel engine:
 Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (8ppm)
 Engine type: medium speed
 At 6 different engine load points: 882, 643, 351,
125, 88, 0 kW
 Dilution: hot primary dilution with a mass flow
controlled flow, secondary dilution with the
ejectors.
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Multi-angle absoprtion photometer (MAAP)
Filter smoke number (FSN)
Soot-particle arosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS)
Measured BC
a)
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MAAP vs FSN
MAAP mg m
-3
y = 0.729x + 0.044
2
4
R = 0.991
3
2
1
0
b) 4
y = 0.834x - 0.14
2
SP-AMS vs FSN
SP-AMS mg m
-3
R = 0.979
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
-3
FSN mg m
4
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More information:
Saarikoski et al., 2012, AAAR
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Conclusions
 A method was developed, the metals were detected
and quantified.
 The refractory material was measured in real time.
 The refractory material in two different combustion
processes was very significant.
 The metals represented a very small fraction in the
the diesel engine emissions, however up to 16% in the
oil-fired heating station.
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Thank you for your attention!
Contact: samara.carbone@fmi.fi
risto.hillamo@fmi.fi
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