United Nations Conference on Trade and Development INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008 Science and technology for development: the new paradigm of ICT Prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2007 Note 6\PEROVRI 8QLWHG1DWLRQVGRFXPHQWVDUHFRPSRVHGRI FDSLWDOOHWWHUVZLWKÀ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6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDORI WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV iii Acknowledgements The Information Economy Report 2007-2008 ZDV SUHSDUHG XQGHU WKH RYHUDOO GLUHFWLRQ RI $QK1JD 7UDQ1JX\HQ 'LUHFWRURI 81&7$'·V'LYLVLRQIRU6HUYLFHV,QIUDVWUXFWXUHIRU'HYHORSPHQWDQG7UDGH(IÀFLHQF\6,7(,W ZDVZULWWHQE\DWHDPVXSHUYLVHGE\*HQHYLqYH)pUDXG&KLHI RI WKH,&7DQG(%XVLQHVV%UDQFKXQWLOKHUFKDQJH RI IXQFWLRQVRQ2FWREHUDQGFRQVLVWLQJRI WKHIROORZLQJ81&7$'VWDII PHPEHUV&pFLOH%DUD\UH'LPR &DORYVNL6FDUOHWW)RQGHXU*LO$QJHO*RQ]iOH]6DQ]0XULHO*XLJXH5RXEHQ,QGMLNLDQ'LDQD.RUND0DUWD3pUH] &XVyDQG6XVDQ7HOWVFKHU7KH,QWURGXFWLRQZDVGUDIWHGE\$QK1JD7UDQ1JX\HQ 7KH81&7$'WHDPDFNQRZOHGJHVWKHFRQWULEXWLRQWRFKDSWHUE\&KULV&RQQROO\RI WKHFRQVXOWLQJFRPSDQ\ *DOH[LDDQGE\WKH$6($1VHFUHWDULDWZKRVHPDWHULDOZDVEDVHGRQDSURMHFWIXQGHGE\WKH$6($1$XVWUDOLD 'HYHORSPHQW&RRSHUDWLRQ3URJUDP$$'&3WKURXJKWKH$XVWUDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW$XV$,' 7KHWHDPDOVRZLVKHVWRWKDQNWKHIROORZLQJLQGLYLGXDOVIRUWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVWRDQGFRPPHQWVRQYDULRXVSDUWV RI 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$GPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGVHFUHWDULDOVXSSRUWZDVSURYLGHGDWGLIIHUHQWWLPHVE\.DULPD$RXNLOL(OYLUD&KXG]LQVNL0DULH .DPDUD0RQLFD0RUULFDDQG-DQDNL9HQNDWFKDODP 7KH5HSRUWZDVHGLWHGE\*UDKDP*UD\VWRQ7KHRYHUDOOOD\RXWDQGGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLQJZHUHGRQHE\&KULVWRSKH 0DQFHDX'LHJR2\DU]Q5H\HVGHVLJQHGWKHFRYHUDQGIRUPDWWHGWKHFKDUWV 7KHÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRI WKH*RYHUQPHQWVRI )LQODQGDQG)UDQFHLVJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHG iv Contents Foreword ........................................................................... iii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv List of boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Explanatory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Overview ........................................................................... xxiii L ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6FLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\IRUGHYHORSPHQWWKHQHZSDUDGLJPRI ,&7 $ 6FLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQGHYHORSPHQW 5ROHRI WHFKQRORJ\LQJURZWKDQGGHYHORSPHQW 7HFKQRORJ\DQGLQVWLWXWLRQV .QRZOHGJHGLIIXVLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHU % ,&7DVDJHQHUDOSXUSRVHWHFKQRORJ\ 1HZSDUDGLJP 6RPHSROLF\LPSOLFDWLRQVRI ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW & +DUQHVVLQJ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW 5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\ Notes 7UHQGVLQ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVH $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ % ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVHE\LQGLYLGXDOV 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