Document 10398581

advertisement
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT
2007-2008
Science and technology for development:
the new paradigm of ICT
Prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat
UNITED NATIONS
New York and Geneva, 2007
Note
6\PEROVRI 8QLWHG1DWLRQVGRFXPHQWVDUHFRPSRVHGRI FDSLWDOOHWWHUVZLWKÀJXUHV0HQWLRQRI VXFKDV\PERO
LQGLFDWHVDUHIHUHQFHWRD8QLWHG1DWLRQVGRFXPHQW
7KHGHVLJQDWLRQVHPSOR\HGDQGWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI WKHPDWHULDOLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQGRQRWLPSO\WKHH[SUHVVLRQ
RI DQ\RSLQLRQZKDWVRHYHURQWKHSDUWRI WKH6HFUHWDULDWRI WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRI DQ\
FRXQWU\WHUULWRU\FLW\RUDUHDRURI LWVDXWKRULWLHVRUFRQFHUQLQJWKHGHOLPLWDWLRQRI LWVIURQWLHUVRUERXQGDULHV
0DWHULDOLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHIUHHO\TXRWHGRUUHSULQWHGEXWIXOODFNQRZOHGJHPHQWLVUHTXHVWHGWRJHWKHUZLWK
DUHIHUHQFHWRWKHGRFXPHQWQXPEHU$FRS\RI WKHSXEOLFDWLRQFRQWDLQLQJWKHTXRWDWLRQRUUHSULQWVKRXOGEHVHQW
WRWKH81&7$'VHFUHWDULDWDW3DODLVGHV1DWLRQV&+*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG
7KH(QJOLVKYHUVLRQRI WKHIXOOUHSRUWDQGWKH(QJOLVK)UHQFKDQG6SDQLVKYHUVLRQVRI LWV2YHUYLHZVHFWLRQDUH
FXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHRQWKH,QWHUQHWDWWKHDGGUHVVLQGLFDWHGEHORZ9HUVLRQVLQRWKHUODQJXDJHVZLOOEHSRVWHGDVWKH\
EHFRPHDYDLODEOH
ZZZXQFWDGRUJHFRPPHUFH
81&7$'6'7((&%
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Sales No. E.07.II.D.13
ISBN 978-92-1-112724-9
Copyright © United Nations, 2007
All rights reserved
Foreword
7KH ZRUOG HFRQRP\ LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ GULYHQ E\ WHFKQRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQV ,I GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DUH WR VHL]H
WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKLV LPSOLHV DQG DOVR WR DGGUHVV HPHUJLQJ JOREDO FKDOOHQJHV WKH\ ZLOO KDYH WR KDUQHVV WKRVH
LQQRYDWLRQVDQGWKHNQRZOHGJHWKDWFRPHVZLWKWKHP
81&7$'·V Information Economy Report 2007-2008: Science and technology for development: the new paradigm of ICT
DQDO\VHVWKHFXUUHQW²DQGSRWHQWLDO²FRQWULEXWLRQRI ,&7WRNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQDQGGLIIXVLRQ,WORRNVDWKRZ
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVXVHWHFKQRORJ\WRJHQHUDWHLQQRYDWLRQVWKDWLPSURYHWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRI WKHSRRUDQGVXSSRUW
HQWHUSULVHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV$QGLWH[DPLQHVWKHLPSDFWRI ,&7VRQSURGXFWLYLW\DQGJURZWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGH
DQGHPSOR\PHQWLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
%XWPDVWHULQJWHFKQRORJ\LVQRWHQRXJKLWPXVWDVWKH5HSRUWDOVRVWUHVVHVEHFRPSOHPHQWHGE\JRYHUQPHQW
SROLFLHVWRGHYHORSWKH,&7VHFWRU²E\SURYLGLQJLQFHQWLYHVIRUH[DPSOHDQGE\EXLOGLQJQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQDO
FDSDFLW\IRUNQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQDQGGLIIXVLRQ$WWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOPRUHHIIHFWLYHWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHUDQG
NQRZOHGJHVKDULQJDUHQHHGHGZKLFKFDQEHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKPRUHÁH[LEOHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWVUHJLPHV
RSHQDFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJHDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOSDUWQHUVKLSV'HYHORSPHQWSDUWQHUVLQWXUQFDQDOVRKHOSFORVHWKH
GLJLWDOGLYLGHLQFOXGLQJWKURXJKWHFKQLFDODVVLVWDQFHDQGIXQGLQJRI ,&7LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
:H DUH QRZ DW WKH PLGSRLQW LQ WKH WLPHOLQH VHW E\ WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\ IRU DFKLHYLQJ WKH 0LOOHQQLXP
'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV7KHHLJKWKJRDO²GHYHORSLQJDJOREDOSDUWQHUVKLSIRUGHYHORSPHQW²LQFOXGHGPDNLQJDYDLODEOH
WKHEHQHÀWVRI QHZWHFKQRORJLHVHVSHFLDOO\LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKH
SULYDWHVHFWRU7KLV5HSRUWPDNHVDQLPSRUWDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI KRZWRDFKLHYHWKDW
%DQ.LPRRQ
6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDORI WKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV
iii
Acknowledgements
The Information Economy Report 2007-2008 ZDV SUHSDUHG XQGHU WKH RYHUDOO GLUHFWLRQ RI $QK1JD 7UDQ1JX\HQ
'LUHFWRURI 81&7$'·V'LYLVLRQIRU6HUYLFHV,QIUDVWUXFWXUHIRU'HYHORSPHQWDQG7UDGH(IÀFLHQF\6,7(,W
ZDVZULWWHQE\DWHDPVXSHUYLVHGE\*HQHYLqYH)pUDXG&KLHI RI WKH,&7DQG(%XVLQHVV%UDQFKXQWLOKHUFKDQJH
RI IXQFWLRQVRQ2FWREHUDQGFRQVLVWLQJRI WKHIROORZLQJ81&7$'VWDII PHPEHUV&pFLOH%DUD\UH'LPR
&DORYVNL6FDUOHWW)RQGHXU*LO$QJHO*RQ]iOH]6DQ]0XULHO*XLJXH5RXEHQ,QGMLNLDQ'LDQD.RUND0DUWD3pUH]
&XVyDQG6XVDQ7HOWVFKHU7KH,QWURGXFWLRQZDVGUDIWHGE\$QK1JD7UDQ1JX\HQ
7KH81&7$'WHDPDFNQRZOHGJHVWKHFRQWULEXWLRQWRFKDSWHUE\&KULV&RQQROO\RI WKHFRQVXOWLQJFRPSDQ\
*DOH[LDDQGE\WKH$6($1VHFUHWDULDWZKRVHPDWHULDOZDVEDVHGRQDSURMHFWIXQGHGE\WKH$6($1$XVWUDOLD
'HYHORSPHQW&RRSHUDWLRQ3URJUDP$$'&3WKURXJKWKH$XVWUDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW$XV$,'
7KHWHDPDOVRZLVKHVWRWKDQNWKHIROORZLQJLQGLYLGXDOVIRUWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVWRDQGFRPPHQWVRQYDULRXVSDUWV
RI WKH5HSRUW&DUROLQ$YHUEHFN&ODLUH%XUp&DUOR&DWWDQL)ORUHQFLR&HEDOORV-RVp/XLV&HUYHUD)HUUL'LDQH
&R\OH&KDUOHV*HLJHU%HQHGLFW+XJHQVFKPLGW0DUWLQD0HW]JHUDQG8JR3DQL]]DDVZHOODVVWDII IURPWHOHFHQWUH
RUJ3DUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHH[SHUWPHHWLQJ´,QVXSSRUWRI WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGIROORZXSRI :6,6XVLQJ,&7VWR
DFKLHYHJURZWKDQGGHYHORSPHQWµZKLFKZDVKHOGMRLQWO\E\81&7$'2(&'DQG,/2LQ*HQHYDRQDQG
'HFHPEHUSURYLGHGXVHIXOLQSXWVWKDWZHUHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRI WKLV5HSRUW
81&7$'DSSUHFLDWHVWKHVKDULQJRI VWDWLVWLFDOGDWDE\WKH1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IÀFHRI 7KDLODQGWKH(J\SWLDQ
,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ ,QGXVWU\ 'HYHORSPHQW $JHQF\ ,7,'$ ,78 2(&' DQG (XURVWDW DV ZHOO DV WKH
1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IÀFHVWKDWUHVSRQGHGWRWKH81&7$'TXHVWLRQQDLUHRQ,&7XVHE\HQWHUSULVHVDQGRQ
WKH,&7VHFWRU7KH81&7$'&HQWUDO6WDWLVWLFVDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ5HWULHYDO%UDQFKSURYLGHGYDOXDEOHDGYLFHDQG
VXSSRUWLQWKHDQDO\VLVRI WUDGHGDWD
5HVHDUFKDVVLVWDQFHZDVSURYLGHGE\%MRUQ*ULHVEDFK/DXUD+DUELGJH-DFNLH/HH*LXOLD4XDLD,XOLD7HRGRUXDQG
/LGLD9LOODOEDGXULQJWKHLULQWHUQVKLSVZLWK81&7$'
$GPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGVHFUHWDULDOVXSSRUWZDVSURYLGHGDWGLIIHUHQWWLPHVE\.DULPD$RXNLOL(OYLUD&KXG]LQVNL0DULH
.DPDUD0RQLFD0RUULFDDQG-DQDNL9HQNDWFKDODP
7KH5HSRUWZDVHGLWHGE\*UDKDP*UD\VWRQ7KHRYHUDOOOD\RXWDQGGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLQJZHUHGRQHE\&KULVWRSKH
0DQFHDX'LHJR2\DU]Q5H\HVGHVLJQHGWKHFRYHUDQGIRUPDWWHGWKHFKDUWV
7KHÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRI WKH*RYHUQPHQWVRI )LQODQGDQG)UDQFHLVJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHG
iv
Contents
Foreword
...........................................................................
iii
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
List of boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
List of charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xii
List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xv
List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xvii
Explanatory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxi
Overview
...........................................................................
xxiii
L
,QWURGXFWLRQ
6FLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\IRUGHYHORSPHQWWKHQHZSDUDGLJPRI ,&7 $ 6FLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQGHYHORSPHQW 5ROHRI WHFKQRORJ\LQJURZWKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
7HFKQRORJ\DQGLQVWLWXWLRQV
.QRZOHGJHGLIIXVLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHU
%
,&7DVDJHQHUDOSXUSRVHWHFKQRORJ\
1HZSDUDGLJP
6RPHSROLF\LPSOLFDWLRQVRI ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW
& +DUQHVVLQJ,&7IRUGHYHORSPHQW
5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\
Notes 7UHQGVLQ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVH
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
%
,&7DFFHVVDQGXVHE\LQGLYLGXDOV 0RELOHSKRQHVDVWKHEUHDNWKURXJK,&7LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
7KH,QWHUQHWJDSLVFORVLQJVORZO\ & ,&7DFFHVVDQGXVHE\HQWHUSULVHV INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2006
vi
CONTENTS
0RELOHSKRQHVDUHYDOXDEOHEXVLQHVVWRROV ,QWHUQHWXVHE\EXVLQHVVHVLVVORZO\JURZLQJ
(%XVLQHVVLVIDFLOLWDWHGE\JRYHUQPHQW
33
(&RPPHUFHUHPDLQVOLPLWHGLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
' &RQFOXVLRQV 6WDWLVWLFDO$QQH[ 5HIHUHQFHV
Notes 7KH,&7SURGXFLQJVHFWRUDQGWKHHPHUJLQJ6RXWK $ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
%
,&7PDUNHWYDOXHDGGHGDQGHPSOR\PHQW 2YHUYLHZRI WKH,&7PDUNHW
,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHG
,&7VHFWRUHPSOR\PHQW & 7UDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWLQ,&7JRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV 2YHUYLHZ
,&7JRRGV
,&7VHUYLFHV
' 7KHUROHRI WKH,&7VHFWRULQWKHJURZWKRI &KLQDDQG,QGLD 2YHUYLHZ
&KLQD·V,&7PDQXIDFWXULQJ
,QGLD·V,&7DQG,&7UHODWHGVHUYLFHV
( ,QWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQWDQGSROLF\PDNLQJ *RYHUQPHQWSROLFLHVRQWKH,&7VHFWRU 0XOWLODWHUDOWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVUHOHYDQWWRWKH,&7VHFWRUWKH,7$WHQ\HDUVODWHU
) &RQFOXVLRQVDQGSROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
$QQH[7UDGHLQ,&7JRRGV
$QQH[,7$PHPEHUVDVRI 6HSWHPEHU 5HIHUHQFHV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS
vii
Notes 0HDVXULQJWKHLPSDFWRI ,&7RQSURGXFWLRQHIÀFLHQF\
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
%
Economic impact of ICT at the macroeconomic level ,&7FDSLWDO,&7XVHDQGJURZWK
7KH,&7SURGXFLQJVHFWRUDQGWKH,&7XVLQJVHFWRUV
,&7LPSDFWRQWRWDOIDFWRUSURGXFWLYLW\JURZWK & )LUPOHYHOLPSDFWRI ,&7V ,&7XVHDQGÀUPODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\ &RPSOHPHQWDU\IDFWRUVH[SODLQLQJWKH,&7²SURGXFWLYLW\UHODWLRQVKLS ,PSDFWRI VSHFLÀF,&7VRQSURGXFWLYLW\
,&7LQYHVWPHQWVRIWWHFKQRORJLHVDQGWRWDOIDFWRUSURGXFWLYLW\JDLQV
' 0HDVXULQJ,&7XVHDQGSURGXFWLYLW\LQ7KDLPDQXIDFWXULQJÀUPV %DFNJURXQGDQGREMHFWLYHVRI WKHSURMHFW
,&7XVHE\PDQXIDFWXULQJÀUPVLQ7KDLODQG
7KHPRGHODQGDIHZWKHRUHWLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
5HVXOWV
( &RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNVDQGSROLF\LVVXHV $QQH[6XPPDU\RI OLWHUDWXUHRQ,&7VDQGSURGXFWLYLW\DWWKHÀUPOHYHO 5HIHUHQFHV
Notes ,&7HEXVLQHVVDQGLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
%
Impact on innovation of the use of ICTs by enterprises & 0D[LPL]LQJV\QHUJLHVEHWZHHQHEXVLQHVVDQGLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHV ' Conclusions and policy recommendations 5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\
Notes INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
viii
CONTENTS
(EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUGHYHORSLQJDQGWUDQVLWLRQHFRQRPLHV
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
%
,&7VDQGLQQRYDWLRQVLQEDQNLQJDQGSD\PHQWV )URPEULFNWRFOLFNHPHUJLQJHEDQNLQJHSD\PHQWVDQGHPRQH\ ,&7VDQGVHFXULWL]DWLRQRI GHEWLQVWUXPHQWV
(ÀQDQFHDQGVHFXULW\FKDOOHQJHVRI F\EHUVSDFH
& 5HFHQWWUHQGVLQHEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWV 7KHVWDWHRI SOD\LQ,QWHUQHWEDQNLQJ
:KROHVDOHHSD\PHQWV
5HWDLOHSD\PHQWV
' (EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVIRUGHYHORSPHQW (EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVLQGHYHORSLQJDQGWUDQVLWLRQHFRQRPLHV
,&7VDQGUHPLWWDQFHV (EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVIRU60(V 0LFURÀQDQFH
( 5HJXODWRU\LVVXHVUHODWHGWRHEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWV )
&RQFOXVLRQV
5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\
Notes 0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\LQ$IULFDFURVVFRXQWU\FRPSDULVRQ
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
%
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\VW\OL]HGIDFWV 2ULJLQVDQGHIIHFWV $FFHVVLELOLW\RI PRELOHWHOHSKRQ\ 7KHHFRQRPLFFRQWH[WRI PRELOHWHOHSKRQ\
8VHRI PRELOHV 0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\DQG*$76
& &RXQWU\DQDO\VLV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS
ix
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\LQ$IULFD
1LJHULD
.HQ\D
6RXWK$IULFD
8JDQGD
' &URVVFRXQWU\FRPSDULVRQ
( &RQFOXVLRQV
5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\
Notes 3URPRWLQJOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKWHOHFHQWUHV
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ
%
7KHFDVHRI WHOHFHQWUHV
+RZWHOHFHQWUHVFDQSURPRWHOLYHOLKRRGV 7HOHFHQWUHV·LPSDFWRQVXSSRUWLQJHFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHOLYHOLKRRGV
%HVWSUDFWLFHVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHV
0DMRUEDUULHUVDQGFKDOOHQJHV
& 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVWRVXSSRUWOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKWHOHFHQWUHV $QQH[,&7VDQGSRYHUW\UHGXFWLRQ&DVHVWXG\&KLOHDQWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUN $QQH[81&7$'TXHVWLRQQDLUH
$QQH[7HOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNVWKDWFRPSOHWHGWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH 5HIHUHQFHV
Notes +DUPRQL]LQJF\EHUOHJLVODWLRQDWWKHUHJLRQDOOHYHOWKHFDVHRI $6($1
$ ,QWURGXFWLRQ %DFNJURXQG
(FRPPHUFHSURMHFWJRDOV +DUPRQL]DWLRQVWUXFWXUH
%5HJLRQDODQGGRPHVWLFLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
x
CONTENTS
5HJLRQDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 'RPHVWLFLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
'RPHVWLFLPSOHPHQWDWLRQFKDOOHQJHV
&\EHUODZFRYHUDJH
-XULVGLFWLRQ
&/HVVRQVOHDUQHG
5HJLRQDOOHVVRQV
'RPHVWLFOHVVRQV
333
'&RQFOXGLQJUHPDUNVDQGSROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
)RFXVRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOLQWHURSHUDELOLW\ )RFXVRQWUDGHIDFLOLWDWLRQ
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQWRROV
&RPSUHKHQVLYHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
$OLJQLQJGRPHVWLFDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOHFRPPHUFHODZV
$QQH[$6($1·VFRXQWULHV·OHJLVODWLRQ
$QQH[6XUYH\RQHFRPPHUFHOHJLVODWLRQLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
5HIHUHQFHVDQGELEOLRJUDSK\
Notes
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS
xi
List of boxes
%R[
3DJH
L&RS\ULJKWDQGRSHQDFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJH
)L[HGPRELOHFRQYHUJHQFHDWUHQGWRZDWFK
$PELWLRXVEURDGEDQGSODQVIRU$IULFD 7UDGHDW+DQGPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\WRLQFUHDVHH[SRUWV
(EXVLQHVVLQ0H[LFR
(FRPPHUFHLQ%UD]LO
-RLQW81&7$'²*RYHUQPHQWRI (J\SWSURMHFWRQWKH,&7VHFWRU
&RVWD5LFDWKH,QWHOIDFWRU
3KLOLSSLQHVFRQWDFWFHQWUHVRQWKHLQFUHDVH (J\SW·VJURZLQJ,&7VHFWRU
6UL/DQND·V,&7HPSOR\PHQWULVLQJGHPDQG
:RPHQLQ,&7PDQXIDFWXULQJ
(PSOR\PHQWLQWKH,&7VHFWRULQ(J\SW
7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVVHFWRU²PDLQWDUJHWRI )',LQ,&7VHUYLFHV
*KDQD%32VHFWRUIRXQGWRKDYHJUHDWSRWHQWLDO²IRFXVRI JRYHUQPHQWSROLF\ 0RURFFRRIIVKRULQJDVDJURZWKVWUDWHJ\
'HYHORSLQJWKH(J\SWLDQ,&7LQGXVWU\QHHGIRUWUDLQLQJDQGÀQDQFH
7KHHPSLULFDOPRGHO
7KHH[SHULHQFHRI ,QQR&HQWLYH
8VHRI RSHQLQQRYDWLRQE\3URFWHUDQG*DPEOHDQG1RNLD
([DPSOHVRI SURJUDPPHVOLQNLQJHEXVLQHVVDQGLQQRYDWLRQ
$OWHUQDWLYHSD\PHQWVV\VWHPV
'HÀQLQJUHPLWWDQFHVLQWKHEDODQFHRI SD\PHQWV
8VLQJ,&7VLQVRPHNH\60(ÀQDQFLQJFKDQQHOV
([DPSOHVRI PRELOHWHOHSKRQHXVHLQDGHYHORSPHQWFRQWH[W
,QYHVWPHQWLQ$IULFDQPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\WKHFDVHRI &HOWHO 5XUDOFRYHUDJHRI PRELOHQHWZRUNVLQ8JDQGD
+RZWHOHFHQWUHVDUHVXSSRUWLQJOLYHOLKRRGVVRPHH[DPSOHV
$JHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYHRQVXSSRUWLQJOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJK,&7WKHFDVHRI &KLOHDQWHOHFHQWUHV
0DNLQJOLIHHDVLHUJRYHUQPHQWVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGWKURXJKWKHWHOHFHQWUHV
2QOLQHGLVSXWHUHVROXWLRQLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV
7KH3DQ$VLDQ(&RPPHUFH$OOLDQFH
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xii
CONTENTS
%R[
3DJH
6LQJDSRUHDQGWKH81&RQYHQWLRQ
List of charts
L
6FLHQFHDQGHQJLQHHULQJLQÀUVWXQLYHUVLW\GHJUHHVE\VHOHFWHGUHJLRQRUPRUHUHFHQW\HDU
0RELOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUV
0RELOHSKRQHSHQHWUDWLRQ 0RELOHSKRQHSHQHWUDWLRQLQ&KLQDDQG,QGLD ,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQ
%URDGEDQGVXEVFULEHUV
%URDGEDQGSHQHWUDWLRQ
%UD]LOUHVRXUFHVSURYLGHGE\HQWHUSULVHZHEVLWHV
%UD]LODFWLYLWLHVRI HQWHUSULVHVZLWK,QWHUQHW
(OHFWURQLFVLQGXVWU\RXWSXWE\ORFDWLRQ²
,&7JRRGVH[SRUWVLQ&RVWD5LFD²
6KDUHRI ,QWHO*'3LQWRWDOLQGXVWULDO*'3² 9DOXHDGGHGWRVDOHVUDWLRIRU8601&FRPSXWHUVDQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVVHFWRU²
6KDUHRI ,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHGLQWRWDOEXVLQHVVVHFWRUYDOXHDGGHG
6KDUHRI ,&7VHFWRUZRUNIRUFHLQWRWDOEXVLQHVVVHFWRUZRUNIRUFH
,7ZRUNIRUFHLQ6UL/DQND²
-REFDWHJRULHVDVVKDUHRI RYHUDOO,7ZRUNIRUFHDQGGHPDQGIRU,7SURIHVVLRQDOVLQ6UL/DQND
+LJKO\VNLOOHGJUDGXDWHVE\VHFWRU6UL/DQND
)HPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQE\VHFWRU6UL/DQND
*OREDOGLVWULEXWLRQRI HPSOR\PHQWLQHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXULQJ (PSOR\PHQWLQHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXULQJ
3HUPDQHQWDQGWHPSRUDU\ZRUNIRUFHLQDVDPSOHRI ,&7FRPSDQLHVLQ(J\SW
0DOHDQGIHPDOHRFFXSDWLRQVLQDVDPSOHRI ,&7FRPSDQLHVLQ(J\SW
3RWHQWLDOO\RIIVKRUDEOHRFFXSDWLRQVLQWRWDOHPSOR\PHQW(88QLWHG6WDWHVHVWLPDWH
&DQDGDDQG$XVWUDOLD² *URZWKRI ZRUOGPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG,&7JRRGVH[SRUWV²
,&7JRRGVH[SRUWE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQG
,&7JRRGVH[SRUWVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQW²
:RUOGH[SRUWVRI ,&7JRRGV²
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS
&KDUW
xiii
3DJH
0H[LFDQPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG,&7JRRGVH[SRUWV SHUFHQW
,QGRQHVLDPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG,&7JRRGVH[SRUWV SHUFHQW
6HOHFWHG/'&H[SRUWVDQGLPSRUWVRI ,&7JRRGV
'LUHFWLRQRI ,&7JRRGVWUDGHRULJLQDWLQJLQGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJHFRQRPLHV²
,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHVVKDUHLQWRWDOZRUOGZLGHVHUYLFHVH[SRUWV ,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHVH[SRUWVE\EURDGGHYHORSPHQWFDWHJRULHV²
'HYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV·H[SRUWVRI ,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHV² &KLQD·VVKDUHRI HPSOR\PHQWLQZRUOGWRWDOHPSOR\PHQWLQWKHHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFLQGXVWU\
DQG
&KLQDPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG,&7JRRGVH[SRUWV SHUFHQW
&KLQDVKDUHVRI ,&7JRRGVH[SRUWVLQDOOPHUFKDQGLVHH[SRUWVDQG
3RWHQWLDOPDUNHWIRU,&7UHODWHGLQWHUQDWLRQDOVRXUFLQJ
,QGLDEDVHG,7VHUYLFHVSURYLGHUVH[SRUWUHYHQXHE\FRUSRUDWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLQELOOLRQ
&KDQQHOVWKURXJKZKLFK,&7FRQWULEXWHVWRSURGXFWLYLW\JURZWK
6RXUFHVRI *'3JURZWK²
,PSDFWRI WKH,7VHFWRURQ*'3JURZWKDQGGRPHVWLFGHPDQG²
&RQWULEXWLRQRI ,&7FDSLWDOWRODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\DQGRI ,&7SURGXFWLRQWRWRWDOIDFWRU
productivity
$YHUDJHVDOHVSHUHPSOR\HHLQPDQXIDFWXULQJ7KDLODQGEDKWSHUHPSOR\HH
&RPSXWHU,QWHUQHWDQGZHEVLWHXVHE\UHJLRQVLQPDQXIDFWXULQJ7KDLODQG
&RPSXWHU,QWHUQHWDQGZHEVLWHSUHVHQFHDFURVVPDQXIDFWXULQJLQGXVWULHVLQ7KDLODQG
&RPSXWHUXVHE\PDQXIDFWXULQJLQGXVWULHVLQ7KDLODQG
6KDUHRI PDQXIDFWXULQJLQGXVWU\VHFWRUVLQWRWDOVDOHVDQGYDOXHDGGHGLQ7KDLODQG
,QQRYDWLRQDQGSURGXFWLYLW\
,QQRYDWLRQV\VWHPGLDJUDP $UFKLWHFWXUHRI WKH&70,8(02$
3HQHWUDWLRQRI EDQNEUDQFKHVDQGPRELOHSKRQHV
)LQDQFLDOÁRZVWRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVELOOLRQ
$YHUDJHDQQXDOLQWHUHVWUDWHV 0),SHQHWUDWLRQUDWHV
0RELOHWHOHGHQVLW\DQG*'3SHUFDSLWD
0RELOHWHOHSKRQHPDUNHWVKDUHIURPWR )L[HGDQGPRELOHWHOHSKRQHOLQHVDQGVXEVFULSWLRQVLQ1LJHULD²
7HOHGHQVLW\DQGVXEVFULEHUJURZWKLQ1LJHULD²
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xiv
CONTENTS
&KDUW
3DJH
)L[HGDQGPRELOHWHOHSKRQHFRQQHFWLRQFKDUJHVLQ1LJHULD
&RQQHFWLRQDQGDLUWLPHFKDUJHVIRUPRELOHWHOHSKRQHVLQ1LJHULD
0RELOHQHWZRUNVLQ.HQ\D
8UEDQDQGUXUDOÀ[HGFRQQHFWLRQVLQ.HQ\D
&RPSDULVRQRI JURZWKRI À[HGDQGPRELOHQHWZRUNVLQ.HQ\D
6RXWK$IULFDQWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVSURYLGHUV·HDUQLQJVJURZWK
)L[HGDQGPRELOHWHOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUJURZWKLQ6RXWK$IULFD &RPSDULVRQRI FRVWRI À[HGDQGPRELOHQHWZRUNV
)L[HGDQGPRELOHWHOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUJURZWKLQ8JDQGD *URZWKLQQXPEHURI PRELOHVXEVFULEHUV
&DOOFRVWVLQPRELOHYHUVXVÀ[HGOLQHV
0DLQVRXUFHVRI ÀQDQFH
&RPSRVLWLRQRI WHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV5XUDOYVXUEDQ
&RPSRVLWLRQRI WHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV%DVLFYVPXOWLSXUSRVH
3HUFHQWDJHRI IHPDOHVWDII DPRQJWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNVWDII 3HUFHQWDJHRI IHPDOHXVHUV
*HQHUDOVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGE\WKHWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV
7UDLQLQJVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGE\WKHWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV
%XVLQHVVUHODWHGVHUYLFHVSURYLGHGE\WKHWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV $SSURDFKHVXVHGE\WHOHFHQWUHVWRVXSSRUWEXVLQHVVUHODWHGVHUYLFHV
([WHQWWRZKLFKVXSSRUWLQJHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVLVDQREMHFWLYHRI WKHWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV (FRQRPLFVHFWRUVVXSSRUWHGRUVHUYLFHGE\WHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNVE\OHYHORI VXSSRUW
6RFLDOJURXSVWDUJHWHGE\WHOHFHQWUHV
(QYLURQPHQWFRQGLWLRQVWKHLULPSRUWDQFHDQGWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKH\DUHEHLQJPHW
.H\SXUSRVHVRI XVLQJDWHOHFHQWUH
.H\SXUSRVHVRI XVLQJDWHOHFHQWUHE\XVHUJURXS
7RZKDWH[WHQWWKHWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNVKHOSXVHUVWR 2UJDQL]DWLRQVWHOHFHQWUHVZRUNZLWK
$QDO\VLVFRQGXFWHGE\WHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV
.H\DUHDVLQZKLFKQHWZRUNOHDGHUVZRXOGOLNHWRUHFHLYHPRUHVXSSRUW
:KLFKLQVWLWXWLRQVVKRXOGEHIXUWKHULQYROYHGWRLPSURYHOLYHOLKRRGV" &VSURSRRU,&7IUDPHZRUN
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS
xv
List of Tables
L
5HVHDUFKHUVZRUOGZLGH
0RELOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJLRQ
0RELOHSKRQHSHQHWUDWLRQE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJLRQ ,QWHUQHWXVHUVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJLRQ
,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJLRQ $UJHQWLQDXVHRI ,&7LQWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJVHFWRU
(QWHUSULVHVZLWK,QWHUQHWDQGZHEVLWH
(QWHUSULVHVZLWK,QWHUQHWE\PRGHRI DFFHVV
(QWHUSULVHVZLWKLQWUDQHWH[WUDQHWDQG/$1 8VHRI WKH,QWHUQHWIRUHEXVLQHVVDFWLYLWLHV
(QWHUSULVHVUHFHLYLQJDQGSODFLQJRUGHUVRYHUWKH,QWHUQHW 0RELOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUVHFRQRPLHVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJLRQ
0RELOHSKRQHSHQHWUDWLRQHFRQRPLHVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGUHJLRQ
(FRQRPLHVUDQNHGE\PRELOHSKRQHSHQHWUDWLRQ ,QWHUQHWXVHUVHFRQRPLHVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ ,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQHFRQRPLHVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ
(FRQRPLHVUDQNHGE\,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQ
%URDGEDQGVXEVFULEHUVHFRQRPLHVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ
%URDGEDQGSHQHWUDWLRQHFRQRPLHVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ
(FRQRPLHVUDQNHGE\EURDGEDQGSHQHWUDWLRQ
&RUHLQGLFDWRUVRQXVHRI ,&7E\EXVLQHVVHVDQGRQWKH,&7VHFWRU *OREDOSURGXFWLRQRI HOHFWURQLFV²ELOOLRQ
7KH3KLOLSSLQHVHVHUYLFHVLQGXVWU\
(PSOR\PHQWWUHQGVLQHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXULQJ²
(PSOR\PHQWE\JHQGHULQHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXULQJ
([SRUWVRI ,&7JRRGVLQVHOHFWHGOHDVWGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVWKRXVDQG
'LUHFWLRQRI ,&7JRRGVWUDGHDQGJURZWK²
,QWUDUHJLRQDO6RXWK²6RXWKWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV)',²
SHUFHQWDJHRI WRWDO6RXWK²6RXWK)', ,QGLDQHPSOR\PHQWLQWKHVRIWZDUHDQGVHUYLFHVVHFWRU
7KH,QGLDQ,7LQGXVWU\
([SRUWVRI ,&7JRRGVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ²PLOOLRQ
([SRUWVRI ,&7JRRGV²HFRQRPLHVUDQNHGE\H[SRUWYDOXHVPLOOLRQ
,PSRUWVRI ,&7JRRGVE\OHYHORI GHYHORSPHQWDQGE\UHJLRQ²PLOOLRQ
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xvi
CONTENTS
3DJH
Table
,PSRUWVRI ,&7JRRGV²HFRQRPLHVUDQNHGE\LPSRUWYDOXHVPLOOLRQ 7RSH[SRUWHUVRI ,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHV²UDQNHGE\H[SRUWYDOXHVPLOOLRQ
6KDUHRI ,&7LQYHVWPHQWLQQRQUHVLGHQWLDOÀ[HGFDSLWDOIRUPDWLRQLQVHOHFWHG2(&'FRXQWULHV
\HDUDYHUDJHV²
2OLQHUDQG6LFKHOHVWLPDWHVIRUWKH,7FRQWULEXWLRQWRODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\JURZWK
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVSHUFHQW
.H\YDULDEOHVIRUPHDVXULQJ,&7LPSDFWRQODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\
&RPSXWHU,QWHUQHWDQGZHEVLWHSUHVHQFHLQ7KDLPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHV
,QWHQVLW\RI FRPSXWHUXVHLQ7KDLPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHV 0RGDOLW\RI ,QWHUQHWFRQQHFWLRQLQPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHVXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHW
7\SHRI DFWLYLW\SHUIRUPHGZKLOHXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHWLQPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHVXVLQJ
WKH,QWHUQHW 7\SHRI DFWLYLW\SHUIRUPHGRQWKHZHELQPDQXIDFWXULQJEXVLQHVVHVZLWKZHESUHVHQFH
(VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVIRUFRPSXWHUWKH,QWHUQHWDQGZHEVLWHSUHVHQFH
(VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVIRUWKHVKDUHRI HPSOR\HHVXVLQJFRPSXWHUVWKH,QWHUQHW
and website presence (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVIRUWKHVKDUHRI FRPSXWHUVSHUHPSOR\HHWKH,QWHUQHW
and website presence (VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\HPSOR\PHQWVL]HJURXSV
(VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\ÀUPDJHJURXSV
(VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\UHJLRQDOORFDWLRQ
(VWLPDWLRQUHVXOWVE\LQGXVWU\DIÀOLDWLRQ
*HRJUDSKLFDOGLVWULEXWLRQRI 5'IDFLOLWLHVRI WKHWRSWHQ5'FRPSDQLHVLQ
7KHFRVWRI WUDQVIHUULQJDQGWR$UPHQLDLQ
*URZWKLQWKHQXPEHURI PRELOHWHOHSKRQHVXEVFULEHUVZRUOGZLGH
0RELOHVXEVFULEHUVSHUSRSXODWLRQZRUOGZLGHLQDQG
1XPEHURI RSHUDWRUVDQGVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVLQ1LJHULD
&KDQJHLQPRELOHWHOHGHQVLW\
(FRPPHUFHOHJLVODWLRQLQ$6($1PHPEHUFRXQWULHV $6($1F\EHUODZFRYHUDJH &RPSRQHQWVRI DQHFRPPHUFHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH 6DPSOHJHQHULFLPSOHPHQWDWLRQJXLGH
6DPSOHFRXQWU\LPSOHPHQWDWLRQJXLGH INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS
List of abbreviations
ACH ALADI
ASEAN
ATM
DXWRPDWHGFOHDULQJKRXVH
$VRFLDFLyQ/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH,QWHJUDFLyQ
$VVRFLDWLRQRI 6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ1DWLRQV
automated teller machine
BDT BIS BOP
BPO B2B
B2C
%DQJODGHVKWDND
%DQNIRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HWWOHPHQWV
balance of payments
EXVLQHVVSURFHVVRXWVRXUFLQJ
business to business
business to consumer
CAGR CAP CB
CD
CDI CIS
CISP
CLIC CLMV
CONACYT
CPC CTIC FRPSRXQGDQQXDOJURZWKUDWH
FRPPXQLW\DFFHVVSURJUDPPH
&HQWUDO%DQN
compact disc
&RPLWpSDUDOD'HPRFUDWL]DFLyQGHOD,QIRUPiWLFD
Commonwealth of Independent States
community Internet service provider
FRPPXQLW\OHDUQLQJDQGLQIRUPDWLRQFHQWUHV
&DPERGLD/DR3HRSOH·V'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLF0\DQPDUDQG9LHW1DP
1DWLRQDO&RXQFLOIRU6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\0H[LFR
&HQWUDO3URGXFW&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ
&HQWUR7HFQROyJLFRGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\&RPXQLFDFLyQ
DFID DISK DNS
DVD 'HSDUWPHQWIRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW8QLWHG.LQJGRP
'DLU\,QIRUPDWLRQ6HUYLFH.LRVN
deferred net settlements
GLJLWDOYHUVDWLOHGLVF
EAC EBA ECA ECB ECDR
ECLAC
EDI EISI ENRD
EU
Eurostat
(DVW$IULFDQ&RPPXQLW\
(XUR%DQNLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ
(FRQRPLF&RPPLVVLRQIRU$IULFD
(XURSHDQ&HQWUDO%DQN
E-commerce and Development Report
(FRQRPLF&RPPLVVLRQIRU/DWLQ$PHULFDDQGWKH&DULEEHDQ
HOHFWURQLFGDWDLQWHUFKDQJH
(J\SWLDQLQIRUPDWLRQVRFLHW\LQLWLDWLYH
HQHWZRUNUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
European Union
6WDWLVWLFDO2IÀFHRI WKH(XURSHDQ&RPPXQLWLHV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xvii
xviii
CONTENTS
EU15 7KHFRXQWULHVPHPEHUVRI WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQXQWLO0D\
FDI FTTH FX
IRUHLJQGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQW
ÀEUHRSWLFFDEOHWRWKHKRPH
IRUHLJQH[FKDQJH
GDP GPCIC
GPTK G10 JURVVGRPHVWLFSURGXFW
*UDPHHQ%DQN&RPPXQLW\,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWUH
JDEXQJDQSHPXHODWHUDPSLOGDQNUHDWLI
*URXSRI HFC HS
K\EULGÀEUHFRD[FDEOH
KDUPRQL]HGFRPPRGLW\GHVFULSWLRQDQGFRGLQJV\VWHP
IAI
ICTs IER
ILO IMF IPRs IPO ISIC ISIC Rev.3
ISP
IT
ITA ITCR ITES ITIDA ITU
LQLWLDWLYHIRU$6($1LQWHJUDWLRQ
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV
Information Economy Report
,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2UJDQL]DWLRQ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO0RQHWDU\)XQG
LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWV
LQLWLDOSXEOLFRIIHULQJ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUG,QGXVWULDO&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUG,QGXVWULDO&ODVVLÀFDWLRQRI DOOHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVWKLUG
revision
Internet service provider
LQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\
LQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\DJUHHPHQW
,QVWLWXWR7HFQROyJLFRGH&RVWD5LFD
,7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHV
,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\,QGXVWU\'HYHORSPHQW$JHQF\
International Telecommunication Union
Kbps NLORE\WHVSHUVHFRQG
LAN LDC
ORFDODUHDQHWZRUN
least developed country
MCIT MFN
MFI
MIS MMS MNEs
MNO
0LQLVWU\RI &RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\
most favoured nation
PLFURÀQDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQ
PDQDJHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHP
PXOWLPHGLDPHVVDJHVHUYLFH
multinational enterprises
PRELOHQHWZRUNRSHUDWRUV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
CONTENTS
MOSTI
M&As M1
0LQLVWU\RI 6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJLHVDQG,QQRYDWLRQ0DOD\VLD
PHUJHUVDQGDFTXLVLWLRQV
narrow money supply concept
NASDAQ
NASSCOM
NGO NSO 1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI 6HFXULWLHV'HDOHUV$XWRPDWHG4XRWDWLRQVV\VWHP
1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI 6RIWZDUHDQG6HUYLFH&RPSDQLHV
QRQJRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQL]DWLRQ
1DWLRQDO6WDWLVWLFDO2IÀFH
ODA
ODR
OECD
OEM RIÀFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDVVLVWDQFH
online dispute resolution
2UJDQLVDWLRQIRU(FRQRPLF&RRSHUDWLRQDQG'HYHORSPHQW
RULJLQDOHTXLSPHQWPDQXIDFWXUHU
PAA
Pe-PP
PIF
PKI
PMC
POS
P2P
3DQ$VLDQ(FRPPHUFH$OOLDQFH
SDUWQHUVKLSIRUHSURVSHULW\IRUWKHSRRU
3DFLÀF,VODQGV)RUXP
SXEOLFNH\LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
3KLOLSSLQHPXOWL'RRUFRXUWKRXVH
point of sale
peer to peer
R&D
ROE ROA
RTGS research and development
UHWXUQRQHTXLW\
return on assets
UHDOWLPHJURVVVHWWOHPHQWV\VWHPV
SAARC
SADC SEPA SMEs SPV
SWIFT
STPI S&D
6RXWK$VLDQ$VVRFLDWLRQIRU5HJLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ
6RXWKHUQ$IULFDQ'HYHORSPHQW&RPPXQLW\
6LQJOH(XUR3D\PHQWV$UHD
VPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHV
special purpose vehicle
6RFLHW\IRU:RUOGZLGH,QWHUEDQN)LQDQFLDO7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
VRIWZDUHWHFKQRORJ\SDUNVRI ,QGLD
special and differential treatment
TARGET
TELMIN
TELSOM
TFP
TNC
7UDQV(XURSHDQ$XWRPDWHG5HDOWLPH*URVVVHWWOHPHQW([SUHVV7UDQVIHUV\VWHP
WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG,&7PLQLVWHUV$6($1
WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG,&7VHQLRURIÀFLDOVPHHWLQJ$6($1
total factor productivity
transnational corporation
UCR UK
8QLYHUVLW\RI &RVWD5LFD
8QLWHG.LQJGRP
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xix
xx
CONTENTS
UN
UNCITRAL
UNCTAD
UNDP
UNESCAP
UNSD US
United Nations
8QLWHG1DWLRQ&RPPLVVLRQRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGH/DZ
8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RQIHUHQFHRQ7UDGHDQG'HYHORSPHQW
8QLWHG1DWLRQV'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDPPH
8QLWHG1DWLRQV(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO&RPPLVVLRQIRU$VLDDQGWKH3DFLÀF
8QLWHG1DWLRQV6WDWLVWLFV'LYLVLRQ
United States
VoIP 9RLFHRYHU,QWHUQHW3URWRFRO
WACB WiBro
WITSA
WTO :HVW$IULFDQ&HQWUDO%DQN
wireless broadband
:RUOG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\DQG6HUYLFHV$OOLDQFH
:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ
xDSL DQ\RI VHYHUDOW\SHVRI GLJLWDOVXEVFULEHUOLQHV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
EXPLANATORY NOTES
7KHWHUP´GROODUVµUHIHUVWR8QLWHG6WDWHVGROODUVXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHVWDWHG7KHWHUP´ELOOLRQµPHDQV
PLOOLRQ
7ZRGRWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHGDWDDUHQRWDYDLODEOHRUDUHQRWVHSDUDWHO\UHSRUWHG
$K\SKHQLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHDPRXQWLVQLORUQHJOLJLEOH
%HFDXVHRI URXQGLQJGHWDLOVDQGSHUFHQWDJHVGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\DGGXSWRWRWDOV
xxi
OVERVIEW
Harnessing knowledge for development
,WLVQRZZHOOHVWDEOLVKHGWKDWWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVV
DQGLQQRYDWLRQDUHWKHORQJWHUPGULYHUVRI HFRQRPLF
JURZWK ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI D JOREDO NQRZOHGJH
HFRQRP\ IXHOOHG E\ WKH IDVW SDFH RI WHFKQRORJLFDO
LQQRYDWLRQ LW LV LPSRUWDQW IRU GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
WR OD\ JRRG IRXQGDWLRQV IRU EXLOGLQJ WKHLU FDSDFLW\
WR DFTXLUH DQG FUHDWH NQRZOHGJH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ LQ
RUGHU WR WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV RIIHUHG
E\ JOREDOL]DWLRQ DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH WR DGGUHVV
HPHUJLQJJOREDOFKDOOHQJHV7KHFKDOOHQJHLVWKHUHIRUH
WRKDUQHVVNQRZOHGJHIRUGHYHORSPHQW²E\SURYLGLQJ
DQHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI LGHDV
and innovations, as well as for their dissemination and
use by different actors, directly or indirectly involved in
WKHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVV
LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\SURWHFWLRQDVZHOODVNQRZOHGJH
GLIIXVLRQ HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI OLEUDULHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
QHWZRUNVDFFHVVFRVWVXEVLGLHVHWFDUHH[DPSOHVRI JRYHUQPHQW PHDVXUHV LQ WKLV DUHD $ FOHDU OHJDO DQG
UHJXODWRU\IUDPHZRUNLQPDQ\DUHDVWRXFKLQJXSRQWKH
LQWHUDFWLRQVDQGWUDQVDFWLRQVDPRQJGLIIHUHQWDFWRUVLV
DOVRQHFHVVDU\
7KH PDUNHW IRU NQRZOHGJH LV RIWHQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\
LPSHUIHFWLRQVWKDWLVWRVD\VRFLDODQGSULYDWHUHWXUQV
GHULYHGIURPNQRZOHGJHFDQZLGHO\GLIIHU,QWKHDUHD
RI NQRZOHGJHFUHDWLRQWKLV´PDUNHWIDLOXUHµPD\OHDG
WRSULYDWHXQGHULQYHVWPHQWLQNQRZOHGJHWKDWLVZK\
*RYHUQPHQWVKDYHWDNHQPHDVXUHVWRSURYLGHLQFHQWLYHV
IRU LQGLYLGXDO DJHQWV WR FUHDWH NQRZOHGJH QDPHO\
WKURXJKLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWV,35VWD[UHEDWHV
DQGVXEVLGLHVDQGIXOORUSDUWLDOIXQGLQJRI UHVHDUFK
,QSDUWLFXODULQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\SURWHFWLRQWKURXJK
SDWHQWVWUDGHPDUNVFRS\ULJKWVRUWUDGHVHFUHWVFRQIHUV
WKHULJKWWRDSSURSULDWHWKHLQFRPHGHULYHGIURPWKH
application of proprietary research in order to recover
WKHKLJKÀ[HGFRVWRI UHVHDUFK+RZHYHUWKHDSSURDFK
WR ,35V QHHGV WR VWULNH D EDODQFH EHWZHHQ LQFHQWLYHV
IRU FUHDWLYLW\ DQG VRFLHW\·V LQWHUHVW LQ PD[LPL]LQJ WKH
GLVVHPLQDWLRQRI NQRZOHGJHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQ
,QWKLVEURDGHUFRQWH[WRI VFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\IRU
development, the Information Economy Report 2007/2008
LV DQDO\VLQJ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ ,&7 WR JURZWK DQG
GHYHORSPHQW $V LQ WKH FDVH RI RWKHU WHFKQRORJLHV
the ICT contribution is determined by factors such as
WKHUROHRI KXPDQFDSLWDOH[WHUQDOLWLHVDQGVSLOORYHUV
QRWDEO\ WKURXJK OHDUQLQJ DQG FRPSOHPHQWDU\
LQQRYDWLRQ DQG DSSURSULDWH SROLFLHV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV
VXSSRUWLQJ LQQRYDWLRQV 7KH DQDO\VLV KLJKOLJKWV WKH
LPSRUWDQFHRI RSHQDFFHVVWRNQRZOHGJHDQGKHQFH
WKHLPSRUWDQFHRI GLIIXVLRQDQGVKDULQJRI NQRZOHGJH
DQG WHFKQRORJ\ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH FDVH RI GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV
.QRZOHGJH LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ EHLQJ SULYDWL]HG DQG FRP
PHUFLDOL]HGDQGWKHXVHRI ,35VWRSURWHFWNQRZOHGJH
KDVUHVWULFWHGDFFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWHFKQRORJLHV
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOJRYHUQDQFHRI NQRZO
HGJHKDVPRYHGWRZDUGVWLJKWHUDQGPRUHKDUPRQL]HG
,35V DW WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHO ZLWK D YLHZ WR PLQL
PL]LQJWKHIUHHULGHUSUREOHP7KLVKDVEHHQDFKLHYHG
WKURXJKWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ·V$JUHHPHQWRQ
7UDGH5HODWHG$VSHFWVRI ,QWHOOHFWXDO3URSHUW\5LJKWV
75,36WKH´75,36SOXVµSURYLVLRQVRI UHJLRQDODQG
ELODWHUDOWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVQHJRWLDWHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ
8QLRQ (8 DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DQG QHZ WUHDWLHV
QHJRWLDWHGXQGHUWKHDXVSLFHVRI WKH:RUOG,QWHOOHFWXDO
3URSHUW\2UJDQL]DWLRQ
7KH LQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN VKRXOG HQVXUH D JRRG
ÁRZ RI NQRZOHGJH EHWZHHQ VFLHQWLÀF UHVHDUFK DQG
WHFKQRORJLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV DV ZHOO DV D JRRG ÁRZ
RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DPRQJ UHVHDUFKHUV DQG XVHUV DW WKH
QDWLRQDO DQG WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHO *RYHUQPHQWV
SOD\ D FUXFLDO UROH EHFDXVH NQRZOHGJH FUHDWLRQ
FDQQRW UHO\ RQ PDUNHW PHFKDQLVPV DORQH 3ROLFLHV
WR VXSSRUW NQRZOHGJH FUHDWLRQ VXFK DV JRYHUQPHQW
IXQGLQJ JRYHUQPHQW SURFXUHPHQW WD[ VXEVLGLHV DQG
xxiii
xxiv
OVERVIEW
,Q WKH DUHD RI NQRZOHGJH GLIIXVLRQ DQG WHFKQRORJ\
WUDQVIHU H[WHUQDOLWLHV DQG VSLOORYHUV FDQ EULQJ
HQRUPRXV EHQHÀWV IRU WKH HFRQRP\ DV D ZKROH DQG
IRUWKHUHVWRI ZRUOGGHULYHGIURPWHFKQRORJ\ÁRZV
DPRQJ FRXQWULHV ,Q VRPH LQVWDQFHV NQRZOHGJH FDQ
EH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH D SXEOLF JRRG QRQULYDOURXV
DQG QRQH[FOXGDEOH 0DQ\ LQYHQWLRQV ZHUH EXLOW RQ
HDUOLHULQYHQWLRQV´VWDQGLQJRQVKRXOGHUVRI JLDQWVµ
DQG WKH EHQHÀWV RI WHFKQRORJLFDO SURJUHVV DUH QRW
MXVW OLPLWHG WR RQH ÀUP RU RQH VHFWRU EHFDXVH RI FRPSOHPHQWDULWLHV LQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG JHQHUDWLRQ
RI NQRZOHGJHDQGDUHWKXVH[WHQGHGWRWKHHFRQRP\
DVDZKROH7KHEHQHÀWVRI H[WHUQDOLWLHVDQGVSLOORYHUV
PD\QRWEHIXOO\UHDSHGEHFDXVHRI KLJKDFFHVVFRVWV
RURWKHUREVWDFOHV,QWKHFDVHRI FURVVERUGHUÁRZV
RI NQRZOHGJHKLJKDFFHVVFRVWVDQGEDUULHUVUHVXOWLQJ
IURPDKDUPRQL]DWLRQDQGWLJKWHQLQJRI ,35VWDQGDUGV
at the international level may be harmful for poorer
FRXQWULHV ZLWK OLPLWHG KXPDQ DQG FDSLWDO FDSDFLW\
:KLOH PDUNHW IDLOXUHV LQ WKH DUHD RI WHFKQRORJ\
diffusion may be important, measures to address them
KDYHQRWEHHQFOHDUO\LGHQWLÀHGHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKUHJDUG
WRWKHWUDQVIHURI WHFKQRORJ\IURPGHYHORSHGWROHVV
GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHV
L
L
L
0DQ\DSSURDFKHVWRHQFRXUDJHPRUHHIIHFWLYHWUDQVIHU
RI WHFKQRORJ\ WR GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV KDYH EHHQ
VXJJHVWHG
L
,PSURYLQJ ÁH[LELOLWLHV LQ ,35V LQ WHUPV RI
calibration of standards and norms for countries
ZLWKYDU\LQJOHYHOVRIGHYHORSPHQW
2SHQDFFHVVV\VWHPV7KHNH\IHDWXUHRI RSHQ
DFFHVV V\VWHPV LV WKDW WKH NQRZOHGJH LV IUHH
IRUXVHE\WKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFGRPDLQ,QVRPH
DUHDVLQYROYLQJH[WHQVLYHFXPXODWLYHLQQRYDWLRQ
VXFK DV FRPSXWHU VRIWZDUH ELRWHFKQRORJ\ RU
RWKHU GRPDLQV RI FRPPRQ NQRZOHGJH WKHVH
V\VWHPV PD\ EH WKH PRVW HIÀFLHQW WR DGYDQFH
NQRZOHGJH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO SDUWQHUVKLSV IRU JHQHUDWLQJ DQG
VKDULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ 0DQ\ JOREDO LQLWLDWLYHV
KDYHEHHQODXQFKHGZLWKWKHÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUW
RI SXEOLFDQGSULYDWHVHFWRUVWRHQKDQFHJOREDO
research and information capabilities, so as to
overcome crucial problems in the areas of rural
development, environment and health in the
SRRUHVW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
partnerships could be reinforced in those areas,
as well as in other areas, in order to allow more
effective participation by poor countries in
VKDULQJWKHEHQHÀWVRI FRPPRQNQRZOHGJH
*OREDO VXSSRUW IRU EXLOGLQJ FDSDFLW\ LQ
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH OHDVW
developed countries, to enhance human capital,
infrastructure and institutions in order to develop
those countries' capacity to absorb and create
VFLHQWLÀF DQG WHFKQLFDO NQRZOHGJH 7KHUH LV D
VWURQJFDVHIRUGRQRUVWRLQFUHDVHNQRZOHGJH
DLGDQGDLGIRUVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\
The new paradigm of ICT:
implications for innovations and development policies
,&7LVDJHQHUDOSXUSRVHWHFKQRORJ\DQGDVVXFKKDVD
SHUYDVLYHLPSDFWRQWKHHFRQRP\,WLQWURGXFHVD new
SDUDGLJPIRUWKHFRQÀJXUDWLRQRI HFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHV
UDGLFDOO\ FKDQJLQJ WKH DSSURDFK WR WHFKQRORJ\ IRU
GHYHORSPHQW7KHPDLQDVSHFWVRI WKLVQHZSDUDGLJP
FDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZV
L
)LUVW WKH HFRQRPLF LPSDFW RI ,&7 FRXOG EH
PRUH LPSRUWDQW LQ WHUPV RI H[WHUQDOLWLHV DQG
VSLOORYHUV WKURXJK LWV XVH DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ
different sectors of the economy, than its direct
FRQWULEXWLRQ WR JURVV GRPHVWLF SURGXFW DV D
SURGXFWLRQVHFWRU
L
6HFRQGRQHRI WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWH[WHUQDOLWLHV
LV D QHZ PRGH RI RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI SURGXFWLRQ
DQG FRQVXPSWLRQ ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ FRVWVDYLQJ
transactions and faster and better communication
EHWZHHQ HFRQRPLF DJHQWV :LWK UHJDUG WR WKH
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV WKRVH LQQRYDWLRQV KDYH
provided new opportunities for their insertion
WR WKH JOREDO YDOXH FKDLQV DQG IRU GLYHUVLI\LQJ
SURGXFWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV DQG H[SRUWV $W WKH VDPH
WLPH ,&7V IDFLOLWDWH WKH FUHDWLRQ RI QHWZRUNV
DQGLQFUHDVHWKHH[FKDQJHRI LQIRUPDWLRQORFDOO\
DQGJOREDOO\
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
OVERVIEW
L
L
L
L
Third, the rapid pace of innovation in the
ICT sector itself has considerably reduced the
FRVWV RI DFFHVV WR ,&7V 7KLV KDV DOORZHG D
GHPRFUDWL]DWLRQ RI ,&7 XVH LQFOXGLQJ XVH E\
poorer people to support their livelihoods, and
it has also facilitated the adoption of ICT in
SRYHUW\UHGXFWLRQSURJUDPPHV
)RXUWK,&7KDVJHQHUDWHGQHZVHUYLFHVLQWKH
form RI HFRPPHUFHHÀQDQFHHJRYHUQPHQW
DQGVRIRUWK7KHVHQHZVHUYLFHVFDQFRQWULEXWH
WRJUHDWHUHFRQRPLFHIÀFLHQF\+RZHYHURWKHU
FKDOOHQJHV PD\ DULVH FRQFHUQLQJ TXHVWLRQV RI trust and security in the transactions that these
QHZHVHUYLFHVJHQHUDWH
)LIWK ,&7 UHTXLUHV VNLOOV DQG HGXFDWLRQ DQG
WUDLQLQJ DUH HYHU PRUH LPSRUWDQW LQ EXLOGLQJ D
NQRZOHGJH HFRQRP\ LQ ZKLFK ,&7 UHSUHVHQWV
DQLQGLVSHQVDEOHWRRO
/DVWO\ ,&7 KDV JLYHQ ULVH WR QHZ PRGHOV RI VKDULQJNQRZOHGJHDQGFROOHFWLYHSURGXFWLRQRI ideas and innovations, which often bypass the
SURSULHWDU\ V\VWHP SURYLGHG E\ ,35V 7KHVH
RSHQDFFHVVPRGHOVZKHWKHULQDFWLYLWLHVVXFK
as open source software, open innovations or
FRPPRQNQRZOHGJHDVVRFLDWLRQVKDYHEHFRPH
YHU\ ZLGHVSUHDG DQG DUH SURPLVLQJ LQ WHUPV
RI WKH UDSLG GLIIXVLRQ RI NQRZOHGJH WR OHVV
DGYDQFHGFRXQWULHV
7KH ,&7 UHYROXWLRQ LV VSUHDGLQJ WR WKH GHYHORSLQJ
ZRUOG DQG EULQJV ZLWK LW WKH SURPLVH RI PDMRU
WHFKQRORJ\ OHDSIURJJLQJ ZKLFK ZLOO FRQWULEXWH WR
UDSLGPRGHUQL]DWLRQRI WKHHFRQRPLHVRI GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV,QRUGHUWRUHDSWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVRIIHUHGE\
,&7FRXQWULHVPD\ÀQGLWQHFHVVDU\WRLGHQWLI\DVHWRI SROLFLHVWRHQFRXUDJHWKHFUHDWLRQGLIIXVLRQDQGXVHRI NQRZOHGJHZKLFKVKRXOGIRUPWKHEDVLVRI DVXVWDLQHG
JURZWK VWUDWHJ\ 7KH ,&7 FRQWULEXWLRQ WR EXLOGLQJ
NQRZOHGJH FDSLWDO VKRXOG EH WDNHQ IXOO\ LQWR DFFRXQW
LQGHVLJQLQJLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHV,QQRYDWLRQSDWWHUQV
DUH FRXQWU\DQG LQGXVWU\VSHFLÀF DQG FRXQWULHV ZLWK
different level of development will have different
DSSURDFKHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUFDSDFLWLHVDQGSULRULWLHV
7DNLQJIRUJUDQWHGDJHQHUDOHQDEOLQJSROLF\IUDPHZRUN
IRU LQYHVWPHQW DQG HQWHUSULVH GHYHORSPHQW VSHFLÀF
LQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHVVKRXOGDLPDWSURPRWLQJQDWLRQDO
NQRZOHGJHV\VWHPVWRVXSSRUWWKHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRI QDWLRQDOHFRQRPLHV
xxv
:LWKLQ WKLV EURDG SROLF\ IUDPHZRUN WR HQFRXUDJH
innovations, the particular role of ICT as an enabler
RI LQQRYDWLRQVVKRXOGEHUHFRJQL]HGDQGHQFRXUDJHG
*LYHQWKHVWURQJOLQNVEHWZHHQ,&7XVHE\HQWHUSULVHV
competitiveness and innovation, there is a need for
EHWWHULQWHJUDWLRQRI SROLFLHVWRSURPRWH,&7XVHE\
HQWHUSULVHV ZLWKLQ JHQHUDO LQQRYDWLRQ SROLFLHV 2QH
ZD\ WR DFKLHYH WKDW LQWHJUDWLRQ LV WR V\VWHPDWLFDOO\
coordinate the policies of different ministries and to do
VRDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV0DQ\RI WKHGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHV
KDYHHQWUXVWHGRYHUDOOSROLF\PDNLQJIRULQQRYDWLRQDQG
HEXVLQHVVWRWKHVDPHRUJDQL]DWLRQVZKLFKIRUPXODWH
,&7SROLF\DVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRI VFLHQFHWHFKQRORJ\
DQGLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHV
It should be stressed that ICTs enable faster
GLVVHPLQDWLRQDQGEHWWHUFRRUGLQDWLRQRI NQRZOHGJH
WKXVHQFRXUDJLQJRSHQDFFHVVWRVRXUFHVRI LQQRYDWLRQV
$Q LQQRYDWLRQ SROLF\ IUDPHZRUN WKDW WDNHV IXOO\ LQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHFKDQJHVJHQHUDWHGE\,&7PD\JLYH
prominence to open approaches to innovation, which
FRXOG SUHVHQW VLJQLÀFDQW DGYDQWDJHV IRU GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV
,&7 SROLF\ VKRXOG DOVR DGGUHVV WKH GLJLWDO GLYLGH
between rich and poor countries, and the national
GLJLWDOGLYLGHEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWLQFRPHJURXSVLQWKH
SRSXODWLRQ7HFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVLQ,&7VLVPRYLQJ
IDVWDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHFRVWVDUHGHFOLQLQJDQGPDQ\
NLQGVRI VRIWZDUHKDYHEHFRPHDYDLODEOHWKURXJKWKH
IUHH DQG RSHQ VRXUFH VRIWZDUH QHWZRUNV $OWKRXJK
VRPH QHZ ,&7 DSSOLFDWLRQV :L)L 6HPDQWLF :HE
WR QDPH EXW D IHZ DQG WKH FRQWLQXLQJ IDOO LQ DFFHVV
FRVWV ZLOO DOORZ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV WR OHDSIURJ RQ
WKH WHFKQRORJ\ WUDLO D QXPEHU RI FKDOOHQJHV UHPDLQ
WREHWDFNOHGLQRUGHUWRFORVHWKHGLJLWDOGLYLGH7KH
ÀUVWLVWRLQYHVWLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI KXPDQFDSLWDO
FDSDEOH RI UDSLGO\ DEVRUELQJ DQG HIIHFWLYHO\ XVLQJ
WKRVH QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV 7KH VHFRQG LV WR UHJXODWH
HFRPPHUFH DQG SURYLGH SURWHFWLRQ DQG VHFXULW\ WR
XVHUV XQGHU F\EHU ODZV 7KH WKLUG LV WKH ÀQDQFLQJ
RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH FRVWV RI DGMXVWPHQW RI GLVSODFHG WHFKQRORJLHV ,Q DOO WKUHH
areas, the international community of development
SDUWQHUVFDQPDNHDVLJQLÀFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQ
7KHFKDSWHUVRI WKLV5HSRUWLOOXVWUDWHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRI WKH,&7QHZSDUDGLJPIRUWKHHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW
RI GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LQ DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQWH[W
FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DVWLOOVXEVWDQWLDOGLJLWDOGLYLGHEHWZHHQ
GHYHORSHG DQG GHYHORSLQJ QDWLRQV DQG DW WKH VDPH
WLPHE\WKHG\QDPLVPRI VRPHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
WKDWDUHEHFRPLQJFRPSHWLWLYHLQDIHZ,&7VHFWRUV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xxvi
OVERVIEW
1. Trends in ICT access and use
7KH GLIIXVLRQ RI ,&7 LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LV
JURZLQJVWHDGLO\EXWH[FHSWIRU(DVW$VLDQFRXQWULHV
WKDWVWUDGGOHWKHOLQHEHWZHHQGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJ
VWDWXVQRWDEO\WKH5HSXEOLFRI .RUHDDQG6LQJDSRUH
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVUHPDLQIDUEHKLQGGHYHORSHGRQHV
LQWKHDGRSWLRQRI ,&7VDQGWKHLUXVHE\HQWHUSULVHV
$PRQJ,&7VPRELOHSKRQHVDUHPRVWZLGHO\VSUHDG
LQWKHGHYHORSLQJZRUOG7KHQXPEHURI PRELOHSKRQH
VXEVFULEHUVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKDVDOPRVWWULSOHG
LQWKHODVWÀYH\HDUVDQGWKH\QRZDFFRXQWIRUSHU
FHQW RI PRELOH SKRQH VXEVFULEHUV ZRUOGZLGH 7KLV
PDUNHGLQFUHDVHVXJJHVWVWKDWPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\VHUYHV
DVD´GLJLWDOEULGJHµZKLFKZLOOKHOSPDQ\GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV UHGXFH WKH FRQQHFWLYLW\ GLYLGH ,Q $IULFD
where the increase in terms of the number of mobile
SKRQHVXEVFULEHUVDQGSHQHWUDWLRQKDVEHHQJUHDWHVW
WKLVWHFKQRORJ\FDQLPSURYHWKHHFRQRPLFOLIHRI WKH
SRSXODWLRQDVDZKROH
0RELOHSKRQHVEHLQJWKHPDLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRROIRU
PDQ\HQWUHSUHQHXUVSDUWLFXODUO\VPDOOHQWUHSUHQHXUV
LQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKDYHJUHDWSRWHQWLDOIRUVPDOO
DQG PHGLXPVL]HG HQWHUSULVHV LQ WKRVH FRXQWULHV
)RU H[DPSOH LQ $IULFD PRELOH SKRQHV ZHUH WKH
PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG ,&7 IRU FRPPXQLFDWLQJ ZLWK
FOLHQWVDQGIRURUGHULQJVXSSOLHV6PDOODQGPHGLXP
VL]HG HQWHUSULVHV 60(V WKDW H[SRUW DJULFXOWXUDO
SURGXFWVUHFHLYHGDLO\SULFHTXRWHVDQGDUHDOHUWHGWR
EXVLQHVV RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKURXJK WKHLU PRELOH SKRQHV
0FRPPHUFH WKH EX\LQJ DQG VHOOLQJ RI JRRGV DQG
VHUYLFHV XVLQJ ZLUHOHVV KDQGKHOG GHYLFHV RI GLJLWDO
SURGXFWV VXFK DV PRELOH FRQWHQW LV VWDUWLQJ LQ PRVW
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGLVH[SHFWHGWRJURZ3D\PHQWV
DQGEDQNLQJE\PHDQVRI PRELOHSKRQHVDUHOLNHO\WR
SURPRWH WKH JURZWK RI PFRPPHUFH SURYLGHG WKDW
WKHUHLVDQHQDEOLQJUHJXODWRU\HQYLURQPHQW
7KH ,QWHUQHW KDV FRQWLQXHG JURZLQJ ZRUOGZLGH LQ
WHUPV RI XVHUV DQG SHQHWUDWLRQ $OWKRXJK GHYHORSHG
HFRQRPLHV VWLOO DFFRXQW IRU WKH PDMRULW\ RI ,QWHUQHW
XVHUV DQG KDYH WKH KLJKHVW ,QWHUQHW SHQHWUDWLRQ
GHYHORSLQJHFRQRPLHVDUHVORZO\FDWFKLQJXS:KLOHLQ
,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQLQGHYHORSHGHFRQRPLHVZDV
WHQWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQLQGHYHORSLQJHFRQRPLHVLQ
LW ZDV VL[ WLPHV KLJKHU &RXQWULHV ZLWK HFRQRPLHV LQ
WUDQVLWLRQKDGWKHKLJKHVWDQQXDO,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQ
JURZWK UDWHV EHWZHHQ DQG 6HYHUDO
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWU\ *RYHUQPHQWV DUH WDNLQJ VWHSV WR
LPSURYH,QWHUQHWSHQHWUDWLRQWKURXJKDFRPELQDWLRQ
of ICT for development policies to improve ICT access
DQGVNLOOVUHJXODWRU\UHIRUPVWRLQFUHDVHWKHRIIHURI VHUYLFHVDQGFRPSHWLWLRQDQGIRVWHULQJLQYHVWPHQWVLQ
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGLQWKH,&7VHFWRU,QWHUQHWDFFHVVE\
HQWHUSULVHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVFRQWLQXHVWRJURZ
DVGRHVWKHQXPEHURI HPSOR\HHVXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHW
LQ WKHLU GDLO\ ZRUN 7KH QXPEHU RI HQWHUSULVHV ZLWK
ZHEVLWHVLVDOVRVORZO\LQFUHDVLQJ7KHDGRSWLRQRI ,&7
E\HQWHUSULVHVJRHVKDQGLQKDQGZLWKWKHLQYHVWPHQWV
WKH\PDNHLQ,&7DQGLWLVWKHODUJHUHQWHUSULVHVWKDW
LQYHVWPRUHRIWHQ
While available data show that the number of
EURDGEDQG VXEVFULEHUV KDV JURZQ UDSLGO\ ZRUOGZLGH
developed countries still dominate subscriptions,
DQG WKH JDS EHWZHHQ WKRVH FRXQWULHV DQG GHYHORSLQJ
countries in terms of penetration has widened since
%URDGEDQGDFFHVVWRWKH,QWHUQHWFDQHQDEOHRU
enhance the adoption of certain applications that have
DQLPSDFWRQHQWHUSULVHSURGXFWLYLW\DQGWKHWHFKQRORJ\
LVFKDQJLQJIDVWHYHULQFUHDVLQJDFFHVVVSHHGV$PRUH
FRPSHWLWLYH HQYLURQPHQW EURXJKW DERXW EURDGEDQG
JURZWK LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV ZKLOH FRQWLQXRXV
LPSURYHPHQWV DQG GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ LQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
FRQWULEXWHGWRLQFUHDVLQJWKHEDQGZLGWK,QGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVKRZHYHUGLIIHUHQWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGPDUNHW
conditions resulted in price policies that still hindered
WKH ZLGHU DGRSWLRQ RI EURDGEDQG $OWKRXJK GDWD RQ
EURDGEDQG DGRSWLRQ E\ HQWHUSULVHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ
countries are still scarce, there is some indication that
LWLVJURZLQJ
The use of ICT for business processes can also
FRQWULEXWHWRLQFRPHJHQHUDWLRQDQGLQFUHDVHGODERXU
SURGXFWLYLW\,&7FDQUHGXFHWKHFRVWRI WUDQVDFWLRQV
DQGLQFUHDVHPDUNHWDFFHVV+RZHYHUZLGHUDGRSWLRQRI ,&7VE\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\HQWHUSULVHVLVVWLOOOLPLWHG
E\DODFNRI DZDUHQHVVRI WKHSRWHQWLDOEHQHÀWVRI ,&7
XVHDQGE\LQYHVWPHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQFRVWV)HZ
HQWHUSULVHVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVKDYHDQLQWUDQHWRU
H[WUDQHW ZKLFK DUH RIWHQ WKH ÀUVW VWHSV WRZDUGV WKH
DXWRPDWHG LQWHJUDWLRQ RI EXVLQHVV SURFHVVHV ² WKDW
LV DXWRPDWLF OLQNLQJ EHWZHHQ FRPSXWHU V\VWHPV WR
PDQDJHRUGHUVWKDWKDYHEHHQSODFHGRUUHFHLYHGDQG
RWKHULQWHUQDOV\VWHPVUHRUGHULQJRI VXSSOLHVLQYRLFLQJ
DQGSD\PHQWDQGPDQDJHPHQWRI SURGXFWLRQORJLVWLFV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
OVERVIEW
RU VHUYLFH RSHUDWLRQV 2Q DYHUDJH SHU FHQW RI (XURSHDQ HQWHUSULVHV KDYH DXWRPDWHG LQWHJUDWLRQ
RI LQWHUQDOEXVLQHVVSURFHVVHV7KLVÀJXUHFDQQRWEH
GHWHUPLQHGDWSUHVHQWIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
7KHUH DUH KRZHYHU HQFRXUDJLQJ VLJQV WKDW VRPH
HQWHUSULVHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DUH UHDOL]LQJ
WKH EHQHÀWV RI ,&7 DGRSWLRQ ,Q VRPH FDVHV
*RYHUQPHQWVFDQKHOSE\HQFRXUDJLQJHQWHUSULVHV·XVH
xxvii
RI HJRYHUQPHQWVHUYLFHVWRLPSURYHWKHHIÀFLHQF\RI WKHLURSHUDWLRQV7KH*RYHUQPHQWRI WKH5HSXEOLFRI .RUHDIRUH[DPSOHSURYLGHVÀUPVZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQ
RQH[SRUWLPSRUWORJLVWLFVDQG&XVWRPVDQGRIIHUVDQ
electronic documentation service for private companies
WKDW KDYH D KLJK OHYHO RI GRFXPHQW H[FKDQJHV ZLWK
WKH *RYHUQPHQW ,Q ,QGLD WKH JRYHUQPHQW RI :HVW
%HQJDOLVODXQFKLQJDQHOHFWURQLFWUDGLQJSURJUDPPH
IRUDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV
2. The ICT-producing sector and the emerging South
7KH,&7VHFWRULVDG\QDPLFDQGIDVWFKDQJLQJPDUNHW
ZLWK DQ LPSRUWDQW JURZWK SRWHQWLDO LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV$VDNH\WHFKQRORJ\SURGXFHULWFRQWULEXWHV
WR WRWDO IDFWRU SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG *'3 JURZWK DQG
can play an important role in the development of a
FRPSHWLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ HFRQRP\ LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV 7KH VWURQJ JURZWK LQ ,&7 SURGXFWLRQ
WUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW REVHUYHG VLQFH WKH PLGV
has continued over the past few years, in particular in
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DQG FRXQWULHV ZLWK HFRQRPLHV
LQ WUDQVLWLRQ ZKHUH ,&7 VHFWRU VXSSO\ DQG PDUNHWV
KDYH JURZQ PXFK IDVWHU WKDQ LQ PHPEHU FRXQWULHV
RI WKH2UJDQLVDWLRQIRU(FRQRPLF&RRSHUDWLRQDQG
'HYHORSPHQW 2(&' 7KHVH VKLIWVIURP GHYHORSHG
WRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHOLNHO\WRFRQWLQXHDQGWKH
,&7VHFWRUZLOOWKHUHIRUHSOD\DQLQFUHDVLQJUROHLQWKH
HPHUJLQJ6RXWK6RXWKWUDGH
ICT sector value added as a share of total business
VHFWRU YDOXH DGGHG FRQWLQXHV WR LQFUHDVH JOREDOO\
ICT services account for more than two thirds of
,&7VHFWRUYDOXHDGGHGLQWKH2(&'FRXQWULHVZLWK
JURZWK VHFWRUV EHLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLRQV VHUYLFHV DQG
VRIWZDUHVHUYLFHV%HWZHHQDQGLQWKH(8
FRXQWULHV KLJK ,&7VHFWRU YDOXHDGGHG VKDUHV ZHUH
VHHQ LQ )LQODQG DQG WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP ZKHUHDV
VKDUHVZHUHIDOOLQJLQ,UHODQGDQG$XVWULD2QWKHRWKHU
KDQG QHZ (8 PHPEHU FRXQWULHV VXFK DV +XQJDU\
6ORYDNLD5RPDQLDDQG(VWRQLDKDYHLQFUHDVLQJVKDUHV
RI ,&7 VHFWRU YDOXH DGGHG $PRQJ WKH GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV ,&7 VHFWRU YDOXHDGGHG VKDUH LV VWLOO VPDOO
ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI VRPH$VLDQFRXQWULHV*URZLQJ
shares can be observed in some smaller economies,
VXFKDV0DXULWLXVDQG&XED
(PSOR\PHQWLQWKH,&7VHFWRULVDOVRLQFUHDVLQJ7KH
VKDUH RI WKH ,&7 VHFWRU ZRUNIRUFH LQ WRWDO EXVLQHVV
VHFWRUZRUNIRUFHLVKLJKHVWLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI .RUHD
DFFRXQWLQJIRUPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWLQ$VLQ
WKH FDVH RI ,&7 VHFWRU YDOXH DGGHG ,&7 ZRUNIRUFH
VKDUHVDUHLQFUHDVLQJLQ(8FRXQWULHVVXFKDV)LQODQG
DQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPEXWDUHGHFUHDVLQJLQRWKHUV
IRU H[DPSOH ,UHODQG 6ZHGHQ DQG WKH 1HWKHUODQGV
$YDLODEOH ÀJXUHV IURP GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV SRLQW WR
VPDOOEXWLQFUHDVLQJVKDUHVLQFRXQWULHVVXFKDV(J\SW
,QGLDWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG6UL/DQND
7KHSDVWGHFDGHKDVZLWQHVVHGVWURQJJURZWKLQ,&7
UHODWHGWUDGHÁRZVDQGIXOOUHFRYHU\IURPWKHFULVLVLQ
ZLWKJURZWKUDWHVIRUWUDGHLQ,&7JRRGVHTXDO
WR WKRVH LQ RYHUDOO PDQXIDFWXULQJ WUDGH DQG DERYH
WKHDYHUDJHJURZWKRI WUDGHLQ,&7VHUYLFHV,Q
H[SRUWVIURPGHYHORSLQJWRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVLH
6RXWK ² 6RXWK H[FHHGHG WKRVH IURP GHYHORSLQJ WR
GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHV7KHELOOLRQYDOXHRI 6RXWK
²6RXWKWUDGHLQ,&7JRRGVDOPRVWHTXDOOHGWKH
ELOOLRQ YDOXH RI 1RUWK ² 1RUWK WUDGH DQG LV OLNHO\
WRKDYHH[FHHGHGLWLQJLYHQWKHVWURQJJURZWK
RI 6RXWK²6RXWK,&7WUDGHDQGWKHUHODWLYHO\ZHDNHU
JURZWK RI 1RUWK ² 1RUWK WUDGH 7KLV FRQÀUPV WKH
LQFUHDVLQJ LPSRUWDQFH RI WUDGH DPRQJ GHYHORSLQJ
countries, and the overall shift of ICT production
DQG WUDGH IURP GHYHORSHG WR GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
,W DOVR GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH JURZWK RI WKH ,&7 PDUNHW
LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV ZKHUH WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU ,&7
XSWDNHLVFRQVLGHUDEOHDQGKHQFHWKHGHPDQGIRU,&7
JRRGV LV KLJK $OWKRXJK WKH GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG ,&7
PDUNHW LV FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ D IHZ $VLDQ HFRQRPLHV D
QXPEHU RI VPDOO HFRQRPLHV LQFOXGLQJ VRPH OHDVW
GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVKDYHVXFFHHGHGLQEXLOGLQJVRPH
FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKHLU VKDUHV RI H[SRUWVRI ,&7JRRGVDQGVHUYLFHV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xxviii
OVERVIEW
([SRUWV RI ,&7HQDEOHG VHUYLFHV JUHZ IDVWHU WKDQ
WRWDOVHUYLFHVH[SRUWVGXULQJWKHSHULRG²,Q
WKHWULOOLRQYDOXHRI ,&7HQDEOHGVHUYLFHV
UHSUHVHQWHG DERXW SHU FHQW RI WRWDO VHUYLFHV
H[SRUWVFRPSDUHGZLWKRQO\SHUFHQWLQ7KLV
KDV FUHDWHG QHZ H[SRUW RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV8SXQWLOWKHWRSH[SRUWHUVRI ,&7
enabled services were all from developed countries, but
LQ,QGLDMRLQHGWKHLUUDQNVDVWKHÀUVWGHYHORSLQJ
HFRQRP\&RPSXWHUDQGLQIRUPDWLRQVHUYLFHVH[SRUWV
JUHZVL[WLPHVIDVWHUWKDQWRWDOVHUYLFHVH[SRUWVEHWZHHQ
DQGDQGWKHVKDUHRI GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
LQWKLVH[SRUWVHFWRULQFUHDVHGIURPSHUFHQWLQ
WRSHUFHQWLQ
)RUHLJQ GLUHFW LQYHVWPHQW )', LQ WKH ,&7 VHFWRU LV
JURZLQJ VWURQJO\ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ ,&7 PDQXIDFWXULQJ
DQG VHUYLFHV ZLWK GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LQFUHDVLQJO\
EHFRPLQJ D GHVWLQDWLRQ IRU )', ÁRZV :KLOH PRVW
RI WKRVH ÁRZV DUH GLUHFWHG WRZDUGV $VLDQ HPHUJLQJ
HFRQRPLHV WKH\ UHSUHVHQW ODUJHU VKDUHV RI *'3 LQ
VPDOOHUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV6RXWK$VLD(DVW$VLDDQG
6RXWK(DVW$VLDDUHWKHPDLQPDJQHWIRU)',LQÁRZV
LQWRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZKLFKUHDFKHGELOOLRQ
LQ UHSUHVHQWLQJ SHU FHQW RI ZRUOG LQÁRZV
0DQXIDFWXULQJ )', KDV EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ DWWUDFWHG
WR6RXWK(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDDOWKRXJKVSHFLÀF
ORFDWLRQV KDYH FKDQJHG DV FRXQWULHV KDYH PRYHG XS
WKH YDOXH FKDLQ ,W KDV LQFOXGHG ODUJH LQÁRZV LQWR
WKH HOHFWURQLFV LQGXVWU\ ,Q SDUWLFXODU 6RXWK ² 6RXWK
LQYHVWPHQW LQÁRZV LQWR WKH WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
VHFWRU DUH LQFUHDVLQJ GULYHQ E\ ODUJH WUDQVQDWLRQDO
FRUSRUDWLRQV IURP VXFK FRXQWULHV DV 6RXWK $IULFD
0DOD\VLDDQG0H[LFR
&KLQDDQG,QGLDDUHWKHZRUOG·VODUJHVWSOD\HUVLQWKH
H[SRUW RI ,&7 JRRGV DQG VHUYLFHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH
VWURQJJURZWKRI WKH,&7VHFWRUKDVSOD\HGDFULWLFDO
UROHLQWKHH[SDQVLRQRI WKHWZRHFRQRPLHV&KLQDKDV
RYHUWDNHQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDVWKHZRUOG·VQXPEHURQH
SURGXFHUDQGH[SRUWHURI ,&7JRRGVLQ,QGLDLV
WKHZRUOG·VODUJHVWH[SRUWHURI ,&7VHUYLFHVDQG,&7
enabled services and the main supplier for business
SURFHVV RXWVRXUFLQJ %32 )RUHLJQ LQYHVWPHQW DQG
LQWHUQDWLRQDO VRXUFLQJ SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ WKH
HFRQRPLFJURZWKRI &KLQDDQG,QGLD,QWKHQH[WIHZ
years, not only will China and India continue to be
PDMRU UHFLSLHQWV RI )', DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO VRXUFLQJ
EXWDOVRLQWHUQDWLRQDOVRXUFLQJE\WKRVHWZRFRXQWULHV
WRRWKHUORFDWLRQVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZLOOLQFUHDVH
%RWK FRXQWULHV DUH LQ WKH SURFHVV RI VKLIWLQJ IURP
ODERXULQWHQVLYH WR NQRZOHGJHLQWHQVLYH JRRGV DQG
VHUYLFHV,WLVWREHH[SHFWHGWKDWWKH\ZLOOGHYHORSKXJH
GRPHVWLFPDUNHWVDQGDVDUHVXOWIRUHLJQWUDGHLVOLNHO\
to become relatively less important than in smaller
HFRQRPLHV7KHWZRFRXQWULHVZLOOJHQHUDWHDODUJHSRRO
RI NQRZOHGJHDVZHOODVGHYHORSLQJQHZWHFKQRORJLHV
DQGZLOOWKHUHIRUHIXUWKHUFRQWULEXWHWRJOREDOVKLIWVLQ
,&7SURGXFWLRQWUDGHDQGHPSOR\PHQW
7KH WUHQG REVHUYHG LQ WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VSUHDGLQJ
RI SURGXFWLRQ RI ,&7 JRRGV DQG VHUYLFHV ZLOO PRVW
OLNHO\ FRQWLQXH ZLWK D KXJH SRWHQWLDO IRU GHYHORSLQJ
countries to host this production, while the impact
on employment in ICT sector in developed countries
LV LQVLJQLÀFDQW RYHUDOO DOWKRXJK PRUH SURQRXQFHG
LQ VRPH ORZHUVNLOOHG VHFWRUV $W WKH VDPH WLPH
FRPSHWLWLRQ ZLOO LQFUHDVH DQG FRXQWULHV ZLVKLQJ WR
DWWUDFW)',DQG%32FRQWUDFWVZLOOQHHGWRLQYHVWPRUH
LQWKHLUGRPHVWLFODERXUVNLOOVDQGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGLPSURYHWKHLULQYHVWPHQWFOLPDWH
*RYHUQPHQW SROLF\ FDQ EH LQVWUXPHQWDO LQ WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH ,&7 VHFWRU ,Q SDUWLFXODU LQ WKH
area of telecommunications infrastructure and services,
JRYHUQPHQWSROLF\FDQFRQWULEXWHWRFUHDWLQJDPRUH
FRPSHWLWLYH PDUNHW ZLWK D YLHZ WR ORZHULQJ SULFHV
DQG LPSURYLQJ WKH TXDOLW\ RI VHUYLFHV *RYHUQPHQWV
FDQ DOVR VWUHQJWKHQ WHFKQLFDO HGXFDWLRQ DQG WUDLQLQJ
LQ RUGHU WR FUHDWH D KLJKVNLOOHG ZRUNIRUFH IRU WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ ,7 LQGXVWU\ DQG SURYLGH D
VWDEOHUHJXODWRU\DQGHQDEOLQJHQYLURQPHQWWRDWWUDFW
%32FRQWUDFWVDQGSURPRWHFDOOFHQWUHV&UHDWLQJDQ
LQYHVWPHQWIULHQGO\HQYLURQPHQWLVDOVRFULWLFDOLQWKLV
SURFHVV
$W WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHO WKH :72 LQWHUQDWLRQDO
WHFKQRORJ\ DJUHHPHQW KDV FRQWULEXWHG WR IDFLOLWDWLQJ
WUDGH LQ ,&7 JRRGV SHU FHQW RI ZKLFK DUH QRZ
LPSRUWHG GXW\IUHH $ UHYLVLRQ RI WKH DJUHHPHQW
WR KDUPRQL]H WKH SURGXFW FRYHUDJH RQ WKH EDVLV
RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO FODVVLÀFDWLRQV DQG WR WDNH LQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WKH IDVWFKDQJLQJ QDWXUH RI WKH ,&7
PDUNHW VKRXOG IXOO\ DVVHVV WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHOHDVWGHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
OVERVIEW
xxix
3. Measuring the impact of ICT on production efficiency
7KHSRVLWLYHPDFURHFRQRPLFLPSDFWRI ,&7RQ*'3
JURZWKLQWKHFDVHRI GHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVKDVEHHQZHOO
GHPRQVWUDWHGDQGUHVHDUFKHG7KHUHDUHKRZHYHURQO\
DIHZVWXGLHVIRUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVEXWWKH\FRQÀUP
WKDWLQUHFHQW\HDUVWKRVHFRXQWULHVKDYHEHQHÀWHGIURP
D SRVLWLYH FRQWULEXWLRQ E\ ,&7 LQYHVWPHQW WR *'3
JURZWK7KLVSRVLWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQFRPHVPRVWO\IURP
WKH,&7SURGXFWLRQVHFWRUDOWKRXJKWKHUROHRI ,&7XVH
E\HQWHUSULVHVLQLQFUHDVLQJODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\LVDOVR
UHFRJQL]HG *DLQV IRU ODERXU SURGXFWLYLW\ IURP ,&7
GHULYH IURP WZR SULQFLSDO VRXUFHV FDSLWDOGHHSHQLQJ
WKURXJKLQYHVWPHQWLQ,&7DQGWHFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVV
LQ WKH ,&7SURGXFLQJ LQGXVWU\ ,Q FRXQWULHV ZLWK D
low level of ICT use, the effect of ICT investment on
*'3JURZWKUHPDLQHGVLPLODUO\ORZ
$WWKHÀUPOHYHODQXPEHURI VWXGLHVXVLQJGHYHORSHG
FRXQWU\VWDWLVWLFDOGDWDPHDVXUHWKHHIIHFWRI VSHFLÀF
,&7VRQEXVLQHVVSURGXFWLYLW\7KHPDJQLWXGHRI WKLV
HIIHFWGHSHQGVYHU\PXFKRQWKHEXVLQHVVHQYLURQPHQW
)RUH[DPSOHDSHUFHQWKLJKHUVKDUHRI HPSOR\HHV
XVLQJFRPSXWHUVZDVIRXQGWRJHQHUDWHDQGSHU
FHQWPRUHODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\LQ)LQQLVKPDQXIDFWXULQJ
ÀUPVDQGVHUYLFHVÀUPVUHVSHFWLYHO\ZKLOHLQ6ZHGHQWKH
HVWLPDWHGHIIHFWZDVSHUFHQWIRUDPL[HGVDPSOHRI EXVLQHVVHV$GGLWLRQDOO\WRWDOIDFWRUSURGXFWLYLW\JDLQV
IURPFRPSXWHUFDSLWDOEHFRPHVLJQLÀFDQWRQO\DIWHUD
VHULHVRI RUJDQL]DWLRQDOFKDQJHVDQGUHVWUXFWXULQJRI WKHEXVLQHVVSURFHVV(VWLPDWHVVKRZWKDWIDFWRUVVXFK
DV ÀUP DJH IRUHLJQ RZQHUVKLS RU LQGXVWU\ DIÀOLDWLRQ
KDYHDQLQÁXHQFHRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ,&7DQG
ODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\
7KH 7KDL 1DWLRQDO 6WDWLVWLFDO 2IÀFH DQG 81&7$'
KDYH FRQGXFWHG D MRLQW UHVHDUFK SURMHFW WR DVVHVV
WKH OLQN EHWZHHQ ,&7 XVH DQG ODERXU SURGXFWLYLW\
LQ 7KDL PDQXIDFWXULQJ ÀUPV 7KH VWXG\ LV SDUW RI D
EURDGHUJOREDOLQLWLDWLYHWRLPSURYH,&7PHDVXUHPHQW
DQGWKHTXDOLW\RI GDWDRQ,&7XSWDNHSURPRWHGE\
81&7$'WKURXJKWKH3DUWQHUVKLSRQ0HDVXULQJ,&7
IRU'HYHORSPHQWDQGLVWKHÀUVWGHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\
DQDO\VLV XQGHUWDNHQ LQ WKLV FRQWH[W RQ WKH LPSDFW RI ,&7RQODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\DWWKHÀUPOHYHO
1
7KH VWXG\ FRQÀUPV WKDW WKH XVH RI ,&7 E\ 7KDL
HQWHUSULVHVLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVLJQLÀFDQWO\KLJKHUVDOHV
SHU HPSOR\HH 8QOLNH VLPLODU VWXGLHV RQ GHYHORSHG
FRXQWU\ ÀUPV WKLV VWXG\ UHYHDOV WKDW LQ 7KDLODQG WKH
use of basic ICTs such as computers still accounts
IRUODUJHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUPVRI SURGXFWLYLW\EHWZHHQ
HQWHUSULVHV :KLOH LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV FRPSXWHU
penetration rates are close to saturation levels, in some
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVWKHVKDUHRI ÀUPVXVLQJDWOHDVW
RQH FRPSXWHU UHPDLQHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ ORZHU SHU
FHQWLQPDQXIDFWXULQJLQ7KDLODQGLQ
$OVR YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI FRPSXWHU XVH
LQ 7KDLODQG ZHUH UHÁHFWHG LQ ODUJHU SURGXFWLYLW\
GLIIHUHQWLDOVEHWZHHQÀUPV$SHUFHQWLQFUHDVHLQ
WKHVKDUHRI HPSOR\HHVXVLQJFRPSXWHUVZDVDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKSHUFHQWKLJKHUODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\FRPSDUHG
ZLWKSHUFHQWLQWKHFDVHRI )LQQLVKÀUPV2QWKH
other hand, Internet access and website presence were
IRXQGWREHFRUUHODWHGZLWKKLJKHUVDOHVSHUHPSOR\HH
LQ7KDLODQGZLWKDFRHIÀFLHQWVLPLODUWRWKDWHVWLPDWHG
E\RWKHUVWXGLHVLQGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVEHWZHHQDQG
SHUFHQWLQ7KDLODQGIURPWKH,QWHUQHWDQGSHUFHQW
LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVIURPFRPSXWHUQHWZRUNV
7KH 7KDL H[DPSOH FRQÀUPV WKH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVFDQEHQHÀWDVPXFKDVGHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHVIURPWKHXVHRI ,&70RUHRYHUUHVXOWVVKRZ
WKDWHYHQWKHXVHRI ,&7VVXFKDVFRPSXWHUVFDQPDNH
a substantial and positive difference to the economic
SHUIRUPDQFHRI GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV·ÀUPV
*LYHQ WKH SRVLWLYH LPSDFW RI ,&7 RQ SURGXFWLYLW\
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV VKRXOG HQFRXUDJH WKH XVH RI ,&7RQDZLGHUVFDOH)RUWKDWSXUSRVHLWLVQHFHVVDU\
WR JDWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRQVWDQWO\ PRQLWRU WKH
evolution of ICT use in order to assess the impact of
,&7RQHFRQRPLFJURZWK)XUWKHUDQDO\VLVLVQHHGHGWR
identify the complementary factors that lead to superior
SURGXFWLYLW\ JDLQV IURP ,&7 LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWU\
ÀUPV ,Q DGGLWLRQ ,&7 SROLF\PDNHUV VKRXOG HQVXUH
that domestic businesses have access to information
about the best practices whereby ICT use can enhance
SURGXFWLRQHIÀFLHQF\
For more information see http://measuring-ict.unctad.org.
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xxx
OVERVIEW
4. ICT, e-business and innovation policies
7HFKQRORJLFDO SURJUHVV JHQHUDWHV SURGXFWLYLW\ JDLQV
WKURXJK SURGXFW RU EXVLQHVV SURFHVV LQQRYDWLRQ
+HQFH LW UHSUHVHQWV WKH PDLQ VRXUFH RI ORQJWHUP
LPSURYHPHQW LQ SHU FDSLWD LQFRPH ,&7 LV WKH
WHFKQRORJ\WKDWSRZHUHGWKHVWURQJZDYHRI LQQRYDWLRQ
WKDW WUDQVIRUPHG WKH JOREDO HFRQRP\ GXULQJ WKH ODVW
TXDUWHURI WKHWKFHQWXU\,QSDUWLFXODUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ
RI ,&7WRÀQDQFLDOPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGPDUNHWLQJDQG
distribution activities has helped enterprises to become
PRUHHIÀFLHQWWKURXJKSURFHVVLQQRYDWLRQVDQGLWKDV
UHVXOWHGLQWKHHPHUJHQFHRI HQWLUHO\QHZSURGXFWVRU
VHUYLFHV
(FRQRPLFJOREDOL]DWLRQKDVVLJQLÀFDQWO\LQFUHDVHGWKH
FRPSHWLWLYH SUHVVXUH RQ HQWHUSULVHV LQ PDQ\ VHFWRUV
7KLV FRPHV DV D UHVXOW RI DPRQJ RWKHU IDFWRUV WKH
HPHUJHQFHRI QHZORZHUFRVWSURGXFHUVIDVWFKDQJLQJ
GHPDQGSDWWHUQVLQFUHDVHGPDUNHWIUDJPHQWDWLRQDQG
VKRUWHQHGSURGXFWOLIHF\FOHV,QVXFKDQHQYLURQPHQW
SURGXFW DQGRU SURFHVV LQQRYDWLRQ EHFRPHV FUXFLDO
IRU WKH ORQJWHUP FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV DQG VXUYLYDO RI HQWHUSULVHV,QQRYDWLRQDOVRHQDEOHVWKHPWRFOLPEWKH
value ladder, a particularly important consideration for
WKHHQWHUSULVHVRI PDQ\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV$WWKH
VDPH WLPH WKH HQWHUSULVHV RI GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
SDUWLFXODUO\60(VIDFHVHULRXVGLIÀFXOWLHVLQEHQHÀWLQJ
IURP,&7OHGLQQRYDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHVLQFHUHVHDUFK
DQG GHYHORSPHQW 5'LQYROYHVKLJK À[HG FRVWV LW
LV D KLJKULVN DFWLYLW\ DQG LV VXEMHFW WR HFRQRPLHV RI VFRSHWKDWIDYRXUODUJHUÀUPV2WKHUJHQHUDOIHDWXUHV
RI 60(VVXFKDVJUHDWHUYXOQHUDELOLW\WRWKHHVVHQWLDOO\
XQSUHGLFWDEOHPDUNHWUHVSRQVHVWRLQQRYDWLYHDFWLYLW\
RUWKHJUHDWHUGLIÀFXOWLHVWKH\IDFHLQDFFHVVLQJÀQDQFLDO
DQG KXPDQ FDSLWDO SXW WKHP DW D GLVDGYDQWDJH ZLWK
UHJDUG WR HQJDJLQJ LQ LQQRYDWLYH DFWLYLWLHV :KHQ LW
FRPHVWR,&7EDVHGLQQRYDWLRQSROLF\PDNHUVQHHGWR
WDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHJHQHUDOGLIÀFXOWLHVHQFRXQWHUHG
E\ HQWHUSULVHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV SDUWLFXODUO\
in connection with access to ICT and its use by
HQWHUSULVHV
,&7 KDV SURIRXQGO\ FKDQJHG WKH WHFKQRHFRQRPLF
SDUDGLJP ZLWKLQ ZKLFK LQQRYDWLRQ WDNHV SODFH WRGD\
Whereas in the past innovation revolved around
concepts of mass production, economies of scale and
FRUSRUDWHGRPLQDWHG 5' LQ WKH ODVW WKUHH GHFDGHV
RI WKHWKFHQWXU\WKLVZDVUHSODFHGWRDODUJHH[WHQW
E\ DQ HPSKDVLV RQ HFRQRPLHV RI VFRSH H[SORLWLQJ
WKH EHQHÀWV RI LQWHUFRQQHFWHG ÁH[LEOH SURGXFWLRQ
IDFLOLWLHVDQGJUHDWHUÁH[LELOLW\DQGGHFHQWUDOL]DWLRQRI 5')OH[LELOLW\LQWHUFRQQHFWHGQHVVDQGFROODERUDWLRQ
rely on ICT, which also plays a fundamental role in
IDFLOLWDWLQJ UHVHDUFK GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ DQG FROODERUDWLYH
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFKHV
,&7 DOVR HQDEOHV IDVWHU FURVVERUGHU NQRZOHGJH
dissemination, particularly within transnational
FRUSRUDWLRQV EXW DOVR WKURXJK QHWZRUNLQJ DQG
SDUWQHULQJDPRQJVPDOOHUSOD\HUV%\LQYHVWLQJLQ,&7V
enterprises improve their capacity to combine disparate
WHFKQRORJLHVLQQHZDSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWQRW
RQO\ IURP WKH SRLQW RI YLHZ RI HQVXULQJ WKDW ÀUPV
DFKLHYH DQ DGHTXDWH VSUHDG RI LQWHUQDO WHFKQRORJLFDO
XQGHUWDNLQJVEXWDOVRIURPWKHSRLQWRI YLHZRI WKH
QHHGWRHQJDJHLQ5'SDUWQHUVKLSV,QWKDWUHJDUG
WKHPDMRUEHQHÀWRI DGRSWLQJ,&7VPD\QRWQHFHVVDULO\
GHULYHIURPWKHWHFKQRORJ\SHUVHEXWIURPLWVSRWHQWLDO
WRIDFLOLWDWHWHFKQRORJLFDOUHFRPELQDWLRQDQGFKDQJH
*RYHUQPHQW SROLFLHV DLPHG DW VXSSRUWLQJ ORQJWHUP
JURZWK QHHG WR UHFRJQL]H DQG H[SORLW WKH G\QDPLF
UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHXVHRI ,&7DQGLQQRYDWLRQ
$ JURZLQJ QXPEHU RI LQLWLDWLYHV DW DOO JRYHUQPHQWDO
OHYHOV QRZ DLP DW VXSSRUWLQJ ,&7GULYHQ LQQRYDWLRQ
7KHOLQNVEHWZHHQLQQRYDWLRQSROLFLHVDQGSROLFLHVWR
SURPRWHWKHXVHRI ,&7DQGHEXVLQHVVE\HQWHUSULVHV
DUH EHFRPLQJ VWURQJHU DQG LQ PDQ\ FRXQWULHV WKH\
DUH QRZ EHLQJ SODFHG ZLWKLQ WKH VDPH LQVWLWXWLRQDO
IUDPHZRUN DQG XQGHU WKH VDPH RYHUDOO SROLWLFDO
UHVSRQVLELOLW\ +RZHYHU HYHQ ZKHQ LQQRYDWLRQ DQG
policies related to the use of ICT by enterprises
VKDUH WKH VDPH LQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN WKH\ DUH
QRW QHFHVVDULO\ HQYLVLRQHG DV D VLQJOH VHW RI SROLF\
REMHFWLYHVZLWKDFRKHUHQWDUVHQDORI SROLF\LQVWUXPHQWV
WR DFKLHYH WKHP 7KH ERUGHU OLQHV DUH XQFHUWDLQ DQG
PLQLVWULHV DQG DJHQFLHV GHDOLQJ ZLWK PDWWHUV VXFK DV
LQGXVWU\60(VHGXFDWLRQDQGVFLHQWLÀFUHVHDUFKPD\
EHLQYROYHGDWYDULRXVOHYHOV$VGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
DGDSWWKHLUQDWLRQDOLQQRYDWLRQV\VWHPVWREHQHÀWIURP
the dynamic interplay between ICT use in economic
DFWLYLWLHVDQGLQQRYDWLRQOHGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVWKH\QHHG
WREHDZDUHRI DYDLODEOHH[SHULHQFHLQWKDWUHJDUGDQG
DGDSW WKH OHVVRQV IURP LW WR WKHLU VSHFLÀF QHHGV DQG
FRQFHUQV 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO LQVWLWXWLRQDO LVVXHV WR EH
DGGUHVVHGVXFKDVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI DGHYHORSPHQW
IULHQGO\ LQWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ UHJLPH DQG FRPSHWLWLRQ
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
OVERVIEW
policies, the reinforcement of education and research
V\VWHPVWKHFUHDWLRQRI SXEOLFNQRZOHGJHVWUXFWXUHV
the development of IT infrastructures, the creation of
DWUXVWHQYLURQPHQWIRU,&7XVHDQGZHOOIXQFWLRQLQJ
FDSLWDOPDUNHWV
%H\RQG WKRVH JHQHUDO LVVXHV GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
need to reinforce the complementarity between ICT
DQG LQQRYDWLRQ SROLFLHV $Q LPSRUWDQW FRQVLGHUDWLRQ
for them is to put in place instruments to support
,&7HQDEOHGLQQRYDWLRQDPRQJ60(V7KLVLQYROYHV
LGHQWLI\LQJWKHVSHFLÀFFRQWULEXWLRQWKDWHEXVLQHVVFDQ
PDNHWRWKHLULQQRYDWLRQDQGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVVWUDWHJLHV
ZKLFKLVQRWVRPHWKLQJWKDWFDQEHGRQHTXLFNO\RUDW
ORZFRVW%XWLWLVHVVHQWLDOIRU,&7HQDEOHGLQQRYDWLRQ
SROLFLHV WR VXFFHHG DPRQJ WKH 60(V WKDW WKH ODWWHU
XQGHUVWDQG WKH ORQJWHUP FRPSHWLWLYH LPSOLFDWLRQV
RI ,&7 DGRSWLRQ DQG ZKDW VNLOOV WKH\ QHHG WR HTXLS
WKHPVHOYHVZLWKLI WKH\ZLVKWREHDEOHWRHQJDJHLQ
SURFHVVLQQRYDWLRQDQG²SUREDEO\LQDVHFRQGVWDJH
²SURGXFWLQQRYDWLRQ
3ROLFLHVVKRXOGDLPDWKHOSLQJ60(VLQWHJUDWH,&7DQG
HEXVLQHVV FRQVLGHUDWLRQV DV D IXQGDPHQWDO HOHPHQW
RI WKHLU HQWHUSULVH GHYHORSPHQW SODQV 7R WKDW HQG
LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR VSHDN WR HQWHUSULVHV LQ D ODQJXDJH
WKH\ XQGHUVWDQG QDPHO\ WKH ÀQDQFLDO SHUIRUPDQFH
EHQFKPDUNV WKDW WKH\ DUH XVHG WR :KHQ 60(V FDQ
PDNH D FOHDU FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHLU SHUIRUPDQFH
EHQFKPDUNV DJDLQVW WKRVH RI WKHLU FRPSHWLWRUV DQG
WKHLU UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQ LQ WHUPV RI ,&7 HEXVLQHVV
use and innovation, the vital importance of ICT
xxxi
LQWHJUDWLRQLQWKHLUEXVLQHVVZLOOEHFRPHHYLGHQW7KLV
FDOOV IRU DGHTXDWH RXWUHDFK VWUDWHJLHV ,W DOVR PHDQV
WKDW SROLFLHV VKRXOG EH LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWK VXIÀFLHQW
FRQWLQXLW\ DQG EH VROLGO\ LQWHJUDWHG LQWR VHFWRUDO
DSSURDFKHV3ROLFLHVVKRXOGIDFLOLWDWHWKHHPHUJHQFHRI ,&7HQDEOHGDOOLDQFHVDQGQHWZRUNVIRU5'(TXDOO\
LPSRUWDQW IURP WKH GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWU\ SHUVSHFWLYH
LVWKHQHHGWRVXSSRUWRSHQXVHUFHQWUHGLQQRYDWLRQ
DSSURDFKHVGHYHORSPHQWIULHQGO\LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\
UHJLPHV DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ XVHIXO LQ WKDW UHJDUG DV LW LV
RIWHQREVHUYHGLQPDUNHWVZKHUHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\
UHJLPHV DUH ZHDN WKDW RSHQ DFFHVV PRGHOV DUH PRUH
OLNHO\WRH[SDQG
$QLPSRUWDQWOHVVRQIRUFRXQWULHVWKDWDUHFRQVLGHULQJ
SXWWLQJLQSODFHVXSSRUWSURJUDPPHVLQWKLVÀHOGLVWKDW
for initiatives to succeed they need to remain in place
IRUDUHDVRQDEOHSHULRGRI WLPH7KHYDOXHRI DQ\VHW
RI ,&7LQQRYDWLRQVXSSRUWPHDVXUHVFDQEHMXGJHGRQ
a rational basis only once an impact measurement has
EHHQXQGHUWDNHQDQGWKLVWDNHVWLPH+RZHYHULWLVQRW
XQFRPPRQWRVHHSURJUDPPHVLQWKDWÀHOGWHUPLQDWHG
EHIRUHWKHLUHIIHFWVRQHQWHUSULVHVFDQEHDVVHVVHG7KLV
PDNHV LW GLIÀFXOW WR UHSOLFDWH DQG VFDOH XS VXFFHVVIXO
initiatives and to accumulate and disseminate best
SUDFWLFH$WWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWSROLFLHV
DGDSWDQGFKDQJHLQUHVSRQVHWRSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFH
6WULNLQJWKHULJKWEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHQHHGIRUSROLF\
VWDELOLW\ DQG WKH QHHG IRU ÁH[LELOLW\ DQG HYROXWLRQ
UHTXLUHV PHFKDQLVPV WKDW DOORZ IHHGEDFN IURP HQG
XVHUV WR SROLF\PDNHUV DQG IUHTXHQW DQG PHDQLQJIXO
LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDOOVWDNHKROGHUV
5. E-banking and e-payments:
implications for developing and transition economies
%HLQJRQHRI WKHPRVWLQIRUPDWLRQLQWHQVLYHVHUYLFHV
ÀQDQFHLVDWWKHIRUHIURQWLQWKHXVHRI PRGHUQ,&7VDV
DPHDQVWRDFKLHYHHIÀFLHQF\JDLQVLQHYHU\VWHSRI WKH
ÀQDQFLDOVXSSO\FKDLQ,QWKHFDVHRI EDQNLQJ,QWHUQHW
EDQNLQJRUHEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVDUHEHFRPLQJRQH
RI WKHPDLQGHOLYHU\FKDQQHOVDVWKH\PDNHLWSRVVLEOH
WR GUDPDWLFDOO\ GHFUHDVH WKH XQLW FRVWV RI ÀQDQFLDO
RSHUDWLRQVDQGWRPDNHWKHODWWHUPXFKIDVWHUDQGLQ
PDQ\ FDVHV VDIHU &RQVHTXHQWO\ FRPPHUFLDO EDQNV
DQGRWKHUÀQDQFLDOVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVDUHLQFUHDVLQJWKH
VKDUH RI ,QWHUQHWEDVHG RSHUDWLRQV DQG VHUYLFHV DQG
DUHHVWDEOLVKLQJDFRQVWDQWDQGVXVWDLQDEOHUHODWLRQVKLS
ZLWKWKHLUFOLHQWVWKURXJKRQOLQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
,&7VKDYHWKXVDFFRPPRGDWHGWKHH[SORVLRQRI ODUJH
LQWHUQDWLRQDO ÀQDQFLDO WUDQVDFWLRQV PDLQO\ EHWZHHQ
EDQNV WKDQNV WR WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI QHZ RQOLQH
SD\PHQWV SURWRFROV DQG UHDOWLPH JURVV VHWWOHPHQW
V\VWHPV ,Q UHWDLO SD\PHQWV WUDIÀF DFWLYHO\ XVHG
electronic means of payments include payment cards,
DXWRPDWHG WHOOHU PDFKLQHV WHOHSKRQH EDQNLQJ DQG
PRELOHEDQNLQJPEDQNLQJRUPSD\PHQWV7KHODWWHU
FDQXVHWKH,QWHUQHW3URWRFRODQGRWKHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xxxii
OVERVIEW
protocols and are relatively more important in the
FRQWH[WRI GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
%DQNV DQG SD\PHQW FDUG SURYLGHUV UHPDLQ DW WKH
FRUHRI HEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWV$WWKHVDPHWLPH
UHODWLYHO\QHZSOD\HUVVXFKDVQRQEDQNPRQH\WUDQVIHU
RSHUDWRUV PRELOH SKRQH RSHUDWRUV DQG HSD\PHQW
WHFKQRORJ\ YHQGRUV DUH WU\LQJ WR GHYHORS QLFKHV RU
VSHFLDOYDOXHDGGHGRSHUDWLRQVYLDWKHPDLQSOD\HUVRU
WRPDNHYDULRXVFRRSHUDWLYHDUUDQJHPHQWVZLWKWKHP
,QQRYDWLYHHEDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVERWKFRUSRUDWH
and retail, proved to be less costly and more convenient
IRU FRPPHUFLDO EDQNV DQG WKHLU FOLHQWV LQFOXGLQJ
EXVLQHVVHV *RYHUQPHQWV DQG KRXVHKROGV 7KH\
HQFRXUDJHG IXUWKHU XVH RI EDQN PRQH\ DQG UHGXFHG
WKHUROHRI FDVKQRWHVDQGFRLQV+RZHYHU,QWHUQHW
EDQNLQJFUHDWHGDQRWKHUVHWRI VHFXULW\FKDOOHQJHVVXFK
DVWKHQHHGIRUSURWHFWLRQIURPHPHUJLQJF\EHUFULPH
&RQVHTXHQWO\IXUWKHULQQRYDWLRQVZHUHLQWURGXFHGWR
DOORZPRUHVHFXUHPHWKRGVRI HÀQDQFH7KHLQWHQVLYH
use of ICTs also facilitated the transformation of
WUDGLWLRQDO EDQNUHODWHG ORDQV LQWR VHFXULWLHV WKDW DUH
ÁRDWHGRQFDSLWDOPDUNHWV$VDUHVXOWEDQNV·DFWLYLWLHV
LQVHFXULWLHVWUDGLQJKDYHLQFUHDVHGZKLOHWKHLUUROHDV
GHSRVLWWDNLQJLQVWLWXWLRQVKDVEHFRPHOHVVLPSRUWDQW
LQFRPSDULVRQ
0DNLQJ HEDQNLQJ DQG HSD\PHQWV PRUH DIIRUGDEOH
IRU EDQNV DQG WKHLU FOLHQWVLQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHVLV
VWLOODPDMRUFKDOOHQJH)XUWKHUPRUHSURYLGLQJ60(V
PLFURHQWHUSULVHV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV D SURSRUWLRQ RI ZKRP DUH ´XQEDQNHGµ LH KDYH QR EDQN DFFRXQWV
ZLWKEHWWHUDFFHVVWRVLPSOHIRUPV RI HEDQNLQJDQG
HSD\PHQWVRUPSD\PHQWVLVDOVRDQLVVXHWKDWLVEHLQJ
DGGUHVVHGLQPDQ\GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
7KHÀQDQFLDOÁRZVEHWZHHQGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV WDNH SODFH PDLQO\ LQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI PDMRU RQOLQH LQWHUEDQN WUDQVIHU V\VWHPV :KLOH
those systems facilitate the transmission of the main
SULYDWHDQGSXEOLFÀQDQFLDOÁRZVVXFKDVEDQNFUHGLWV
)', SRUWIROLR LQYHVWPHQWV DQG RIÀFLDO GHYHORSPHQW
DVVLVWDQFH,&7VDUHQROHVVLPSRUWDQWIRUUHWDLORUVPDOO
YROXPHÀQDQFLDOWUDQVIHUVGHVWLQHGIRUKRXVHKROGVDQG
VPDOO EXVLQHVVHV 7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW RI VPDOOVFDOH
SULYDWH ÀQDQFLDO WUDQVIHUV DUH PLJUDQW UHPLWWDQFHV
WKHVHDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\UHO\LQJRQRQOLQHPRQH\WUDQVIHU
V\VWHPVZKLFKDUHFRVWVDYLQJIRUERWKRULJLQDWRUVDQG
HQGXVHUVRI WKRVHIXQGV
60(V DQG PLFURHQWHUSULVHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV
DUH VWLOO ODUJHO\ H[FOXGHG IURP IRUPDO ÀQDQFLDO
LQWHUPHGLDWLRQ 7KLV ORQJVWDQGLQJ LVVXH FRXOG EH
DGGUHVVHG E\ LQWURGXFLQJ HÀQDQFH WHFKQLTXHV )RU
H[DPSOH RQH RI WKH REVWDFOHV WR OHQGLQJ WR WKRVH
VPDOOVFDOHHQWHUSULVHVLVWKHODFNRI LQIRUPDWLRQDERXW
WKHLUFUHGLWULVNVDQGWKHKLJKFRVWLQYROYHGLQNHHSLQJ
FUHGLWULVNVRQUHFRUG%XLOGLQJXSDWPXFKORZHUXQLW
FRVWVRQOLQHGDWDEDVHVDQGVFRULQJV\VWHPVFRQFHUQLQJ
VPDOO FOLHQWV· FUHGLW ULVNV FDQ SURYLGH VROXWLRQV IRU
RYHUFRPLQJ WUDGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DV\PPHWU\
EDUULHUVWRWKHLUDFFHVVWRÀQDQFH,QWKDWUHVSHFWWKH
LQWURGXFWLRQ RI D EXVLQHVVIULHQGO\ DQG VWUHDPOLQHG
UHJXODWRU\ DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQW ZLOO KHOS
those enterprises move out of the informal sector and
VWDUW FUHDWLQJ WKHLU FUHGLW KLVWRULHV 7R SURYLGH FUHGLW
WR 60(V EDQNV ZLOO LQFUHDVLQJO\ QHHG HLWKHU WR UDWH
ERUURZHUV·FUHGLWULVNVLQWHUQDOO\RUWRUHO\RQH[WHUQDO
DFFHSWDEOHFUHGLWUDWLQJLQVWLWXWLRQV
(EDQNLQJDQGHSD\PHQWVKDYHDFKLHYHGTXLWHDKLJK
level of penetration in developed economies and in
D QXPEHU RI HPHUJLQJ RQHV +RZHYHU WKH\ DUH VWLOO
DW DQ HDUO\ VWDJH LQ WKH RYHUZKHOPLQJ PDMRULW\ RI GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGFRXQWULHVZLWKHFRQRPLHVLQ
WUDQVLWLRQ7RH[SORLWWKDWSRWHQWLDOWKHÀQDQFLDOVHFWRU
RI GHYHORSLQJDQGWUDQVLWLRQHFRQRPLHVZLOOQHHGWKH
FDSDFLW\ WR PRYH UDSLGO\ WRZDUGV PRGHUQ ,&7EDVHG
V\VWHPV
6. Mobile telephony for business connections for the poor
0RELOH WHOHSKRQ\ KDV EHFRPH WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW
PRGHRI WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
While Internet access has become a reality for many
businesses and public institutions, and for individuals
ZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRI HGXFDWLRQDQGLQFRPHIRUWKHYDVW
PDMRULW\RI ORZLQFRPHSRSXODWLRQVPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\
LV OLNHO\ WR EH WKH VROH WRRO FRQQHFWLQJ WKHP WR WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQVRFLHW\LQWKHVKRUWWRPHGLXPWHUP
0RELOH WHOHSKRQ\ KDV JURZQ UHPDUNDEO\ IDVW LQ
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGFRQWLQXHVWREHWKHRQO\,&7
XVHVHFWRUZKHUHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHFDWFKLQJXS
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
OVERVIEW
TXLFNO\RUKDYHLQVRPHZD\VHYHQRYHUWDNHQGHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHV 0RELOH FRQQHFWLYLW\ KDV D FOHDU DGYDQWDJH
RYHU À[HGOLQH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZKLFK IDFHV KLJK FRVWV
DQGGLIÀFXOWLHVLQFRQQHFWLQJUHPRWHDUHDV$VDUHVXOW
PRELOHSKRQHVXEVFULSWLRQVVLQFHKDYHGRXEOHG
JOREDOO\DQGTXDGUXSOHGLQ$IULFD+RZHYHUIRUPDQ\
GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQGUHJLRQVLPSURYLQJERWKUXUDO
SHQHWUDWLRQDQGDFFHVVLVDPRUHGDXQWLQJWDVNEHFDXVH
RI WKH ODFN RI FRPPHUFLDO GLVWULEXWLRQ FKDQQHOV WKH
ORZOHYHORI HGXFDWLRQDQGZLGHVSUHDGSRYHUW\
0RELOH WHOHSKRQ\ FDQ OHDG WR HFRQRPLF JURZWK LQ
VHYHUDOZD\V,QYHVWPHQWLQQHWZRUNLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG
related services creates direct and indirect employment
RSSRUWXQLWLHV 7KH XVH RI PRELOH WHOHSKRQ\ LQ WKH
conduct of business reduces the costs and increases
WKHVSHHGRI WUDQVDFWLRQV7KRVHHIIHFWVZLOOEHPRUH
SURQRXQFHGLQHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVWKDWKDYHDJUHDWHU
need for information or where added information
HQDEOHV LQFUHDVLQJ UHWXUQV WR VFDOH 7KH JURZLQJ
availability of mobile services and their constantly
GHFUHDVLQJ FRVW IXUWKHU LQFUHDVH WKH XVH RI PRELOH
SKRQHV LQ WKH EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLWLHV LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVHYHQLQWKHLQIRUPDOVHFWRU
0RELOH WHOHSKRQ\ VHUYLFHV DUH RIWHQ SURYLGHG RQ D
prepayment basis, which helps to avoid problems
RI QRQSD\PHQW 7KLV LV LPSRUWDQW LQ UHJLRQV ZKHUH
ODUJHJURXSVRI WKHSRSXODWLRQDUHSRRUDQGDUHWKXV
´XQEDQNDEOHµ 2QFH WKH QHWZRUN LV LQ SODFH WKHUH LV
QRZDLWLQJWLPHIRUQHZPRELOHVXEVFULSWLRQV,QPDQ\
countries prepaid services are used to provide mobile
xxxiii
public payphones, and this improves connectivity and
DFFHVVLELOLW\LQUXUDODUHDV
([DPSOHVRI LQQRYDWLYHDQGSURGXFWLYHXVHRI PRELOH
WHOHSKRQ\ LQ VPDOO EXVLQHVVHV DPRQJ WKH SRRU LQ
GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DERXQG 0RELOH WHOHSKRQ\
SURYLGHV PDUNHW LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU DQG LPSURYHV
WKH HDUQLQJV RI YDULRXV FRPPXQLWLHV VXFK DV WKH
ÀVKHUPHQ RI .HUDOD WKH IDUPHUV RI 5DMDVWKDQ WKH
UXUDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQ8JDQGDDQGWKHVPDOOYHQGRUVLQ
6RXWK$IULFD6HQHJDODQG.HQ\D
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\LVDG\QDPLFWHFKQRORJ\JURZLQJLQ
VRSKLVWLFDWLRQ6KRUWPHVVDJHVHUYLFHVKDYHLQWURGXFHG
VLPSOHZLUHOHVVWH[WDQGGDWDWUDQVIHUV0RELOHKDQGVHWV
KDYHQHZIXQFWLRQDOLWLHVVXFKDVGLJLWDOSKRWRJUDSK\
PXOWLPHGLD PHVVDJLQJ DQG RWKHU SURJUDPPHV DQG
utilities many of which were previously available only
RQ SHUVRQDO FRPSXWHUV ZLWK ,QWHUQHW FRQQHFWLRQV
0RELOHWHOHSKRQ\SURYLGHVDJDWHZD\WRGLJLWDOOLWHUDF\
)RUPDQ\LQGLYLGXDOVDQGFRPPXQLWLHVRQFHWKHLQLWLDO
hurdle of ICT acceptance has been overcome, the
DGRSWLRQRI VXEVHTXHQWKLJKHUOHYHOWHFKQRORJLHVPD\
EHOHVVLQWLPLGDWLQJ,QWKDWVHQVHPRELOHWHOHSKRQ\LV
WKHPRVWXVHIXO,&7WRROIRUORZLQFRPHSRSXODWLRQV
,QDGGLWLRQWRSROLFLHVWRHQFRXUDJHFRPSHWLWLRQZLWKD
YLHZWRUHGXFLQJFRVWVDQGLPSURYLQJWKHVHUYLFLQJRI PRELOH WHOHSKRQ\ *RYHUQPHQWV PD\ H[SORUH ORFDOO\
UHOHYDQWSROLFLHVWRH[WHQGPRELOHVHUYLFHVDQGQHWZRUNV
WRUHPRWHUXUDODUHDVDQGWRSRRUFRPPXQLWLHV
7. Promoting livelihoods through telecentres
Telecentres – that is, public facilities where people can
access ICTs, communicate with others and develop
GLJLWDO VNLOOV ² KDYH EHFRPH D NH\ SURJUDPPH DQG
SROLF\ LQVWUXPHQW WR H[WHQG WKH EHQHÀWV RI ,&7V WR
SRRUHUFRPPXQLWLHV7KH\FDQVXSSRUWWKHOLYHOLKRRGV
RU PHDQV RI OLYLQJ RI SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ SRYHUW\ E\
SURYLGLQJ DFFHVV WR NH\ LQIRUPDWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKH
GHYHORSPHQWRI WHFKQLFDODQGEXVLQHVVVNLOOVIDFLOLWDWLQJ
DFFHVVWRJRYHUQPHQWVHUYLFHVDQGÀQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHV
DQG VXSSRUWLQJ PLFURHQWUHSUHQHXUV )RU H[DPSOH
telecentres such as the rural information centres in
%DQJODGHVK DQG WKH 3DUWQHUVKLS IRU (SURVSHULW\ IRU
WKH 3RRU LQ ,QGRQHVLD DUH SURYLGLQJ IDUPHUV ZLWK
DFFHVVWRYDOXDEOHIDUPLQJNQRZOHGJHWRFRPEDWFURS
LQVHFWVDQGLPSURYHEUHHGLQJWHFKQLTXHV
7RXQGHUVWDQGKRZWHOHFHQWUHVDUHFXUUHQWO\VXSSRUWLQJ
OLYHOLKRRGV 81&7$' KDV VXUYH\HG D QXPEHU RI WHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV7KHVXUYH\DVVHVVHVZKDWVHUYLFHV
WHOHFHQWUHV DUH SURYLGLQJ ZKR EHQHÀWV IURP WKHP
DQG ZKDW DUH WKH NH\HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO
IDFWRUVLQÁXHQFLQJWKHDELOLW\RI WHOHFHQWUHVWRVXSSRUW
OLYHOLKRRGV7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWPRVWWHOHFHQWUHVDUH
FRQFHQWUDWLQJWKHLUHIIRUWVRQSURYLGLQJDFFHVVWR,&7V
DQGGHYHORSLQJEDVLF,&7VNLOOV,QOLQHZLWKWKHW\SH
of services offered, telecentres are primarily used for
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xxxiv
OVERVIEW
LQIRUPDWLRQDO DQG HGXFDWLRQDO SXUSRVHV +RZHYHU
ZLGHUDFFHVVWR,&7VDQGJHQHUDOWUDLQLQJLQ,&7VNLOOV
DUHQRWVXIÀFLHQWWRVXSSRUWWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRI SHRSOH
OLYLQJLQSRYHUW\)RULQVWDQFHIHZWHOHFHQWUHVSURYLGH
VSHFLÀFWUDLQLQJLQKRZWRXVH,&7VIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW
RI HFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLWLHVVXFKDVHEXVLQHVVWUDLQLQJ
RU WUDLQLQJ WR VXSSRUW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI EXVLQHVV
DQGRURFFXSDWLRQDOVNLOOV
7KHUH DUH VRPH JRRG H[DPSOHV RI KRZ WHOHFHQWUHV
SURYLGHDFFHVVWREXVLQHVVUHODWHGVHUYLFHVPRVWQRWDEO\
DFFHVV WR JRYHUQPHQW VHUYLFHV HPSOR\PHQWUHODWHG
LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ PRUH GHYHORSHG HFRQRPLHV VHFWRU
VSHFLÀF LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
+RZHYHUWKHUHLVOLPLWHGVXSSRUWIRUFUXFLDOEXVLQHVV
UHODWHGVHUYLFHVVXFKDVEDQNLQJRUDFFHVVWRÀQDQFH
$FFHVV WR UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG NQRZOHGJH LV
FUXFLDOIRUOLYHOLKRRGVDQGWHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNOHDGHUV
believe that improvements would be most valuable
LQ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI UHOHYDQW FRQWHQW
To facilitate access to content, some telecentres are
UHSDFNDJLQJLQIRUPDWLRQLQIRUPDWVDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHLU
LOOLWHUDWH FXVWRPHUV 2WKHU WHOHFHQWUHV DUH IDFLOLWDWLQJ
DFFHVV WR FRQWHQW WKURXJK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ORFDO
FRQWHQWDQGXVHUJHQHUDWHGFRQWHQWRUE\VXSSRUWLQJ
DFFHVVLELOLW\WKURXJKKHOSGHVNVDQGLQIRPHGLDULHV7KH
TXDOLW\ RI WKH JHQHUDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG WKH EURDGHU
economic and business conditions are two other
LPSRUWDQW H[WHUQDO IDFWRUV LQÁXHQFLQJ WHOHFHQWUHV
FDSDFLW\WRVXSSRUWOLYHOLKRRGV
4XHVWLRQQDLUHUHVSRQVHVVKRZWKDWLQVWLWXWLRQDOO\WKH
PDMRULW\ RI WHOHFHQWUH QHWZRUNV VXSSRUW HFRQRPLF
activities where possible, but this is not their main
REMHFWLYH 7HOHFHQWUH QHWZRUNV ZRUN ZLWK VRFLDO DQG
HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG WR D OHVVHU H[WHQW ZLWK
RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW SURPRWH HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV VXFK
DV SURIHVVLRQDO DVVRFLDWLRQV RU EXVLQHVV VXSSRUWLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH WKHUH LV VFRSH IRU ZRUNLQJ
ZLWK EXVLQHVVVXSSRUWLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQ RUGHU WR
IRULQVWDQFHVKDUHSURYLGHWUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHVDQG
EXVLQHVVUHODWHGVHUYLFHV
2QH HIÀFLHQW DSSURDFK WR VXSSRUW HFRQRPLF
opportunities is to embed the activities of telecentres in
H[LVWLQJHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHV)RUH[DPSOHH&KRXSDOLV
DFRPPRGLW\VHUYLFHVSURJUDPPHVXSSRUWLQJIDUPHUV
LQ,QGLDWKURXJKLQIRUPDWLRQNLRVNVWKDWSURYLGHUHDO
WLPH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ FRPPRGLW\ SULFHV FXVWRPL]HG
DJULFXOWXUDONQRZOHGJHDVXSSO\RI IDUPLQSXWVDQGD
GLUHFWPDUNHWLQJFKDQQHOIRUIDUPSURGXFH%HFDXVHWKH
QHWZRUNLVVWURQJO\HPEHGGHGLQDVSHFLÀFHFRQRPLF
activity, it enables its participants to derive economic
RSSRUWXQLWLHV+RZHYHUWKHGRZQVLGHLVWKDWWKRVHQRW
SDUWRI VXFKDFWLYLWLHVZLOOEHH[FOXGHG
$QRWKHUDSSURDFKWKDWVRPHWHOHFHQWUHVDUHVXFFHVVIXOO\
XVLQJ WR VXSSRUW OLYHOLKRRGV LV WR GHYHORS QLFKHV RI HFRQRPLF RSSRUWXQLWLHV )RU H[DPSOH D WHOHFHQWUH LQ
DQ LPSRYHULVKHG FRPPXQLW\ LQ 1XQDYXW &DQDGD
DV D UHVXOW RI LQFUHDVLQJ GHPDQG LV VXSSRUWLQJ WZR
VSHFLÀFVHFWRUVQDPHO\ÀOPSURGXFWLRQDQGVFLHQWLÀF
UHVHDUFK ,W DFTXLUHG ÀOPLQJ HTXLSPHQW WKURXJK
DGGLWLRQDO IXQGLQJ DQG LV SURYLGLQJ WUDLQLQJ LQ ÀOP
SURGXFWLRQ$VDUHVXOWÀOPFRPSDQLHVDUHLQWHUHVWHG
LQÀOPLQJLQWKLVFRPPXQLW\EHFDXVHRI WKHDYDLODELOLW\
RI WUDLQHGSHUVRQQHO7KHQHWZRUNKDVDOVRGHYHORSHG
D SURJUDPPH WR VXSSRUW UHVHDUFK ZRUN E\ RIIHULQJ
VHUYLFHV IRU YLVLWLQJ VFLHQWLÀF UHVHDUFKHUV LH UHQWLQJ
RI HTXLSPHQWDQGE\WUDLQLQJFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVLQ
EDVLFUHVHDUFKPHWKRGV
Telecentres can better support economic activities
ZKHQ SURYLGLQJ YDOXHDGGHG VHUYLFHV DQG QRW RQO\
FRQQHFWLYLW\ )RU LQVWDQFH WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI WUDLQLQJ
WRGHYHORSVNLOOVLPSRUWDQWIRUXQGHUWDNLQJHFRQRPLF
DFWLYLWLHV VXFK DV HEXVLQHVV VNLOOV LV VWLOO OLPLWHG
7HOHFHQWUHV VKRXOG SURYLGH D FRQWLQXXP RI WUDLQLQJ
IURP EDVLF ,&7 VNLOOV WUDLQLQJ WR PRUH VSHFLDOL]HG
VNLOOVWUDLQLQJDQGVXSSRUWFXVWRPHUVLQSXWWLQJWKRVH
VNLOOVLQWRSUDFWLFH7KHUHLVDOVRVFRSHIRUSURYLGLQJD
ZLGHUUDQJHRI VHUYLFHVVXFKDVDFFHVVWRÀQDQFHRUWR
H[SHUWLVHLQVSHFLÀFVHFWRUV
6SHFLDOHIIRUWVDUHQHHGHGWRVXSSRUWWKRVHLQZHDNHU
SRVLWLRQV 6XFK VXSSRUW PD\ EH SURYLGHG E\ DQ
LQWHUPHGLDU\ ZKR FDQ RIIHU DGHTXDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ
VSHFLÀF SURJUDPPHV WDUJHWHG WR GLVDGYDQWDJHG
JURXSVDQGVSHFLDOVHUYLFHVWRVXSSRUWWKHLUHFRQRPLF
DFWLYLWLHV )RU H[DPSOH LQ ,QGRQHVLD HDFK WHOHFHQWUH
RI WKH 3DUWQHUVKLS IRU H3URVSHULW\ IRU WKH 3RRU KDV
DQ LQIRPRELOL]HU WKDW LV D SHUVRQ ZKR VXSSRUWV
WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ E\ XVLQJ DQG
SURPRWLQJ WKH XVH RI UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH
LQIRPRELOL]HU KHOSV WKH FRPPXQLW\YLOODJH LGHQWLI\
LWVQHHGVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRULPSURYLQJOLYHOLKRRGV
VXFKDVDFTXLULQJQHZDJULFXOWXUDOVNLOOVRUH[SDQGLQJ
WKHPDUNHWLQJRI YLOODJHSURGXFWV
3ROLF\PDNHUV DQG WHOHFHQWUH PDQDJHUV PD\ FRQVLGHU
some useful measures to ensure that telecentres
VXSSRUWWKHOLYHOLKRRGVRI SHRSOHOLYLQJLQSRYHUW\,Q
SDUWLFXODUUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDUHPDGHWR*RYHUQPHQWV
IRU SURPRWLQJ UHOHYDQW HJRYHUQPHQW FRQWHQW DQG
VHUYLFHV VXSSRUWLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI HEXVLQHVV
VNLOOV DQG SURYLGLQJ VWUDWHJLF ÀQDQFLDO VXSSRUW IRU
WHOHFHQWUHQHWZRUNV
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
OVERVIEW
6LPLODUO\ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV DUH PDGH WR PDQDJHUV
RI WHOHFHQWUH QHWZRUNV IRU SURYLGLQJ YDOXHDGGHG
VHUYLFHVRIIHULQJHEXVLQHVVVNLOOVWUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHV
VXSSRUWLQJWKHHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVRI WKRVHLQZHDNHU
xxxv
SRVLWLRQVE\HPSOR\LQJFRPPXQLW\LQIRPHGLDULHVDQG
FROODERUDWLQJ ZLWK RWKHU RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW VXSSRUW
economic activities, such as business associations or
PLFURFUHGLWLQVWLWXWLRQV
8. Harmonizing cyber legislation at the regional level:
the case of ASEAN
7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI 6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ1DWLRQV$6($1
LV WKH ÀUVW UHJLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQ WKH GHYHORSLQJ
ZRUOGWRKDYHVHWLQPRWLRQWKHKDUPRQL]DWLRQRI LWV
PHPEHUV·HFRPPHUFHOHJDOIUDPHZRUN%\WKHHQGRI DOO$6($1PHPEHUFRXQWULHVZLOOKDYHHQDFWHG
FRQVLVWHQW QDWLRQDO HFRPPHUFH OHJLVODWLRQ ,Q WKDW
FRQQHFWLRQ$6($1KDVFRPPLVVLRQHGDSURMHFWWKH
$6($1(&RPPHUFH3URMHFW, to help its ten member
FRXQWULHV GHYHORS DQG LPSOHPHQW D KDUPRQL]HG
HFRPPHUFHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
$Q LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DUH
DGDSWLQJ WKHLU OHJLVODWLRQ WR HFRPPHUFH LQ RUGHU WR
UHPRYH EDUULHUV WR RQOLQH VHUYLFHV DQG SURYLGH OHJDO
FHUWDLQW\ IRU EXVLQHVV DQG FLWL]HQV 7KH LPSDFW RI WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI OHJLVODWLRQ RQ WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI HFRPPHUFH DFWLYLWLHV LV UHSRUWHG E\ FRXQWULHV WR EH
SRVLWLYH OHDGLQJ WR LQFUHDVHG ,&7UHODWHG EXVLQHVV
RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG )', DFFRUGLQJ WR DQ 81&7$'
VXUYH\ RQ HFRPPHUFH OHJLVODWLRQ LQ GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVFDUULHGRXWLQ
'HYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZLWKLQWKHLUUHJLRQDQGVXEUHJLRQ
DUHDOVRFRQVLGHULQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI DKDUPRQL]HG
OHJDOIUDPHZRUNIRUHFRPPHUFHWRPDNHWKHLUUHJLRQ
FRPSHWLWLYHDQGKHOSERRVWHEXVLQHVVDQGHFRQRPLF
JURZWK 7KH KDUPRQL]DWLRQ RI HFRPPHUFH OHJDO
IUDPHZRUNV LV H[SHFWHG WR OHDG WR ODUJHU LQWHUQDO RU
H[WHUQDOFRQVXPHUDQGEXVLQHVVPDUNHWVE\IDFLOLWDWLQJ
FURVVERUGHU HFRPPHUFH DQG WKH FURVVERUGHU
UHFRJQLWLRQRI GLJLWDOVLJQDWXUHV
'UDZLQJ RQ WKH $6($1 H[SHULHQFH WKH FKDSWHU
SUHVHQWVWKHEHQHÀWVRI WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI ODZUH
IRUPDVZHOODVSRVVLEOHRSWLRQVDQGSRWHQWLDOFKDOOHQJ
HVDZDLWLQJFRXQWULHVLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI DFRPPRQ
UHJLRQDO DQG QDWLRQDO HFRPPHUFH OHJDO IUDPHZRUN
6XFK FKDOOHQJHV LQFOXGH GLIIHUHQW HUHDGLQHVV OHYHOV
DQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWVWDJHRI HFRPPHUFHOHJLVODWLRQ
ZKLFKFDQYDU\IURPRQHFRXQWU\WRDQRWKHU
7KH H[SHULHQFH RI WKH $6($1 PHPEHU FRXQWULHV
PD\ EH XVHIXO IRU RWKHU UHJLRQDO DVVRFLDWLRQV LQ WKH
GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG WKDW DUH FXUUHQWO\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH
KDUPRQL]DWLRQ RI HFRPPHUFH OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
+DUPRQL]DWLRQSURMHFWVDUHGHVLJQHGWRDOLJQLQGLYLGXDO
member country laws in order to remove unwanted
JDSV RYHUODSV DQG GXSOLFDWLRQ WKH DLP EHLQJ WR
LQFUHDVHOHJDOFHUWDLQW\IRUSDUWLHVHQJDJHGZLWKPRUH
WKDQRQHPHPEHUFRXQWU\²IRUH[DPSOHPXOWLQDWLRQDO
EXVLQHVVHVWKDWDUHDWWHPSWLQJWRH[SDQGWKHLUEXVLQHVV
LQDQHZUHJLRQ
+DUPRQL]DWLRQ SURMHFWV XVXDOO\ IDOO LQWR RQH RI WZR
FDWHJRULHV ² ´VRIW KDUPRQL]DWLRQµ EDVHG RQ WUDLQLQJ
DQGFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJRU´KDUGKDUPRQL]DWLRQµEDVHG
RQ PRGHO RU XQLIRUP ODZV 0RVW HFRPPHUFH OHJDO
KDUPRQL]DWLRQ SURMHFWV DUH ´VRIW KDUPRQL]DWLRQµ
SURMHFWV LQ WKDW WKHUH LV QR LQWHQWLRQ RU UHTXLUHPHQW
WKDW FRXQWULHV DGRSW WKH VDPH RU HYHQ PRGHO ODZV
DQG UHJXODWRU\ V\VWHPV $OO WKDW LV XQGHUWDNHQ LV
WUDLQLQJ DQG FDSDFLW\ GHYHORSPHQW DFWLYLWLHV VR DV WR
HQVXUH D FRPPRQ RU KDUPRQL]HG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ
RI HFRPPHUFH OHJDO UHTXLUHPHQWV +RZHYHU WKH
$6($1(FRPPHUFH3URMHFWLVDQH[DPSOHRI D´KDUG
KDUPRQL]DWLRQµ SURMHFW EDVHG RQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
JXLGHOLQHV WKDW EXLOG RQ WKH FRPPRQ REMHFWLYHV
DQG SULQFLSOHV IRU HFRPPHUFH OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
LQ $6($1 UDWKHU WKDQ VLPSOH FDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ
$OWKRXJK WKH $6($1 (&RPPHUFH 3URMHFW KDV
HQMR\HGVRPHVXFFHVVLQJHQHUDWLQJUDSLGSURJUHVVLQ
WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D KDUPRQL]HG HFRPPHUFH OHJDO
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQ $6($1 LW DOVR UHLQIRUFHV VRPH RI WKH VLJQLÀFDQW FKDOOHQJHV IDFHG E\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQ
LPSOHPHQWLQJ KDUPRQL]DWLRQ SURMHFWV RI WKLV W\SH
RU LQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ GRPHVWLF HFRPPHUFH OHJDO
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
$6($1 PHPEHU FRXQWULHV KDYH LGHQWLÀHG D QXPEHU
RI LPSOHPHQWDWLRQFKDOOHQJHVDQGWKHVHDUHOLNHO\WREH
FRPPRQWRPDQ\RWKHUFRXQWULHVHVSHFLDOO\GHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHV.H\FKDOOHQJHVLQFOXGHVHFXULQJJRYHUQPHQW
SROLF\ VXSSRUW LGHQWLI\LQJ VXIÀFLHQW IXQGLQJ DQG
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
xxxvi
OVERVIEW
REWDLQLQJUHOHYDQWWUDLQLQJDQGDVVLVWDQFH)XUWKHUPRUH
PDQ\GHYHORSLQJQDWLRQVPD\QRWEHDEOHWRGHYHORS
HIIHFWLYHHFRPPHUFHOHJDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHZLWKRXWVRPH
IRUPRI H[WHUQDODVVLVWDQFH6HYHUDO$6($1PHPEHU
FRXQWULHV KDYH EHQHÀWHG IURP H[WHUQDO DVVLVWDQFH
LQFOXGLQJ WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPPHV DQG DGYLVRU\ VHUYLFHV
FRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDODVSHFWVRI HFRPPHUFHSURYLGHG
E\ 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV RUJDQL]DWLRQV VXFK DV WKH 8QLWHG
1DWLRQV&RPPLVVLRQRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGH/DZDQG
81&7$'
3DUWRI WKHVXFFHVVRI WKH$6($1(&RPPHUFH3URMHFW
LVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWLWIRFXVHGRQJOREDOKDUPRQL]DWLRQ
and international interoperability, rather than simply
IRFXVLQJ RQ UHJLRQDO KDUPRQL]DWLRQ 7KLV IRFXV RQ
international interoperability included the selection
of international models and templates, especially the
8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RQYHQWLRQRQ(OHFWURQLF&RQWUDFWLQJ
IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI GRPHVWLF HFRPPHUFH
ODZ LQ $6($1 PHPEHU FRXQWULHV 7KLV HQVXUHG WKDW
$6($1·V HFRPPHUFH OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZRXOG
also be compatible with international developments,
SURYLGLQJJUHDWHUFHUWDLQW\IRUFRQVXPHUVDQGJUHDWHU
FRQVLVWHQF\ IRU EXVLQHVVHV $QRWKHU LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU
IRUVXFFHVVZDVWKHVWURQJIRFXVRQWUDGHIDFLOLWDWLRQ
LQWKLVSURMHFW7KLVUHVXOWHGLQFRQVWDQWWHVWLQJRI WKH
SURMHFWRXWSXWVDJDLQVWWUDGHIDFLOLWDWLRQREMHFWLYHV
There is a need for detailed implementation tools to
KHOS GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LPSOHPHQW HFRPPHUFH
OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH UDWKHU WKDQ MXVW KLJKOHYHO
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV RU JHQHULF GLVFXVVLRQ SDSHUV 7KH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WRROV XVHG LQ WKH $6($1 SURMHFW
LQFOXGHG UHJLRQDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ JXLGHV FRXQWU\
VSHFLÀF LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ JXLGHV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
SURJUHVVFKHFNOLVWVDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQWLPHOLQHV
7KH $6($1 SURMHFW VKRZV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI GHYHORSLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLYH OHJDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ² QRW
MXVW ZULWWHQ ODZV ² DQG RI DOLJQLQJ GRPHVWLF DQG
LQWHUQDWLRQDO HFRPPHUFH ODZV WR DYRLG RYHUODSV
DQG LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV ,W LV LPSRUWDQW IRU FRXQWULHV WR
PLQLPL]H LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV DQG GXSOLFDWLRQV LQ RUGHU
WR FUHDWH D VPRRWK FRQVLVWHQW OHJDO SODWIRUP IRU
EXVLQHVVHVHQJDJLQJLQHFRPPHUFHLQWKHLUUHJLRQ
INFORMATION ECONOMY REPORT 2007-2008
Download