.,l I'
':: Years
:ftv
The FirsttFi'
Fifty
LI
OF
OF THE
THE
z/
Oteyo-n1I91CULL'U
-Orkultu tal
ztion
Zxpetirnent
x?evnenh -2tatian
B7-1
7
18
1887-1937
-
VI S I TUR S
S WtLC0494
ON THE
STAJ In
4-
L
-2
STATION CIRCULAR 125
August, 1937
Auçust,
I
r"n
Oregon State College
CORVALLIS,
LI( "Lt.i, OREGON
fu
u
The State College soon after the
establishment of the Experiment
Station
Station in 1887. The present
"lower campus,"
campus," shown
shown across
'lower
this fence, was then used for experimental farm plots.
FOREWORD
YEARS AGO Congress appropriated
FIFTY
under the Hatch Act the initial funds that
launched the nation upon a program of agricultural research. This program has been continued and expanded through the federal and state
supported experiment stations maintained in
connection with the land grant colleges, until
today it ranks as one of the great research organizations of the world.
During this fifty years the scientists at the
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station have
made discoveries of local, state,
state, national
national and
and
even world significance, some highlights
highlights of
of
which are presented pictorially in the following
pages. The station has engaged in both fundamental
mental and
and applied
applied research,
research, but
but with
with attention
attention
centered largely on problems of practical impor-
tance to farming in Oregon. Its findings have
resulted in increased returns to farmers amounting to many millions of dollars annually.
In commemoration of this fiftieth anniversary this illustrated booklet is offered as a
graphic record of progress in agriculture made
possible through sustained scientific research.
First building, still standing, assigned specifically for Experiment Station use, about 1891.
For many years afterwards it housed the
campus health service.
Central tower of present Agricultural Hall in which the
the ExperiExperi-
ment Station headquarters are
maintained.
p
B.
B. L. Arnold
1890-92
1890-92
John M. Bloss
1892-96
1892-96
H. B. Miller
1896-97
1896-97
Thos. M. Gatch
1897-1907
1897-1907
W. J. Kerr
1907
1907
James
Withycombe
1908-14
1908-14
STATE BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION. Top row
F.
E. Callister,
Callister, Beatrice
Beatrice Walton
Walton Sackett,
Sackett, E.
E. C.
C. Sammons;
Sammons;
F. E.
centerW.
centerW. E.
E. Pearson,
Pearson, Willard
Willard Marks,
Marks, president;
president; E.
E. C.
C. Pease;
Pease;
bottom rowR. W. Ruhl, C. A. Brand, and Herman Oliver,
chairman of the Experiment Station committe of the Board.
ADMINISTRATION
EXPERIMENT STATION
STATION DIRECTORS.
DIRECTORS. At
At left
left are
are all
all direcdirecEXPERIMENT
tors from the founding of the station to the present excepting E.
A. B. Cordley
(Right)
(Right)
19
14-20
1914-20
J. T. Jardine
1920-31
1920-31
Wm. A.
Schoenfeld
19311931-
R. S.
S. Besse
Besse
R.
Vice-Director
1931-
Grimm,
Grimm, first
first director,
director, whose
whose picture
picture is
is not
not available.
available. Beginning
Beginning in
in
1890, the presidents served also as directors until President Kerr
in 1908 relinquished the position to James Withycombe, then
vicedirector.
vice director.
BelowGeorge
BelowGeorge W.
W. Peavy,
Peavy, President
President of
of the
the College
College since
since 1933,
1933,
and Frederick M. Hunter, Chancellor of the State System of
Higher Education.
-
Feeding apples
apples into
into first
first simsim.
Feeding
ple station-designed
station.designed farm
farm type
type
ple
fruit washer.
Modern fruit washers like the one shown above in operation
cleanse the fruit in one or more chemical solutions, rinse and
dry it and deliver the apples or pears to grading and packing
machine in perfect condition and in one continous operation.
Fifteen Achievements
On this and following pages are pictures depicting 15 of the most outstanding individual or closely related achieve-
SPRAY RESIDUE
ments of the Oregon Agricultural
1DISCOVERY OF A SUCCESSFUL METHOD
OF REMOVING SPRAY RESIDUE FROM FRUIT.
accomplishments,
manyof
ofequal
equalsignifisignifiaccomplishments, many
cance but less readily presented in this
About 10 years ago Oregon and other western states were
threatened with complete loss of eastern and export mar-
made to list those included here in order
kets for apples and pears because of strict embargoes
against fruit carrying spray residue.
residue. Working
Working against
against
Experiment Station. Scores of other
form, could be cited. No attempt is
of importance. The use as a matter of
record of many old, historic engravings
is the cause of the variation in excellence
of picture reproduction.
A difficult problem was to find a chemical
solution which would remove spray residue
without harming keeping quality. The six
apples at the top were stored unwashed. Six
time, the Station developed a successful washing process
which, with improvements from year to year, has become
standard over the world. The process, together with a
simple machine for its application, was protected and made
accessible to all through public service patents.
below, from the same tree, wilted when
stored washed with unsuitable
unsuitable chemicals.
chemicals.
4
Apples as they came through the same home-made washer
Shown
at left
left above.
above. This simple but effective machine saved
shown at
the crop on many farms before commercial washers were
available.
L.
Young Oregon
Oregon dairy
dairy stock,
stock, from
fromdidisease.free herds, find ready markets in
sease-free
other states.
A disease-free group of dairy cows taken on a demonstration
train helped interest Oregon dairymen in better production
methods.
OREGON
DAIRY COWS
ONE DOT
DOT =
=100
COWS
ONE
00 COWS
BANG'S DISEASE
2DISCOVERY OF THE CAUSE
AND CONTROL OF BANG'S DISEASE. The O.S.C. Veterinary and
Dairy Departments together developed
the first system of control for this most
common and destructive dairy cattle disease, formerly known as infectious
infectious
abortion. By using this method Oregon
led the nation in the eradication of the
disease. Lately the Oregon system has
been adopted as the basis for the present
Federal campaign against Bang's disease, under which Oregon has a greater
percentage of her cattle population tested than any other state.
09E..
.4.[....1)
.
CCON.V. U 5
Dairying,
Dairying, with
with upwards
upwards of
of 225,000
225,000 cows,
cows, is
is the
the biggest
biggest income
income
producer among Oregon's many farm enterprises. The industry touches every county.
A high producing cow which reacted to the Bang's disease
test after the first calf and produced only three normal calves
out of seven. The disease strikes the best cows as well as the
others.
The college dairy herd, one of the first in
the state from which Bang's disease was
completely
completely eliminated.
eliminated.
Most Austrian winter pea seed is
sold in the south but the crop also
makes good forage in Oregon
Oregon coast
coast
dairy sections.
Combine harvester with pick up attachment
threshing Austrian
Austrian winter
winter field
field peas,
peas,aamajor
major
threshing
seed crop introduced by the Station.
SEED
3DEVELOPMENT OF THE
OREGON SMALL
SMALL SEED
SEED INDUSINDUS-
TRY. Through the introduction of new
crops, mostly forage, the Experiment
Station in cooperation with the United
States Department of Agriculture, has
made possible
possible the
the establishment
establishmentof
ofOreOregon's small seed industry as one of the
major enterprises
enterprises of
of the
the state.
state. Seed
Seedproproduction fits well
into
the
state's
well into the state'smarketmarket-
ing needs as it provides a product
product of
of
high value capable cf being shipped long
distances. Growers now receive close to
$3,000,000 annually from this industry.
Through
Through aa system
system of
of seed
seed certification
certification developed
developed and
and
supervised by the State College, Oregon seed reaches
the market carrying such tags as these.
This single sweet clover plant
plant was
was the
the lone
lone sursurvivor of a wilt attack in 1921. From it has been
developed the present wilt-resistant strain, first to
grow successfully in Western Oregon.
A seed crop of Ladino clover in full bloom.
Oregon produces 80 per cent of the nation's
supply of this seed.
The stubble below is on the oldest field of crested
wheat grass in the state, seeded on the Moro Branch
Station in 1920. An uncut new planting of this major
seed and dry-land forage crop is shown beyond.
RightStation
Right Station Plymouth
Rock (Q1595), which held national record for heavy breeds
in 1925-26. She laid 335 eggs
in one year, just 25 short of a
crate.
Lady McDuff (C521), world's first hen with
trap nest record of 300 eggs in one year. She
laid 303 eggs in the laying year 1912.13.
The poultry farm was just south of
Kidder Hall (Old Cauthorn) when
James Dryden was in charge
charge of
of the
the
work.
EGGS
4DEVELOPMENT OF THE
SYSTEM OF BREEDING POULTRY FOR EGG PRODUCTION.
James Dryden, while head of the poultry department at
at 0.
0. S.
S C.
C. was first to
demonstrate that poultry could be bred
for
instead of
of
high egg
egg production
production instead
for high
merely for plumage. He developed the
first trap-nested hen to lay 300 eggs in
a year, and the first to lay 1000 eggs in
her lifetime. An industry based on these
and similar discoveries enables Oregon
to compete in eastern markets where the
AboveModern brooder houses
with wire screen porches recommended by the Station.
bulk of an $8,000,000 egg output is sold.
BelowA station pen of turkeys
at Hermiston. Work with turkeys has been expanded recently.
A successful and popular bottom heat
electric brooder developed by the poultry
try and
and agricultural
agricultural engineering
engineering departdepartments.
CHERRIES
5DEVELOPMENT
5DEVELOPMENT OF
OF A
A PRACPRAC-
TICAL METHOD OF BRINING
C
H E R R I EFOR
S FORTHE
THEMARAMARACHERRIES
SHINO
TRADE. Processing
ProcessingmaramaraSHINO TRADE.
shino
cherries
was
formerly
a
shino cherries was formerly a trade
trade
secret.
secret. By
By using
using aa method
method developed
developed by
by
the Food Industries section of
of the
the HorHor-
ticultural department at 0. S. C., Ore-
gon alone now processes an annual
A corner
corner of
of one
one of
of the
the laboratories
laboratories in
in the
the Food
Food IndusIndusA
tries building when cherry brining research was being
carried on.
output
output of
of 126,000
126,000 barrels,
barrels, replacing
replacing forfor-
mer
mer imports.
imports. Fully
Fully 95
95 per
per cent
cent of
of the
the
domestic
production
of
brined
cherries
domestic production of brined cherries
are processed by the 0. S. C. method,
which thus opened up a $4,000,000
market.
market.
I
OREGON
OREGON
CHERRIES
CHERRIES
ONE
ACRES
ONE DOT
DOT == SO
50 ACRES
I
-
!-
1
Three of hundreds of test jars put up while solv-
ing the cherry brining problem.
problem. Jar
Jar at
at left
left has
has
the proper brine solution.
PI.V.K0 En
BelowCherry pollination was another problem solved by station scientists. Here are two
branches from the same tree, one properly pollinated, the other not.
'-F
D. scuDOE.R. c..RECwav
EXP. STKION. AND E. & FOAD.
nC.R. EConC., cs. us, 0. s.
Oregon's
Oregon's 12,000
12,000 acres
acres of
of cherries
cherries are
are conconcentrated in definite districts.
districts.
Studies
Studies in
in preserving
preserving foods
foods by
by freezing
freezing were
were begun
begun in
in
1928. Below is shown a galvenometric thermometer
used in making freezing determinations.
RECENT
RECENT
OLD VALLEY FILLING
f?E5IDUAL
RE
51 DUA L
501L
5OIL.
DAyrav5,i.ry
5ay CLAY
LOAM
04vr0
Cv LOAM
SOIL
boxim
Cs.,y Loo,
A/REM CLAY
ARCA/
(RED
tirco "'LC)
Inwrc
fwncrc
SOI L.
150/
5ar
NEwoc,,G 5u.r LOAM
NCWOCrt6
fRI VCR DoTToM
(RIVER
Don-OMJ
LAt/O)
LANol
0
Soil
Soil samples
samples are
are tested
tested in
in the
the greengreenhouse as shown above as part of the
detailed soil research work.
0
DROWN
- - CROIVN
GRAY
RCD
RED
CLAY LOAM
LOAM
SILTY CLAY
SILT
3/LY LOAM
LOAM
flitAOLC
fR/AOL!
LOAM
imeLLowl
/MCLLOw)
MED
MLRATELY
MOOZRA'rELY
COMPACT
COMPACT
OI.UC GRAY
3/LTV
SILTY CLAY
VERY IMP.RVIOC1S
201
fMorrL!o)
PLASTIC CLAY
YELLOW'
Y(LLOW'3
SOIL
BRoWN
BROW/A
PING SANDY LOAM
P///0'SANOY
(M-GLOW )
(-uow)
LOAM
6DETAILED SOIL SURVEYS
O0
ON QO4
0
0 00 5Row..
DROWN
MEDIUMYB
To
5gN0oo MEDIUM
VELLOVI3M OROWU
LTY CLAY
LOAM
CoAROC
aAmOY
-qO00
SAT/DY
A b CARSE
co
DCO
ROCN
8(0 ?!OCR
LOAM
N
4,14
Diagrammatic profiles of typical Oregon soils
AND CLASSIFICATION OF MAMAJOR FARMING AREAS IN OREwith the
the
GON. Through cooperation with
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the
U.S.D.A. the Experiment Station has
surveyed
surveyed and
and mapped
mapped about
about 8,500,000
8,500,000
acres of farming land in the state.
state. These
These
surveys provide for all time a fundamental guide to the adaptibility of difUNDRMNED
DRAINED
VERSUS
ferent soils for the production of various
crops, and indicate how each soil type
may best be maintained and improved.
I
le,
Spring H9hWater Table BuremerLow
Water.
e.
.aumerLowW
Shallow Flootin9
GrQwth
Checea.
Growth Checlied
So1ootn\9
petitq "O.te
oer ob
pn
e.
abe.
Rooting.
Deep Roetinq.
Drainage was early recognized as basic in improving
many Oregon soils. The diagram above has been
widely used in illustrating the effect of drainage on
root growth.
Store room at the college from which are
distributed thousands of county soil maps
made from the detailed surveys.
OREGON
MAJOR LAND USES
_
LEGEND
-.
N
\
''
.1
'H
L
N
I-
I
J
'--
RI
This is a small-scale reproduction of the first accuThis
rate map
map ever
ever made
made of
of the
the state's
state's major
major land
land use
use areas.
areas.
rate
MULl lAS] NH
FOWL PDX
7DISCOVERY OF A NEW
AND SIMPLE METHOD OF
FOWL PDX CONTROL. In the
veterinary department of the Experiment Station was developed a simple,
safe and economical method of vaccinating flocks against fowl pox. This
method, which successfully made use
of live, unattenuated virus for the
first time, has become the standard
controlpprr aa cctt iice
control
c ethroughout
throughout the
world. Fowl
Fowl pox,
pox, which
which formerly
world.
took a heavy toll from the poultry in-
dustry, has now been added to the
the
list of preventable diseases. Other
work in poultry disease control has
saved
any
saved Oregon
Oregonpoultrymen
poultrymenmmany
thousands of dollars annually and has
brought international recognition to
the department.
Chickens, in line with latest
human practice, now are
vaccinated on the thigh. X
marks the spot for the stick
type, and 0 for other meth-
Below
Below - Important research
has also been carried on in
in the
the
control of coccidiosis in chickshows
ens. The diagram here shows
the infection cycle of coccidia
vaccine.
ods of applying the vaccine.
is
The stick
stick method
method is
vored.
vored.
as revealed by such studies.
10 days is reFrom eight to 10
quired to complete the cycle.
DICIE5,vc oPOANg
GIZZARD
>
5PoRcc Y5T5'.Jifll
MTH
5PoRcCyT5
SPOROZOITE5
POROZ0LT5
00CYST
OOCYST
CONTeNTS LIBERATED
COWTWT5
LIEERATED
*4DI8E5TIVE
DI85TIVEORGANS
O6AN5
0
1:04
I
5POROZOITE5
5PocozorrE5
f,
DETERMINED
PTRNINED
BY
BY5RECIE5
SPcIE5
of
OfCocCIDIA
COCCIDIA
5tIALL
-, INT5TINr
,cECA
INrTcTIVE
INFECTIVEOCCYST
oocysr {cONsMeD
f59".purZLE?
ii\
lit
PART
P4Wr OF
OF
ATTACK
ATTACK INTE5TiNE
ATTAcKE D
---)RECTUM
)RCTUM
4RA5YT DEVELOPMENT
PARASITE
VVELOFTThNT IN
ININTESTINAL
INTE5I1NAL WALLS
WALL5
FLA.'S
PLuS WPROXIMATEL.'(
APPROXImArrE
i4
I1OLp OP
I4E1
HOURS
OF WARMTH,
W'ARMTH,
YOUNG
FOWL
YOUNFOWL
AND
EANDR
'IQUeNTLY 5Vr'
SEVERE
IN
MAn_13E1_,'OWL.
r5EL1OM
5ELOOr-1 SEVEREVER
->cON5MED
By NORmAL
>CON5Ur'jw BY
NORMAL ==NoRMAL
NORIIAL
CHICK
cntcic
NON-INFECTIVE
00cysT
NON-INFECTJv
OOCYST
CHICK
cwcc
5IX
To EIGHT
DAYS AFTER
5IXTO
e1c31-iTD/\ys
FThR
CONSUMING
DROPPINGSCONTAIN
CONTAIN NEW
CON5UMINI OCCYSTS
00CY5Th D4OPPIN65
NFJ
00CY5T 5
fa-
An early test plot of Federation
Federation wheat.
wheat. The
The
first such planting in the United States was
made at
at Moro
Moroinin1916.
1l6.
The late Robert Withycombe,
Withycombe,
for
for many
many years
years superintendent
superintendent
of
of the
the Eastern
Eastern Oregon
Oregon Branch
Branch
Station, developed the valuable hybrid Union Beardless
barley shown at left.
RightMany hundreds
of row tests of new
grains are cut and wrap-
separately for
for
ped separately
threshing as shown
here.
here.
GRAIN
8INTRODUCTION OF IMPORPARTANT GRAIN VARIETIES, PAR-
TICULARLY FEDERATION
WHEAT AND MARKTON OATS.
Federation wheat, introduced at the
Moro Station in 1916, became the most
popular in the northwest, averaging two
to five bushels an acre more than
than other
other
standard varieties on soils to which it
was adapted. Markton oats, bred at
A typical experimental range of
grain varieties on the station.
station. Note
Note
the
the tendency
tendency of
of some
some sorts
sorts to
to lodge,
lodge,
while the variety in center stands
erect.
Dry land rotation plots
at the Moro branch sta-
tion which have been
maintained for nearly 30
years.
[Front CoverA crop
of
of Support
Support oats
oats growing
growing
on the central station
where it was developed
as a support crop for
vetch. It grows tall and
has very stiff straw.]
Moro, is a smut-resistant dry-land variety now favored throughout the west.
Rex, a new hardy, smut-resistant
smut-resistant fall
fall
wheat bred at Moro, is lately replacing
much Federation acreage.
!-
AboveJudges scoring contest butter, using a device developed at the Station for concealing
the individual
individual tub
tub or
or
cealing the
box.
box.
19291 1957
1950
1929
r-
/
/
,
4
the
the increase
increase in
in high
high score
score butbutter
below
and
the
virtual
elimiter
nation of the butter scoring
under go,
90, charted at top.
,,.
qi
ASSJ
P-
/
I
L;I-]
,1t1
/Y
progressive improvement in
Oregon butter by years. Note
Note
:9.5:
d,
/Z
;:
v
Right
showing the
Right - Chart
Chart showing
the
19.5.5,
1.1f..9%.1 I,2!901 19.191re
re v r /
Analyzing
Analyzing butter
butter for
for composition.
composition. As
As aa result
result
of this work an improved technical balance
was developed.
195.
1955
r'i
,ITM = 14a,
-'
err; '
1952
1951
1
A%
L'L.,, _1 r,---
1\7
9119 991
A
1,f,t'.%
N
1
I
,,L,
k, Ns,', 1\
Mitell
E.JI1I
..\ ',
wieznifit1.
,k C
J Ib'MA,
A
\
N
kk
-
BUTTER
9RESEARCH LEADING
9RESEARCH
LEADING TO
TO THE
THEIMIMPROVEMENT OF
R E G 0 NBUTTER
BUTI'ER
PROVEMENT
OF0OREGON
QUALITY. A definite campaign to better the
average quality
quality of
average
of Oregon's
Oregon's total
total butter
butter producproduction had as its foundation the research carried
on by the Station. In less than 10 years the
Determination of yeast and mold count is
made on all butter submitted
submitted for
for monthly
monthly
scoring.
BelowA scene during the early years of the
scoring service. Later so many samples were
sent in that special facilities for scoring were
average quality has been increased enough to
insure the retention of California and other outof -statemarkets.
markets.Higher
Higherprices
pricesfor
for better
better qualqualof-state
ity mean more than a half million dollars annually in added income for Oregon producers.
A major factor in the improvement campaign
was the confidential free butter
butter scoring
scoring service
service
conducted by the College, scenes from which
are shown
shown on
on this
this page.
page.
provided.
provided.
National authorities on dairy
dairy products
products manumanu-
facturing
facturing have
have been
been brought
brought to
to the
the campus
campus
to lead conferences and teach
teach special
special classes_
classes
Below is
is aa demonstration
demonstration of
of butter
buttermaking
makinginin
Below
the college creamery.
Bosc
Bosc pears
pears to
to attain
attain high
high quality
quality after
after storage
storage must
must
Pears
Pears are
are picked
picked green
green to
to ripen
ripen off
off the
the tree.
tree. Station
Station
investigators developed a pressure tester which
accurately indicates maturity by pressure required
to
to puncture
puncture fruit
fruit as
as shown
shown on
on the
the Bosc
Bosc pears
pears above.
above.
be
be ripened
ripened at
at fairly
fairly high
high temperatures,
temperatures, as
as is
is the
the
case with bananas. Applying this principle discovered
covered by
by Station
Station scientists,
scientists, eastern
eastern dealers
dealers use
use
the barges shown above in the New York harbor
to condition pears shipped to
to that
that market
market before
before
they are sold to retailers.
flc22---TI-iE
G000 PROFITS
PROFITS *
n G. 22^TI-1EDE5T
E3E5TPEAR
PEARFARM5
FARMS OBTAIN
OBTAIN GOOD
j3YEAR
- l924 92
927
YEAR AVERAGE
AVERAGE ^-1924,1925&i927
20%'MO5T
PRQFITA6LE FARMS
FARM5
20ZMO5T PROFITABLE
AVERA6E
AVERAGE OF
OF ALL
ALL FARMS
PEARS
FARM
INCOME tt
FARM INCOME
10DEVELOPMENT
10DEVELOPMENT OF
OF NEW
NEW
LABOR INCOME
INCOME OR
OR QETURNS
RETURNS TO
TO OPERATOR
OPERATORFOR
FORLAGOR
LABOR AND
ANDMANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
METHODS OF STORING, RIPENING AND MARKETING OREGON
PEARS. Through
Through research
research carried
carried on
on
PEARS.
by station scientists, the handling of
Oregon winter
winter pears
pears has
has been
been placed
placedon
on
Oregon
a scientific basis which makes possible
the retention of important eastern mar-
kets.
kets. In
In the
the case
case of
of Bosc
Bosc pears
pears the
the inindustry was
was saved
saved from
from disaster
disaster through
through
dustry
EARNING5ON
EARNINGS ON INVE5TMNT
INVESTMENT §
the success of ripening methods carried
out under controlled temperatures, enabling
abling the
the fruit
fruit to
to reach
reach consumers
consumers with
with
natural
high
quality
fully
developed.
natural high quality fully developed.
PROFIT PER ACRE
$49
$49
I48
------------------------
YIELD
PER ACRE
ACRE(BOXES)
(DoxE5)
YIELD PER
206
1
1
1
111111111
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
II
I
1
1
40
140
ACRE5
DEARINGPEARS
PEAR5 PER FARM
ACRES DEARING
A carload
carload of
of Oregon
Oregon pears
pears piled
piled on
on the
the pier
pier
A
at
at New
New York
York ready
ready for
for inspection
inspection of
of buyers.
buyers.
I______
57
39
Studies in the economics of pear production have also been
carried on. The chart above shows some of the outstanding
facts developed in a study completed about 10 years ago.
I!
IL
DEtI
Old style spray rig.
Such scaffolds were
used to overcome
lack of pressure need-
ed to cover tops of
trees thoroughly.
:
BelowEvery stage
of fruit development
is charted in disease
and ppest
and
e s tcontrol.
control.
This is
is the open
calyx stage when an
important codling
important
co dling
moth spray is due.
'
World famous Hood River Valley with Mt. Hood in background, where scientific
ar
production of fine apples was early developed. As long ago as 1916 the editor of ap
orchard magazine declared that spraying according to the recommendations of the
Experiment Station saved the $1,500,000 apple crop of this valley.
JJvEW
TFU..
\-IoRM
12-23
1032.
184
\..IcYariY -/OTrI
BelowAdult and larva of the codling moth. Despite years c
fairly successful control, this is still the most universal
universal and
and del
de
tructive apple pest, and is the object of continuous research.
17.8
FEET
10:7
UN5PRTED
0-12
FEE T
1014
36
3.5
LeftSuch charts were used by the experiment station in empha
izing the need of thorough spraying of tree tops.
I
54.4
A
A modern
modern spray
spray system
system using
using aa high-pressure
high-pressure
central
central plant
plant and
and underground
underground distribution
distribution pipes.
pipes.
The
The muslin
muslin cage
cage shown
shown below
below
was
was used
used at
at the
the Hood
Hood River
River
Branch
Station
to
Branch Station to raise
raise milmil-
lions
lions of
of insect
insect parasites
parasites of
of the
the
wooly
wooly aphis,
aphis, which
which in
in turn
turn
had
had been
been found
found responsible
responsible for
for
spread
of
perennial
canker
spread of perennial canker
shown
shown on
on the
the limb
limb at
at right.
right.
Wooly
Wooly aphis
aphis are
are now
now hard
hard to
to
find
find in
in
the valley
valley and
and the
the
the
canker
canker problem
problem is
is no
no longer
longer
serious.
serious.
PESTS
11DISCOVERY OF THE LIFE HISHISTORY AND CONTROL OF THE CODLING MOTH UNDER OREGON CONDITIONS. The pioneer research of the late Dean
A. B. Cordley with codling moth, apple tree an-
thracnose and other pests and diseases paved
the way for scientific control of these enemies of
fruit grower.
grower. Although
Although these
these are
are aa continucontinuthe fruit
ing problem never
never completely
completely solved,
solved,the
theimim-
portant fruit industry of this state could not
have been developed without the aid of the disease and pest control work of the Oregon Experiment Station over the past half century.
I
Typical "pot-bellied" ewe suffering
from
bad infestation
infestation of
of liver
liver flukes.
flukes.
from bad
Profit
Profit from
from such
such typical
typical western
western Oregon
Oregon
farm
flocks
has
been
made
farm flocks has been made more
more certain
certain
through research
research in
in disease
disease control.
control.
through
FLUKES
12CONTROL OF
OF LIVER
LIVER FLUKES
FLUKES IN
IN
12CONTROL
These
These snails,
snails, shown
shown nanatural size, were found to
be alternate hosts for
the liver flukes. Where
these snails exist in wet
spots of beautiful
beautiful apappearing pastures
pastures like
like
that shown below, mil-
lions of the immature
flukes may be found on
grass
grass blades
blades ready
ready to
to be
be
swallowed bybys hsheep
eep
swallowed
while grazing.
SHEEP
SHEEP AND
AND GOATS.
GOATS. Station
Station veterinary
veterinary sciscientists
were
the
first
to
discover
entists were the first to discover the
the role
role of
of aa
small
small Oregon
Oregon snail
snail in
in the
the life
life history
history of
of liver
liver
flukes
which
cause
serious
losses
when
they
flukes which cause serious losses when they
infest
sheep
or
goats.
Once
the
complete
infest sheep or goats. Once the complete life
life
history
history was
was discovered
discovered aa control
control program
program was
was
developed
developed which
which included
included treating
treating marshy
marshy spots
spots
in
pastures
with
powdered
copper
sulfate
in pastures with powdered copper sulfate which
which
destroys
destroys the
the snails
snails and
and thus
thus breaks
breaks the
the life
life cycle
cycle
of
A more
more recent
recent achievement
achievement in
in the
the
of the
the flukes.
flukes A
the
value
same
field
has
been
the
discovery
of
same field has been the discovery of the value
of
of acidophilus
acidophilus milk
milk in
in the
the control
control of
of certain
certain
types
types of
of sheep
sheep and
and calf
calf scours.
scours.
A
full grown
grown liver
liver fluke
fluke (Fasciola
(Fasciola hepatica)
hepatica)
A full
It
has
been
claimed
magnified
three
times.
magnified three times. It has been claimed
that
a
single
fluke
can
lay
50,000
eggs.
that a single fluke can lay 50,000 eggs.
DAIRY HERD GRAZING ON
LADINO
PASTURE
LADING CLOVER PASTURE
FARM
DARY DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT FARM
DAIRY
STATION
OREGONAGRICULTURAL
AGRCULTUR4LEXPERIMENT
EXPER!IENT STAflON
OREGON
1930
SEPT.231930
TH1P1 PASTURE
PASTURE SEASON
SEASON SEPT.23
THIRD
PE ACRL
ACRE.
NET-RETURNS
RETURNS 1929
1929 -46OO
- =4600 PER
NET
URGE
SURGE
h
1930
WI'L
:,
1930
WILL
RET
R
ET
This irrigated ladino clover pasture was established in 1928 on Station
land previously abandoned as worthless for ordinary cropping. Its success
led to thousands of acres of such irrigated pastures in Western Oregon.
IRRIGATION
13DEVELOPMENT 0 F SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN
WESTERN OREGON.
OREGON. Research
Research on
on
WESTERN
methods of
of applying
applying supplemental
supplemental irriirrimethods
gation to
to Western
Western Oregon
Oregon farms,
farms, and
and
gation
studies of
of the
the value
value of
of it,
it, were
were carried
carried on
on
studies
at
the
Experiment
Station
more
than
20
at the Experiment Station more than 20
years
years before
before widespread
widespread adoption
adoption of
of this
this
practice
practice was
was achieved.
achieved. The
The results
results of
of
research, carried
carried to
to the
the people
this
this research,
through
through the
the Extension
Extension Service,
Service, is
is now
now
the
basis of
of profitable
profitable use
use of
of water
water on
on
the basis
more than 20,000 acres of Western OreNewest 1937 irrigation development is this
movable, low-pressure perforated pipe used
gon land. Surveys show that 700,000
acres would respond profitably to irrigation.
gation.
in irrigating rough orchard land without
drenching the trees.
BelowBelieve it or not, this bean field on
the Experiment Station was irrigated in 1913.
Supplemental irrigation experiments were
started at the Station in 1907.
Overhead revolving sprinkler irrigation of
beans grown
grown for
for canning
canning in
in many
many parts
parts of
of
beans
the
the Willamette
Willamette Valley.
Valley. Canneries
Canneries now
now purpurchase
chase only
only vegetables
vegetables grown
grown with
with irrigation.
irrigation.
/
LeftAn early Southern
Oregon demonstration alLight colored
colored
falfa field. Light
strips received no sulfur.
RightSulfur showed
SULFUR
striking
striking results
results with
with clover
clover
in Central Oregon. These
from
are
plants from
are typical plants
treated
and
untreated
plots.
treated and untreated plots.
14DISCOVERY OF THE VALUE OF SULFUR
AS A FERTILIZER. Scientists
Scientists of
of the
the Oregon
Oregon Experiment
Experiment
Station first demonstrated in 1912 the striking response of
alfalfa to the use of sulfur as a fertilizer both in Eastern and
Southern Oregon. It was later shown to be equally valuable
for some other legumes. Increases averaging a ton of hay to
the acre were obtained on alfalfa, 100,000 acres of which were
being grown on land responding to such treatment. Use of
sulfur or sulfur carrying compounds is now standard practice
in alfalfa producing regions throughout the west.
One of the original test fields in Central Oregon on
the use of sulfur on alfalfa. Bottom plot, treated with
sulfur, produced a ton per
per acre
acre more
more than
than the
the top
top plot.
plot.
Alsike clover
clover in
in Central
Central Oregon
Oregon responded
responded equally
equally
Alsike
well to
to use
use of
of sulfur.
sulfur. No
No sulfur
sulfur at
at right.
right.
well
BelowGreenhouse studies
studies such
such as
as this
this are
are now
now
BelowGreenhouse
showing
showing the
the need,
need, under
under certain
certain conditions,
conditions, of
of the
the
rarer
rarer elements
elements in
in soil
soil such
such as
as boron
boron and
and iodine.
iodine.
-
_I
4
Scene on the Medford Branch Station where a planting of blight resistant trunk stock on resistant roots
has been made.
By having resistant trunk and root stock the framework of the tree is safe even though blight attacks
the top. The picture below shows how blight that
killed the Bartlett branch (1) stopped when it reached
the resistant body stock (2).
resistant trunk
stock
Showing blight
blight-resistant
trunkstock
properly top worked to commercial
commercial
variety by budding at white marks.
BLIGHT
15CONTROL OF PEAR
BLIGHT. More fundamental accomplishments in the control of fire blight
of pears have occurred at the Southern
Station
Oregon
Oregon Branch
Branch Experiment
Experiment Station
than anywhere else in the United States.
Through
Through years
years of
of plant
plant selection,
selection, root
root
and trunk stocks have been developed
developed
which
which appear
appear to
to be
be entirely
entirely immune
immune to
to
this disease which has eliminated commercial
mercial pear
pear production
production in
in many
many secsections of the world.
I
Seedlings completely immune to blight being
grown for root stocks on the Southern Oregon Branch Station.
p
A Half Century of Agricultural Research
By JOHN C. BURTNER, Extension Editor
CHRONOLOGICAL story of the Oregon AgAg.
THE
ricultural Experiment Station is found only in the
series of annual and biennial reports of the Station.
The first such report, dated 1889, was submitted by
Mr. E. Grimm, first director of the Station, and covered
the period between the founding of the Station and
June
June 30,
30,1889.
1889. It was addressed to "His Excellency,
Sylvester Pennoyer, Governor of Oregon," and was
signed by a special committee
committee of
of the
the board
board of
of regents
regents
consisting of W. P. Keady, George M. McBride and
F. A. Bailey, together with the secretary of the board,
Wallis Nash.
What follows here is an extreme
extreme condensation
condensation of
of
this chronological story obtained by taking brief excerpts from these reports and
and from
from certain
certain other
other pubpublications of the Station. Effort has been made to select
representative items from each
each which
which would
would indicate
indicate
the nature and scope of the work through the years,
rather than attempt a selection of the most important
accomplishments recorded in the various reports.
One of the most significant facts revealed by this
kaleidoscopic survey is the long period that usually
ka]eidoscopic
elapsed during the first 25 years
years between
between the
thetime
timedisdiscoveries were made by the Station and their general
application on the farms of the state. Under the PresiPresi-
dency of Dr. W. J. Kerr the Extension Service was
organized in 1913 which eliminated much of this lag.
In the account that follows it will be noted that by far
the most fruitful years of the Station began with the
assumption of the presidency
presidency by
by Dr.
Dr. Kerr
Kerr in
in 1907.
1907.
1887The Hatch Act, making an
an annual
annual appropriappropriation of $15,000 to each state
state for
for the
the support
support of
of an
an agriagriexperiment station,
station, was
waspassed
passedby
byCong-ress
Congress
cultural experiment
and approved on March 2.
1888Board
1888- BoardofofRegents
Regentsof
ofthe
theOregon
Oregon State
State AgriAgri-
cultural College designated by Governor Sylvester
Pennoyer to administer the grant in this state. E.
Grimm appointed first director of the experiment station July 2. College farm consisted of 35 acres, mostly
"white land." Experimental work with tile drainage
started.
1889College farm increased by 155 acres. Donations received of cattle from the
the four
four breeds,
breeds, Jersey,
Jersey,
Polled Angus, Durham, and Hereford. Spraying trees
with paris green and banding the trunks advised for
control of "codlin" moth.
1890B. L. Arnold,
Arnold, president
president of
of the
thecollege,
college,bebeCooking
comes director of the experiment
station.
experiment station. Cooking
ensilage found unprofitable. Fruit varietal tests started
with 96 varieties of apples, 21 of plums, 16 of cherries,
42 of peaches, and 40 of strawberries and some others.
Reported as "suited to our soil and climate" 15 varieties
varieties
of potatoes, five varieties of corn tested for fodder only,
six varieties of wheat, and 20 of oats, "and of these last
the white Russian oats are the
the best."
best."
1891President John B. Bloss becomes director of
the station. "It has been satisfactorily proved that the
more hardy grasses and clovers will give good returns
upon the white land when well
well drained
drained and
and thoroughly
thoroughly
cultivated." "It was recently well established that it is
not profitable to feed whole oats or wheat when fattening pigs."
1892Experiments with the "codlin" moth contin-
ued, and a mixture of IXL,
IXL. water and paris green
found effective "calling for fewer sprayings than anything tried heretofore." Woolly aphis reported as one
of the worst pests. A control method for grain beetle
was found.
1893Nine farmers' institutes held. Need for a
college dairy plant reported. Cattle feeding experiments carried on because "the day of range-fed beef is
fast passing away and stall-fed beef is growing in demand." College spraying outfit exhibited at Chicago
World's Fair. John Fulton, acting chemist, starts
chemical study of grasses and clovers. Station photographer E.
F..F.
F.Pernot
Pernot reports
reports making
making engravings
engravings and
and
photo-micrographs.
photo-mi c rographs.
1894Lard retails
1894Lard
retailsatat15
15toto17?;
l7 cents
centsper
per pound.
pound.
Wheat is selling 40 to 60 cents per bushel. A bushel of
wheat produced over 12 pounds of pork in live weight.
"These figures would indicate that Oregon can successfully compete with the corn growing states," in
cessfullv
growing pork for Oregon and coast markets. An IXL
spray material consisting of dry lime, sulphur, and salt
recommended to be added to paris green spray used
for apple worms. George Coote, horticulturist, recommends careful selection of fruit-tree varieties to insure
insure
pollination.
1895"The
1895- "Theraising
raisingofofred
redclover
cloverhas
hasceased
ceased to
to be
be
an experiment
withus.
us....
experiment with
. . It Itwill
willbecome
becomemuch
muchmore
more
valley] when its merits
common [in the 'Willamette
\Villamette vallevi
are more thoroughly
thoroughly known."
known." "'The
"The value of
of aa mere
mere
is most doubtful. . . It
chemical analysis
analysis of
of aa soil
soil is
.
.
.
doesn't show how much of the plant food is available."
Bordeaux mixture recommended as a spray for apple
scab. Method of making "lime sulphur and salt wash"
in two mixtures to be
he united just before using, described by F. L. Washburn, entomologist.
Co-eds helped garden on
Lower
Lower Campus
Campus in
in 1891.
1891.
Professor Cordley Begins Work
1896A. B. Cordley, new station entomologist,
points
points out
out need
need of
of careful
careful laboratory
laboratory and
and field
field work
work to
to
study life histories of injurious insects. U. P. Hedrick,
botanist and horticulturist, with Cordley and H. B.
Miller, director of the experiment station, join in issuing a comprehensive bulletin on prune growing, "the
most important orchard industry in Oregon." "The
question for the prune grower to determine is not, will
there be an overproduction? but Can I produce near
the lowest cost?" Flax cultivation advised by H. T.
French to replace grain growing which was described
as no longer highly remunerative.
1897Nearly 200 varieties of grasses and forage
plants seeded for test purposes. F. L. Kent reports on
on
rations for dairy cows. Cordley reports successful
spray program for peach-twig borer.
1898Dr. James
James Withycon-ibe
Withycombe as
as vice
vice director
director of
the experiment station, reports to President Thomas
M. Catch,
Gatch, director,
director, that "the growing of fiber-producing plants has been dropped for the simple fact that it
has been fulls'
fully demonstrated that aa good
good quality of flax
and hemp
hemp can
can be
be grown
grown in
in Oregon."
Oregon." Experiments
Experiments
with spraying for the hop louse conducted. Experiments conducted on using prunes affected with brown
rot for the manufacture of brandy.
brandy. Results
Results were
were aa
product "that
''that would not be
he called first class"
class'' but
"probably ecual
equal in quality to much that is on the marIce
t."
ket."
1899- -B. F. Irvine succeeds J. K. Weatherford as
treasurer of the Board of Regents, signing the financial
report of the experiment station.
station. A.
A. B.
B. Cordley
Cordlev spends
spends
a six months' leave of absence at Cornell University,
Univen;ity,
where he works out the life history of apple tree ananthracnose, then locally known only as canker or dead
spot.
1900--Cooperative work with the United States
Department of Agriculture was started on the experimental growing of sandbinding grasses at Gearhart
Park. Field tests made of 16 samples of red clover
from different states and countries.
countries. Summer
Summer fallow
fallow
system denounced as suicidal by A. L. Knisely, station
chemist. Diseases of poultry and smutting of cereals
reported on by bacteriologist,
bacteriologist, E.
E. F.
F. Pernot.
Pernot.
satisfactory crops of cereals will be transformed into
desert wastes, if sonic
some form of cropping cannot be devised to supersede the bare summer
summer fallow."
fallow." Growing
Growing
of rape seed in Western Oregon recommended.
1902'Professor
1902"Professori7ernot,
Pernot, station bacteriologist, has
by
by scme
some investigation
investigationbeen
beenable
ableto
tocan
cancheese
cheeseand
andconcon-
trol its flavor as desired. This is a very valuable discoverv.
covery. In this production there is no rind, no mold, no
evaporation."
"We have
evaporation." "\i'Ve
havean
anabundance
abundance of
of material in
this state for fruit and vegetable canning, and promotion of this industry should be
be taken
taken up
up by
by the
the college
college
and station."
1903"It has been conclusively demonstrated by
this station that alfalfa can be successfully
successfully grown
grown in
in
this section [Western Oregon]
."
Apple
scab,
San
Jose
Oregon]." Apple scab,
scale and crown gall are the chief problems being
studied by A. B. Cordley. Method of perpetuating
pure cultures of organisms for butter starter developed
by E. F. Pernot.
1904 "Horticultural work
1904---"Horticultural
work isis practically
practically nil.
.
1905C. I. Lewis added to the staff as horticul-
turist. Director
Withycombc advocates
Director NiVithycombe
advocates broadening
broadening
the scope of the station by the addition of work with
poultry and apiculture. Feeding of skim milk to hogs
found beneficial.
1906-07Report made by Director James Withycombe to Prestdent
President W. J. Kerr. "Without doubt fruit
growing is the most rapidly developing branch of agriculture at the present time
There should
be a special representative of
the station at Hood River."
Cordley, dean of agriculture,
starts study of stock solution
of lime sulphur. "The growing of clover, vetch, alfalfa,
rape and kale throughout the
western portion of the state,
we modestly claim, is almost
entirely due to the efforts of
this station.
station. This
This change
change from
from
this
the system of grain growing
and the
the bare
bare fallow
fallow has
has been
been
and
worth millions of dollars to
report of his work on the evaporation of fruits, chemical study of silage, and soil analysis; and in the report
of the entomologist of his work with curly leaf, bac-
one of the most serious problems confronting the agricultural industry of the state is
is the
the subject
subject of
of growinggrowing
leguminous or humus-forming
humus-forming crops
crops in
in the
the semi-arid
semi-arid
portion
portion of
of the
the state
state "Land
'Land that is producing at present
.
want of scientific and practical horticulturist." "There
is evidently a large and profitable field for irrigation
awaiting development in Western Oregon." "For
several seasons the station has secured gratifying reInsults from two general
general systemsof
systemsofcrop
croprotation."
rotation." Inoculated soil distribution to farmers and work started
in the development of bacterial
bacterial cultures
cultures for
for legumes.
legumes.
1901--"The station
1901---"The
stationstaff
stafffor
forthe
thepast
past year
year has
has
worked mainly on practical subjects which were of
immediate pecuniary interest to the agricultural classes. Examples of these are indicated in the chemist's
terial diseases of strawberry plants and fungus diseases of wheat." Dr. James Withycombe reports that
.
The station suffers a serious embarrasment for the
our farmers." One hundred
acres of additional land needPresident W. J. Kerr
ed. Duty of water studies
ed.
started at
at Hermiston.
lIermiston. First
First
started
demonstration train operated
through the Willamette ValIcy and the Columbia River Basin. E. F. Permit
Pernot makes
le),
report on tuberculosis as a disease of chickens.
in 1907.
1907.
in
1908-09--"A
blockofof200
200fowls
fowlswas
was purchased
purchased
1908-09"A block
from different breeders of the state last fall. Trap
nests were installed in all of the houses and a record
is being kept of the number of eggs laid by each hen.
At the
i-vt
theend
endof
ofthe
thelaying
laying year
year selection
selection from
from this flock
will be made on the basis of eggs laid, and these vvill
will be
be
used for breeding next year. This is probably the most
important line of work that the poultry department
can carry on." James Drvden
Dryden in charge of this poultry
breeding work. Hermiston branch station established
January
January 6,
6, 1909.
1909. Union
Unionbranch
branchstation
stationstudies
studiesfinishfinish-
ing range cattle for market. Study of apple tree ananthracnose advanced.
1909-10--Pumping
plantinstalled
installed and
and supplementsupplement1909-10Pumping plant
al irrigation started on alfalfa, potatoes, clover, and
corn. Organisms causing cherry
cherry g,timmosis
gummosis isolated
isolated
for first time. Dry-farming investigation
investigation started
started on
on
the Moro branch station. Need of extension department reported to handle "all institute work and at the
same time attend
attend to
to much
much of
of the
the general
generalcorresponcorrespondence of the station."
1910-11--Branch
stationsestablished
established in
in Harney
Harney
1910-11Branch stations
Valley and Southern Oregon. A. B. Cordley continues
detailed study of lime sulphur compound. More than
100 varieties of vetch tested
tested;; becoming
becoming aa valuable seed
valuable on
on aa number
number of
of \VestWestcrop. Irrigation proved valuable
em
ern Oregon crops. Legume inocluation makes it "entirelv
tirely practicable to grow alfalfa in the western part of
the state."
World's First 300-Egg Hen Produced
1911-12C 521, a hybrid "Oregon" breed hen, is
first in the world to complete
complete aa trapnest
trapnest record
record of
of 300
300
eggs in a year. Chemical spray investigations reveal
the nature and reaction of lime sulphur spray. The
dairy department reports on successful use of kale as
a major dairy feed. The poultry department reported
that "all records of the past
past three
three years
years indicate
indicate that
that
by careful individual selection the laying qualities may
be improved in any of the breeds."
1912-14Dr. James
1912-14--Dr.
JamesWithvcombe
Withycombe retired
retired as
as director of the experiment station after 16 years of service.
"Perhaps the most notable value of the experiment
station work has been its influence for better agricultural and horticultural practices throughout the state,
including
including its
its influence
influence of
of better
better methods
methodsof
ofhandling
handling
livestock, especially the growing and fattening of
swine."
Strawberry breeding work started. Prune
swine." Strawberry
standardization investigations started to "effect a
definite standard or standards for
for the
the commercially
commercially
dried prune in the state ... .including
includingthe
the technique
technique of
evaporation, sanitation, chemistry of the product,
molds, insect infestation, processing, grading, and
Potato diseases recei\-e
receive special
packing for market." ]:otato
.
.
attention.
1914-16A.
B. B.
Cordlev,
now
dean
1914-16-----\.
Cordlev,
now
deanofofag-riculure
agriculure and
and
director
the experiment
experiment station, reports
director of
o the
reports "The
''The last
last
biennium has been a period of retrenchment in expenditure and of curtailment of work. The legislature at
One of the first test plots of Grimm alfalfa.
One
its 1915 session by enactment of the law 'to repeal all
continuous annual and standing appropriations' deprived the Oregon Experiment Station of all state
support other than a few small appropriations for
branch stations. The loss made it necessary to dispense with the services of nine members of the staff,
to abandon entirely several lines
lines of
of investigation
investigation and
and
reduce other work." Experiments in Southern Oregon
and near Salem revealed that sulfur is a fertilizer of
great value for alfalfa. Studies
Studies of
of abortion
abortion and
and sterilsterility in cattle started.
started. Need
Need of
of aa horticultural
horticulturalby-prodby-products building urged.
1916-18First hen in the world to complete a trapnest record, of 1000 eggs in her lifetime is a white Leghorn bred and reared at Oregon
Oregon station.
station. War
War demands
demands
for grain bring new livestock feeding experiments.
Cross pollination solves cherry orchard sterility at The
Dalles. Pear
Dalles.
Pear harvesting
harvesting and storage investigations
conducted. Irrigation proved beneficial to vegetable
crops in Willamette valley. Detailed soil surveys under
way. Editor of Better Fruit says spraying according
to station recommendations saved the $1,500,000 apple
crop of the hood River valley
valley in
in 1916
1916 which
which otherwise
otherwise
would have little if any market value.
1918-29 James T. Jardine succeeds A. B. Cordlev
Cordley
as director June 1, 1920. Legislature increases appropriations in 1919, but increased costs and many resignations hamper investigations. Early plowing of sum-
fallow in
in Eastern
Eastern Oregon
Oregon advocated.
advocated.Important
Important
mer fallow
progress in study of Bang's disease reported. Control
of liver fluke through destruction of snails started.
"Soy beans should become an important crop. Withnew spring
spring
out inoculation they are not successful." A
k new
wheat, Hard Federation, obtained from Australia, exceeds other spring wheats at Moro, Fire blight studies
in Southern Oregon in fifth year.
1920-22Outstanding results bring increased demanci
for station
station work
work on
on many
many unsolved
unsolved problems.
mand for
Both Hard Federation and Federation wheats found
suited to practically all of Eastern Oregon. New laying record for Barred Rocks established. Recirculating prune driers developed, which save half the fuel,
one-third the labor, and produce higher grade fruit.
"Oregon could increase her production of hogs to
325,000 or 350,000 per annum, if all waste were utilized,
and could do so at a profit." Grimm alfalfa introduced.
Cost of production studies carried on. Instrument to
test maturity of pears invented. Emergency project
launched for control of European earwig. Profitable
irrigation from wells demonstrated in Ilarnev
Harney valley.
valley.
1922-24Director Jardine reports, "The need of
systematic studies in marketing of products of Oregon
agriculture is again called to attention. Practically
nothing has been attempted in this field by the experi-
An
An early
early Branch
Branch
Station field day.
ment station staff. The problems are of such nature
that little will he
be accomplished without the best effort
and full time of at least one well qualified staff member. The expansion of the station program to this extent is not practicable with the funds and facilities now
available." "The many years of experimental work
looking to the establishment of alfalfa in the Willa-
mette valley are beginning to
to bringbring success."
success." Various
Various
grasses, tried for seed production, continue to give
satisfactory yields. Virus diseases of potatoes and
bramble fruits studied. Earwig parasites introduced.
Forage programs for coast counties developed through
use of lime with legumes.
11924-26More
924-26--MoreUSDA
USDAcooperative
cooperativeresearch
research estabestab-
lished, including resumption of fiber flax investigations. Oregon Committee on Relation of Electricity
to Agriculture formed. Federal Purnell act passed,
permitting more attention to marketing investigations.
Study of marketing of butter showed that "quality and
standardization are altogether lacking." Milk marketing studies pursued. Cause of salmon poisoning in
dogs discovering, confirmed and adding to earlier observations made by E. F'.
F. Pernot. Smut-resistant
Markton oats introduced. First report presented on
studies of coccidiosis in poultry.
poultry. Experiment
Experiment station
station
started research work in home economics.
Spray Residue Problem Solved
1926.28The
1926-28--Themost
mostoutstanding
outstandingaccomplishment
accomplishment
of the biennium was the development of a practical
solution of the problem of removing
removing spray
spray residue
residue
from fruit, an emergency that arose during the winter
of 1925-26. It made demands upon all the resources of
the agricultural experiment station such as may come
only once in half a century. "The value of the station
findings has been estimated in millions of dollars. A
better measure is the actual fact that the greater part
of the fruit crop was practically embargoed until the
solution of the problem was found." Western yellow
tomato blight found to be in reality curly top, which
attacks numerous vegetables. Mosaic found to be the
cause of breaking of tulips. Measures for controlling
infectious abortion well established. New method
found to vaccinate for chicken pox. Austrian winter
field peas introduced. New greenhouses completed.
Irrigated Ladino clover demonstrated as dairy pasture.
1928-30--A
processand
andaamachine
machine for
for separating
separating
1928-30A process
prunes into quality grades was developed, tested, and
covered by public service patents.
patents. "This
"This separation
separation
will improve the quality of the resulting dried product,
speed up drier operation, and not increase the cost of
handling." Western Oregon lamb marketing prob-
lem investigated,
showing possible saving
investigated showing
saying of $140,000
$140,000
a year. Corvallis strawberry developed. The relation
of woolly aphis to perennial apple canker discovered.
Walnut blight control partially solved. Irrigation from
wells introduced in the Willamette valley. Monthly
butter scoring and analysis started. Reseeding of
burned-over land studied. Good results obtained from
irrigation of small fruits. Methods of bleaching cherries for maraschino developed.
developed. Preser\-ation
Preservation of berries
Test
rows in
in
Test rows
strawberry
trial
plots.
trial plots.
Use of
of crop
crop residues
residues in
in
by freezing investigated. Use
checking
checking erosion
erosion studied
studied at
at Moro.
Moro.
1930-32No
complete
report
1930-32--No complete reportofofthe
theexperiment
experiment stastation
published
for
this
biennium.
"The
major
tion published for this biennium. "The major problem
problem
of
of the
the experiment
experiment station
station during
during the
the past
past biennium
biennium at
at
a time when the economic conditions of the state required
quired aa heavy
heavy retrenchment
retrenchment of
of funds
funds was
was to
to maintain
maintain
the
organic
structure
and
the
foundation
of
the
the organic structure and the foundation of thetechnitechnical
cal organization
organization and
and research
research built
built up
up through
through contincontinuous efforts over a period of 45 years." James T. Jardine
dine resigned
resigned after
after 11
11 years'
years service.
service. Dean
Dean A.
A. B.
B. CordCordley
became
dean
emeritus,
and
the
school
of
lev became dean emeritus, and the school of agriculagriculture and the agricultural
agricultural experiment
experimentstation
stationand
andExExtension Service were combined
one administraadministracombined undeiunder one
ti\'e head in October, 1931, with Wm. A. Schoenfeld
Schocnfeld as
tive
dean
dean and
and director.
director. A
A total
total of
of 391
391 problems
problems studied
studied
during the biennium.
Cherry
fruit
fly
biennium. Cherry fruit flycontrolled.
controlled.CoCooperative
operative small-fruit
small-fruit breeding
breeding started
started with
with the
the U.
U. S.
S.
U.
D. A. Ripening methods for Bosc
Bose pears discovered.
More
More than
than 30,000
30,000 acres
acres in
in the
the Willamette
Willamette valley
valley are
are
now
a 1 fa.
now devoted
devotedtotoalalfalfa.
1932-34--Crested
1932-34--Crested wheat
wheat grass,
grass, jntroduced
introduced at
at the
the
Moro
branch
experiment
station
some
10
years
Moro branch experiment station some 10 years ago
ago
becomes
becomes most
most promising
promising forage
forage grass
grass for
for Eastern
Eastern OreOre-
gon. Rex wheat developed, a smut-resistant hardy
hybrid.
hybrid. Parasite
Parasite of
of woolly
woolly aphis,
aphis, introduced
introduced at
at Hood
Hood
River
River branch
branch station,
station, shows
shows effect
effectin
incontrol.
control.ChemiChemi-
cally
cally treated
treated fruit
fruit wraps
wraps prevent
prevent scalds
scalds and
and rots
rots in
in
storage.storage.- Electricity
Electricity applied
applied to
to soil
soil sterilization,
sterilization, hothotbed heating, corn and hop drying, and home-made
brooders. Relation of moisture and irrigation to pear
prothiction
in Rogue
Rogue River
production in
River valley
valley studied
studied at
at Medford
Medford
established
in
waterways
branch station. Grass
Grass established in waterways in
in
wheat
wheat fields
fields to
to check
check erosion
erosion at
at Pendleton
Pendleton branch
branch stastation.
tion. Baby
Baby beef
beef fattening
fattening proved
proved practical
practical in
in Eastern
Eastern
Oregon.
1934-36Research units
units in
in wildlife
wildlife conservation
conservation
1934-36Research
established
established in
in cooperation
cooperation with
with bureau
bureau of
of biological
biological
survey and State Game commission. Use of acido-
philus milk found to be cure of dysentry
dvsentry in young
disco\rered as
as emaemalambs and calves. Ethylene gas, discovered
nating from
from ripe
ripe pears,
pears, found
found to
to explain
explain aa number
number of
of
nating
baffling
storage
problems.
Emergency
attention
of
baffling storage problems. Emergency attention of
entomologists
directed
against
spittle
bugs
and
pea
entomologists directed against spittle bugs and pea
weevils
weevils made
made distinct
distinct progress
progress in
in control.
control. Report
Report on
on
public
expenditures in
in Oregon
Oregon as
as measured
measured by
by propproppublic expenditures
livestock station
station at
at Squaw
Squaw
erty tax levies. Range
Range livestock
Butte
consisting
of
16,000
acres
of
range
land
Butte consisting of 16,000 acres of range land estabestablished to serve entire West.
freezing industry
industry in
in the
the
The huge pea canning and frsezing
northwest has apparently been saved through successful large-scale dusting with rotenone (above)
to control pea weevils, using methods and machines developed by state and federal specialists at
the Oregon Station. RightAdult
RightAdult weevils
weevils emergemerging from peas. (Greatly enlarged.)
CURRENT RESEARCH
On this and the following page are pictures representing a few of the hundreds of
current research projects. Present scope
of the Experiment Station activity is indicated by the following classification of pro-
jects and functions
functions involved
involved::
Protecting crops and livestock, 59
pro59 projects; improved quality to win and hold
34; introducing, testing
testing and
markets, 34;
and
breeding superior strains, 31;
31; developing
developing
more economical production methods, 57;
57;
analyzing cost of production and economic
efficiency, 19;
19; conserving
conserving soil fertility and
efficiency,
testing irrigation, 34;
testing farm
farm home
34; testing
conveniences and
and management,
management, 3;
3; total,
conveniences
total,
237.
237.
Fiber flax grown on the Station
Station in
in
testing new varieties and cultural
practices.
Healthy strawberry plant (left) and one affected by crinkle
disease. A program of plant
plant certification
certification isis helping
helping control
controlthis.
this.
BelowSpecial selection
selection from
from pyrethrum
pyrethrum plants
plants grown
grown on
on the
the
BelowSpecial
Station
Station in
in studying
studying the
the culture
culture of
of this
this plant,
plant, source
source of
of aa valuvaluable
able insecticide.
insecticide.
tr
.
2
IlL
-r
il11flLj]
kr
11!lThIllltlIlW
New college dairy barn built with WPA assistance, uncompleted when this picture was
was
taken. Embodying
Embodying new
new principles
principles in
in design,
design, this
this barn
barn will
will be
be the
the center
center of
of future
future research
research
taken.
in dairy production methods.
A
A new
new field
field of
of research
research is
is that
that in
in fish,
fish,
game
game and
and fur
fur animal
animal management.
management. At
At left
left
an electrical
electrical thermometer
thermometer is
is connected
connected
an
with aa wild
wild pheasant's
pheasant's nest
nest to
to record
record
with
hatching
hatching temperatures.
temperatures.
RightA
RightA mule
mule deer
deer fawn
fawn attempting
attempting to
to
hide
photos.)
hide in
in old
old corn
corn patch.
patch. (U.S.B.S.
(U.S.B.S. photos.)
1
U
1,
"'I-
I1111ti]IiiII
::j:i
'1 'I
..
IT
flitiIIøuI'
1III.I.
'I''..,.
Each
box
contains
eggs
Each little
little
box
contains
eggs of
of the
the potato
potato flea
flea beetle,
beetle, aa
serious
pest
now
under
investigation.
serious pest now under investigation.
BelowA
BelowA field
field of
of calla
calla lilies
lilies in
in aa coast
coast county.
county. Bulb
Bulb disease
disease
investigations
investigations aid
aid this
this important
important Oregon
Oregon industry.
industry.
A
used in
in studying
studying the
the control
control of
of curly
curly top
top
Shelter made of slats used
(blight) of tomatoes in Eastern Oregon.
BelowBlight on
BelowBlight
on immature
immature English
English walnuts.
walnuts. A
A control
control proprogram worked out at the Station is being further perfected.
L.1
1T1JMFNT cTAr)r
MEDFORD
EXI R
MEDFORD EXPERIMENT
STATION
I
Il
04E604 AGAICOLIURALtXPkIIWI.
fiffilINENT SCUM
-r
ri
(LSDEPALMENTOF
4GVItULTURE
U.S.DEPARTMENT
&tuc I F.:iv Weary
I$$#46 ?!% Of AGRICULTURE
v
The BRANCH
Few states have as widely varying Agricultural
conditions as Oregon. Among important producing
areas, for example, rainfall may
may be
be 10
10 times
times as
as heavy
heavy in
in
one as in another, and the growing season be four times
as long in one
one section
section compared
comparedwith
withanother.
another. To serve
the entire state, therefore, it has been necessary to
UI
Top RightMedford Branch Station. Irrigation,
Irrigation, drainage,
drainage,
soil fertility and related problems of commercial orchards
orchards in
in
Southern Oregon.
Established
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Lowest Winter Temperature
3
1931
.............
1456 feet
feet
18.08 inches
inches
18.08
154
days
154 days
_l0°
F.
10° F.
Top LeftUmatilla Branch Station, Hermiston. Irrigation
and cropping methods for sandy soils; dairy and poultry
management problems.
problems.
management
Established
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Season
Lowest Winter Temperature
1909
1909
451 feet
8.4
inches
8,4 inches
163 days
days
163
36 F.
36°
F.
Left AbovePendleton Branch StationTillage, fertility,
and cropping methods on wheat land of higher rainfall.
Varietal breeding.
breeding.
Varietal
Established
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Season
Lowest Winter Temperature
1927
1927
1440 feet
feet
1440
13 inches
13
149 days
days
149
28
28° F.
F.
Left CenterSquaw Butte Range Livestock Station, Burns.
Range improvement, grazing, breeding and management of
cattle and sheep. (See also back cover.)
Established
Established
Elevation
Elevation
Other data
data similar
similar to
to Harney
Harney Station.
Station.
Other
1935
1935
4500 feet
feet
4500
Left BottomSherman County Station, Morrow. Dry land
cereal production methods, varietal breeding and testing,
forage grass nurseries, crop rotation, soil conservation.
I!
Established
Established
Elevation
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Lowest Winter
Winter Temperature
Temperature
Lowest
1909
1909
1838 feet
11 inches
150 days
days
150
22
22° F.
F.
11
'661,
STATIONS
maintain 10 branch experiment stations to supplement
the research at the central station at Corvallis. On
these pages all 10 branch stations are represented by
pictures of the headquarters residence, the office build-
ing, or in the case of Hood River, by the combined
packing house and laboratory building.
Top LeftField day at Harney Branch Station, Burns. Crops
and methods for high altitudes and short, dry growing seasons; livestock management as "home ranch" for Squaw
Butte range.
Established
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Average
Average Growing Season
Average
Lowest Winter
Winter Temperature
Temperature
Lowest
1911
4150 feet
7.78 inches
63 days
45° F.
45'
Top RightSouthern Oregon Branch Station, Talent. Orchard disease and insect control;
control; fruit
fruit harvesting,
harvesting, storing;
storing;
vegetable and general farming problems.
Established
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Lowest Winter Temperature
1911
1911
1550 feet
feet
1550
16.42 inches
16.42
165 days
days
165
9.7°
9.7' F.
Right AboveEastern Oregon
Oregon Livestock
Livestock Station,
Station, Union.
Union.
Feeding and management of cattle and sheep. Crop studies
for Blue Mountain region.
Established
Established
Elevation
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Lowest Winter Temperature
1901
1901
2787 feet
13 inches
118 days
24°
24' F.
Right CenterAstoria Branch Station. Forage and cash
crop production under coast conditions; dairy management;
"cut.over"land
land utilization.
utilization.
"cutover"
Established
Elevation
Average
Average Annual
Annual Rainfall
Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Season
Lowest
Lowest Winter
Winter Temperature
Temperature
1913
175 feet
77 inches
282 days
+10° F.
+10'
Branch Station.
Station. Fruit
Right BottomHood River Branch
Fruit producproduction problems such as disease and pest control, hardiness,
pollination, irrigation, fertilization.
Established
Elevation
Elevation
Average Annual Rainfall
Rainfall
Average Growing Season
Season
Lowest
Lowest Winter
Winter Temperature
Temperature
1912
300 feet
32
32 inches
inches
184 days
27° F.
27'
*
tE
L-
1
-. :-
':
-._-y.
--1
Hn
Cour
L3r.
hove: Headquarters of 16,00C
acre Squaw Butte Range Experiment Station, Harney
Above:
16,000 acre
County.
over
ir grass
h protection
protection against
acjaiii ' over
'---i1'itated through
tuiut.
...al.
reha
"I]bbunch
-) Oregon
0 rego
R
7ow: Native
.'Tative
f
Below:
grass
rehabilitated
grazing.
.
'
7-.041