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Moving Body
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2.6 The Kinematic Equations
2.7 The Freely Falling Body
2.8 Determination of Your Reaction
Time by a Freely Falling Body
2.9 Projectile Motion in One Dimension
2.10 The Calculus and Kinematics
“Have you ever wondered...?”
An Essay on the Application of Physics
Kinematics and Traffic Congestion
The Language of Physics
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Contents
Preface
A Special Note to the Student
Computer Assisted Instruction
PART ONE
Mechanics
1 Introduction and
Measurements
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 The Realm of Physics
1.3 Physics Is a Science of Measurement
1.4 The Fundamental Quantities
1.5 The Standard of Length
1.6 The Standard of Mass
1.7 The Standard of Time
1.8 The Standard of Electrical Charge
1.9 Systems of Units
1.10 Conversion Factors
1.11 Derived Quantities
1.12 Measurements, Significant Figures
and Propagation of Errors
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2 Kinematics In One
Dimension
2.1 Kinematics - The Study of Motion
2.2 Experimental Description of a
Moving Body
2.3 A Body Moving at Constant Velocity
2.4 A Body Moving at Constant
Acceleration
3 Vectors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Displacement
3.3 Vector Algebra--The Addition of
Vectors
3.4 Vector Subtraction--The Negative of
a Vector
3.5 Addition of Vectors by the Polygon
Method
3.6 Resolution of a Vector into Its
Components
3.7 Determination of a Vector from Its
Components
3.8 Unit Vectors
3.9 The Addition of Vectors by the
Component Method
3.10 The Multiplication of Vectors
3.11 The Scalar Product or Dot Product
3.12 The Vector Product or Cross
Product
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Questions and Problems for Chapter 3
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vii
Table of Contents
4 Kinematics in Two
Dimensions
4.1 The Kinematic Equations in Vector
Form
4.2 Projectile Motion in Two
Dimensions
4.3 The Calculus and Kinematics in
Two Dimensions
4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
4.5 Centripetal Acceleration and its
Direction
4.6 Angles Measured in Radians
4.7 The Magnitude of the Centripetal
Acceleration
4.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion
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5 Newton's Laws of Motion
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Introduction
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Applications of Newton's Second
Law
“Have you ever wondered...?”
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The Physics in Sports
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6 Newton's Laws with
Friction, and Circular Motion
6.1 Friction
6.2 Applications of Newton’s Second
Law Taking Friction into Account
6.3 A Falling Body With Air Resistance
6.4 The Centripetal Force
6.5 The Centrifugal Force
6.6 Examples of Centripetal Force
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7 Energy and Its Conservation
7.1 Energy
7.2 Work
7.3 Work Done by a Variable Force
7.4 Power
7.5 Potential Energy
7.6 Kinetic Energy
7.7 The Conservation of Energy
7.8 Further Analysis of the
Conservation of Energy
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An Essay on the Application of Physics
The Great Pyramids
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8 Momentum and Its
Conservation
8.1 Momentum
8.2 The Law of Conservation of
Momentum
8.3 Examples of the Law of
Conservation of Momentum
8.4 Impulse
8.5 Collisions in One Dimension
8.6 Collisions in Two
Dimensions--Glancing Collisions
8.7 The Center of Mass
8.8 Systems With Variable Mass
- The Rocket
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viii
Table of Contents
Summary of Important Equations
Questions and Problems for Chapter 10
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9 Rotational Motion
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
Introduction
Rotational Kinematics
The Kinetic Energy of Rotation
The Moment of Inertia
The Concept of Torque
Newton's Laws for Rotational
Motion
9.7 Rotational Dynamics
9.8 Angular Momentum and Its
Conservation
9.9 Combined Translational and
Rotational Motion Treated by the
Law of Conservation of Energy
9.10 Work in Rotational Motion
“Have you ever wondered...?”
An Essay on the Application of Physics
Attitude Control of Airplanes and
Spaceships
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Summary of Important Equations
Questions and Problems for Chapter 9
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11 Equilibrium
11.1 The First Condition of Equilibrium
11.2 The Second Condition of
Equilibrium
11.3 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
11.4 Examples of Rigid Bodies in
Equilibrium
“Have you ever wondered...?”
An Essay on the Application of Physics
Traction
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Questions and Problems for Chapter 11
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PART TWO
Vibratory Motion, Wave Motion, and
Fluids
10 Gravitation - Planetary and
Satellite Motion
12 Elasticity
12.1 The Atomic Nature of Elasticity
12.2 Hooke's Law--Stress and Strain
12.3 Hooke's Law for a Spring
12.4 Elasticity of Shape--Shear
12.5 Elasticity of Volume
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10.1 Newton's Law of Universal
Gravitation
10.2 The Acceleration Due to Gravity
and Newton's Law of Universal
Gravitation
10.3 Variation of the Acceleration Due
to Gravity
10.4 Acceleration Due to Gravity on the
Moon and on Other Planets
10.5 Generalization of the Formulation
for the Gravitational Potential
Energy
10.6 Planetary Motion
10.7 Satellite Motion
10.8 Space Travel
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13 Simple Harmonic Motion
13.1 Introduction to Periodic Motion
13.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
13.3 Analysis of Simple Harmonic
Motion--The Reference Circle
13.4 Conservation of Energy and the
Vibrating Spring
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Table of Contents
13.5 The Simple Pendulum
13.6 Springs in Parallel and in Series
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Summary of Important Equations
Questions and Problems for Chapter 13
Interactive Tutorials
Summary of Important Equations
Questions and Problems for Chapter 15
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PART THREE
14 Wave Motion
Thermodynamics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mathematical Representation of a
Wave
14.3 The Speed of a Transverse Wave
on a String
14.4 Reflection of a Wave at a Boundary
14.5 The Principle of Superposition
14.6 Standing Waves--The
String
14.7 Sound Waves
14.8 The Doppler Effect
14.9 The Transmission of Energy in a
Wave and the Intensity of a Wave
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The Production and Reception of
Human Sound
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16 Temperature and Heat
16.1 Temperature
16.2 Heat
16.3 Specific Heat
16.4 Calorimetry
16.5 Change of Phase
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17 Thermal Expansion and the
Gas Laws
17.1 Linear Expansion of Solids
17.2 Area Expansion of Solids
17.3 Volume Expansion of Solids and
Liquids
17.4 Volume Expansion of Gases:
Charles' Law
17.5 Gay-Lussac's Law
17.6 Boyle's Law
17.7 The Ideal Gas Law
17.8 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
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An Essay on the Application of Physics
Relative Humidity and the Cooling
of the Human Body
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15 Fluids
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Density
15.3 Pressure
15.4 Pascal's Principle
15.5 Archimedes' Principle
15.6 The Equation of Continuity
15.7 Bernoulli's Theorem
15.8 Application of Bernoulli's Theorem
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An Essay on the Application of Physics
The Flow of Blood in the Human Body
The Language of Physics
18 Heat Transfer
18.1 Heat Transfer
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Table of Contents
18.2 Convection
18.3 Conduction
18.4 Radiation
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The Greenhouse Effect and
Global Warming
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20.1 Introduction
20.2 Separation of Electric Charge by
Rubbing
20.3 Atomic Structure
20.4 Measurement of Electric Charge
20.5 Coulomb's Law
20.6 Multiple Discrete Charges
20.7 Forces Caused by a Continuous
Distribution of Charge
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19 Thermodynamics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Concept of Work Applied to a
Thermodynamic System
19.3 Heat Added to or Removed from a
Thermodynamic System
19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
19.5 Some Special Cases of the First
Law of Thermodynamics
19.6 The Gasoline Engine
19.7 The Ideal Heat Engine
19.8 The Carnot Cycle
19.9 The Second Law of
Thermodynamics
19.10 Entropy
19.11 Statistical Interpretation of
Entropy
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An Essay on the Application of Physics
Meteorology--The Physics of the
Atmosphere
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21 Electric Fields
21.1 The Electric Field
21.2 The Electric Field of a Point
Charge
21.3 Superposition of Electric Fields for
Multiple Discrete Charges
21.4 The Electric Field along the
Perpendicular Bisector of an
Electric Dipole
21.5 The Torque on a Dipole in an
External Electric Field
21.6 Electric Fields of Continuous
Charge Distributions
21.7 The Electric Field on Axis of a
Charged Rod
21.8 The Electric Field on Axis for a
Ring of Charge
21.9 The Electric Field on Axis for a
Disk of Charge
21.10 Dynamics of a Charged Particle
in an Electric Field
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Questions and Problems for Chapter 21
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PART FOUR
22 Electric Flux and Gauss’s
Law
Electricity and Magnetism
20 Electrostatics
22.1 Introduction
xi
Table of Contents
22.2 Electric Flux
22.3 Gauss’s Law for Electricity
22.4 The Electric Field of a Spherically
Symmetric Uniform Charge
Distribution
22.5 The Electric Field of an Infinite
Line of Charge
22.6 The Electric Field of an Infinite
Plane Sheet of Charge
22.7 The Electric Field Inside a
Conducting Body
22.8 The Electric Field Between Two
Oppositely Charged Parallel
Conducting Plates
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23 The Electric Potential
23.1 Potential Energy
23.2 The Electric Potential and the
Potential Difference
23.3 Generalization of the Formulation
for the Potential Difference
23.4 The Potential of a Positive Point
Charge
23.5 Superposition of Potentials for
Multiple Discrete Charges
23.6 The Potential of an Electric Dipole
23.7 The Potential Energy of an Electric
Dipole in an External Electric
Field
23.8 The Potential for a Continuous
Distribution of Charge
23.9 The Potential on Axis for a
Charged Rod
23.10 The Potential on Axis for a Ring
of Charge
23.11 The Potential on Axis for a Disk
of Charge
23.12 The Battery - Source of Potential
Differences
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24 Electric Currents and DC
Circuits
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
Electric Current
Ohm's Law
Resistivity
The Variation of Resistance with
Temperature
24.5 Conservation of Energy and the
Electric Circuit--Power Expended
in a Circuit
24.6 Resistors in Series
24.7 Resistors in Parallel
24.8 Combinations of Resistors in Series
and Parallel
24.9 The Electromotive Force and the
Internal Resistance of a Battery
24.10 Making an Ammeter and
Voltmeter from a Galvanometer
24.11 The Wheatstone Bridge
24.12 Kirchhoff's Rules
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25 Capacitance
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
Introduction
The Parallel Plate Capacitor
The Cylindrical Capacitor
The Spherical Capacitor
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Combinations of Capacitors in
Series and Parallel
25.9 Capacitors with Dielectrics Placed
between the Plates
25.10 Atomic Description of a Dielectric
25.11 Charging and Discharging a
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Capacitor
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27 Electromagnetic Induction
26 Magnetism
26.1 The Force on a Charge in a
Magnetic Field--The Definition of
the Magnetic Field B
26.2 Force on a Current-Carrying
Conductor in an External Magnetic
Field
26.3 Force on a Semicircular Wire
Carrying a Current in an External
Magnetic Field
26.4 Generation of a Magnetic Field
26.5 The Biot-Savart Law
26.6 The Magnetic Field at the Center
of a Circular Current Loop
26.7 Magnetic Field on Axis for a
Circular Current Loop
26.8 Ampère's Circuital Law
26.9 The Magnetic Field Around a Long
Straight Wire by Ampere’s Law
26.10 Force between Parallel, Current Carrying Conductors--The
Definition of the Ampere
26.11 The Magnetic Field Inside a
Solenoid
26.12 Magnetic Field Inside a Toroid
26.13 Torque on a Current Loop in an
External Magnetic Field--The
Magnetic Dipole Moment
26.14 Applications of the Torque on a
Current Loop in an External
Magnetic Field
26.15 Permanent Magnets and Atomic
Magnets
26.16 The Potential Energy of a
Magnetic Dipole in an External
Magnetic Field
26.17 Magnetic Flux
26.18 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Motional emf and Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
27.3 Lenz's Law
27.4 The Induced emf in a Rotating
Loop of Wire in a Magnetic Field -Alternating emf’s and the AC
Generator
27.5 Mutual Induction
27.6 Self-Induction
27.7 The Energy Stored in the Magnetic
Field of an Inductor
27.8 Comparison of the Electrostatic
Field and the Induced Electric
Field
27.9 Generalization of Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
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28 Alternating Current
Circuits
28.1 Introduction
28.2 The Effective Current and Voltage
in an AC Circuit
28.3 An RLC Series Circuit
28.4 Resonance in an RLC Series
Circuit
28.5 Power in an AC Circuit
28.6 An RLC Parallel Circuit
28.7 The Transformer
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An Essay on the Application of Physics
Metal Detectors at Airports
xiii
Table of Contents
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Questions and Problems for Chapter 28
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29 Maxwell's Equations and
Electromagnetic Waves
29.1 Introduction
29.2 The Displacement Current and
Ampère's Law
29.3 Ampere’s Law with the
Displacement Current Term
29.4 Faraday’s Law Revisited
29.5 Maxwell’s Equations in Integral
Form
29.6 Electromagnetic Waves
29.7 The Production of an
Electromagnetic Wave--An
Oscillating Dipole
29.8 The Propagation of an
Electromagnetic Wave
29.9 The Speed of an Electromagnetic
Wave
29.10 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
29.11 Energy Transmitted by an
Electromagnetic Wave
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PART FIVE
Light and Optics
30 The Law of Reflection
30.1 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
30.2 The Law of Reflection
30.3 The Plane Mirror
30.4 The Concave Spherical Mirror
30.5 The Convex Spherical Mirror
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Questions and Problems for Chapter 30
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31 The Law of Refraction
31.1 Refraction
31.2 The Law of Refraction
31.3 Apparent Depth of an Object
Immersed in Water
31.4 Refraction through Parallel Faces
31.5 Total Internal Reflection
31.6 Dispersion
31.7 Thin Lenses
31.8 Ray Tracing and the Standard
Rays
31.9 The Lens Equation
31.10 Some Special Cases for the
Convex Lens
31.11 Combinations of Lenses
31.12 Thin Lenses in Contact
31.13 Optical Instruments
“Have you ever wondered...?”
An Essay on the Application of Physics
Nature's Camera--The Human Eye
The Language of Physics
Summary of Important Equations
Questions and Problems for Chapter 31
Interactive Tutorials
32 Physical Optics
32.1 Introduction
32.2 The Interference of Light--Young’s
Double-Slit Experiment
32.3 The Interference of Light--The
Michelson Interferometer
32.4 Interference--Thin Films
32.5 Diffraction from a Single Slit
32.6 The Diffraction Grating
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xiv
Table of Contents
PART SIX
Modern Physics
33 Special Relativity
33.1 Introduction to Relative Motion
33.2 The Galilean Transformations of
Classical Physics
33.3 The Invariance of the Mechanical
Laws of Physics under a Galilean
Transformation
33.4 Electromagnetism and the Ether
33.5 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
33.6 The Postulates of the Special
Theory of Relativity
33.7 The Lorentz Transformation
33.8 The Lorentz-Fitzgerald
Contraction
33.9 Time Dilation
33.10 Transformation of Velocities
33.11 The Law of Conservation of
Momentum and Relativistic Mass
33.12 The Law of Conservation of
Mass-Energy
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34 Spacetime and General
Relativity
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4
Spacetime Diagrams
The Invariant Interval
The General Theory of Relativity
The Bending of Light in a
Gravitational Field
34.5 The Advance of the Perihelion of
the Planet Mercury
34.6 The Gravitational Red Shift
34.7 The Shapiro Experiment
“Have you ever wondered...?”
An Essay on the Application of Physics
The Black Hole
The Language of Physics
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Questions and Problems for Chapter 34
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35 Quantum Physics
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4
35.5
35.6
35.7
The Particle Nature of Waves
Blackbody Radiation
The Photoelectric Effect
The Properties of the Photon
The Compton Effect
The Wave Nature of Particles
The Wave Representation of a
Particle
35.8 The Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle
35.9 Different Forms of the Uncertainty
Principle
35.10 The Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle and Virtual Particles
35.11 The Gravitational Red Shift by
the Theory of Quanta
35.12 An Accelerated Clock
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36 Atomic Physics
36.1 The History of the Atom
36.2 The Bohr Theory of the Atom
36.3 The Bohr Theory and Atomic
Spectra
36.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of
the Hydrogen Atom
36.5 The Magnetic Moment of the
Hydrogen Atom
36.6 The Zeeman Effect
36.7 Electron Spin
36.8 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and
the Periodic Table of the Elements
xv
Table of Contents
“Have you ever wondered...?”
An Essay on the Application of Physics
Is This World Real or Just an Illusion?
The Language of Physics
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37 Nuclear Physics
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Nuclear Structure
37.3 Radioactive Decay Law
37.4 Forms of Radioactivity
37.5 Radioactive Series
37.6 Energy in Nuclear Reactions
37.7 Nuclear Fission
37.8 Nuclear Fusion
37.9 Nucleosynthesis
“Have you ever wondered...?”
An Essay on the Application of Physics
Radioactive Dating
The Language of Physics
Summary of Important Equations
Questions and Problems for Chapter 37
Interactive Tutorials
An Essay on the Application of Physics
The Big Bang Theory and the Creation of
the Universe
The Language of Physics
Questions and Problems for Chapter 38
Epilogue E-1
Appendix A Conversion Factors
Appendix B Useful Mathematical
Formulas
Appendix C Table of Integrals
Appendix D Physical Constants
Appendix E Table of the Elements
Appendix F Answers to Odd-Numbered
Problems
Bibliography
38 Elementary Particle
Physics and the Unification of
the Forces
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Particles and Antiparticles
38.3 The Four Forces of Nature
38.4 Quarks
38.5 The Electromagnetic Force
38.6 The Weak Nuclear Force
38.7 The Electroweak Force
38.8 The Strong Nuclear Force
38.9 Grand Unified Theories (GUT)
38.10 The Gravitational Force and
Quantum Gravity
38.11 The Superforce--Unification of All
the Forces
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xvi
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