To access a particular chapter, 2.5 The Instantaneous Velocity of a Moving Body double click on that chapter 2.6 The Kinematic Equations 2.7 The Freely Falling Body 2.8 Determination of Your Reaction Time by a Freely Falling Body 2.9 Projectile Motion in One Dimension 2.10 The Calculus and Kinematics “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Kinematics and Traffic Congestion The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions for Chapter 2 Hints for Problem Solving Problems for Chapter 2 Interactive Tutorials below. Contents Preface A Special Note to the Student Computer Assisted Instruction PART ONE Mechanics 1 Introduction and Measurements 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 The Realm of Physics 1.3 Physics Is a Science of Measurement 1.4 The Fundamental Quantities 1.5 The Standard of Length 1.6 The Standard of Mass 1.7 The Standard of Time 1.8 The Standard of Electrical Charge 1.9 Systems of Units 1.10 Conversion Factors 1.11 Derived Quantities 1.12 Measurements, Significant Figures and Propagation of Errors The Language of Physics Questions and Problems for Chapter 1 Interactive Tutorials 2 Kinematics In One Dimension 2.1 Kinematics - The Study of Motion 2.2 Experimental Description of a Moving Body 2.3 A Body Moving at Constant Velocity 2.4 A Body Moving at Constant Acceleration 3 Vectors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Displacement 3.3 Vector Algebra--The Addition of Vectors 3.4 Vector Subtraction--The Negative of a Vector 3.5 Addition of Vectors by the Polygon Method 3.6 Resolution of a Vector into Its Components 3.7 Determination of a Vector from Its Components 3.8 Unit Vectors 3.9 The Addition of Vectors by the Component Method 3.10 The Multiplication of Vectors 3.11 The Scalar Product or Dot Product 3.12 The Vector Product or Cross Product The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 3 Interactive Tutorials vii Table of Contents 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.1 The Kinematic Equations in Vector Form 4.2 Projectile Motion in Two Dimensions 4.3 The Calculus and Kinematics in Two Dimensions 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion 4.5 Centripetal Acceleration and its Direction 4.6 Angles Measured in Radians 4.7 The Magnitude of the Centripetal Acceleration 4.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 4 Interactive Tutorials 5 Newton's Laws of Motion 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Introduction Newton's First Law of Motion Newton's Third Law of Motion Newton's Second Law of Motion Applications of Newton's Second Law “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics The Physics in Sports The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 5 Interactive Tutorials 6 Newton's Laws with Friction, and Circular Motion 6.1 Friction 6.2 Applications of Newton’s Second Law Taking Friction into Account 6.3 A Falling Body With Air Resistance 6.4 The Centripetal Force 6.5 The Centrifugal Force 6.6 Examples of Centripetal Force The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 6 Interactive Tutorials 7 Energy and Its Conservation 7.1 Energy 7.2 Work 7.3 Work Done by a Variable Force 7.4 Power 7.5 Potential Energy 7.6 Kinetic Energy 7.7 The Conservation of Energy 7.8 Further Analysis of the Conservation of Energy “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics The Great Pyramids The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 7 Interactive Tutorials 8 Momentum and Its Conservation 8.1 Momentum 8.2 The Law of Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Examples of the Law of Conservation of Momentum 8.4 Impulse 8.5 Collisions in One Dimension 8.6 Collisions in Two Dimensions--Glancing Collisions 8.7 The Center of Mass 8.8 Systems With Variable Mass - The Rocket The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 8 Interactive Tutorials viii Table of Contents Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 10 Interactive Tutorials 9 Rotational Motion 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Introduction Rotational Kinematics The Kinetic Energy of Rotation The Moment of Inertia The Concept of Torque Newton's Laws for Rotational Motion 9.7 Rotational Dynamics 9.8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 9.9 Combined Translational and Rotational Motion Treated by the Law of Conservation of Energy 9.10 Work in Rotational Motion “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Attitude Control of Airplanes and Spaceships The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 9 Interactive Tutorials 11 Equilibrium 11.1 The First Condition of Equilibrium 11.2 The Second Condition of Equilibrium 11.3 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body 11.4 Examples of Rigid Bodies in Equilibrium “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Traction The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 11 Interactive Tutorials PART TWO Vibratory Motion, Wave Motion, and Fluids 10 Gravitation - Planetary and Satellite Motion 12 Elasticity 12.1 The Atomic Nature of Elasticity 12.2 Hooke's Law--Stress and Strain 12.3 Hooke's Law for a Spring 12.4 Elasticity of Shape--Shear 12.5 Elasticity of Volume The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 12 Interactive Tutorials 10.1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation 10.2 The Acceleration Due to Gravity and Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation 10.3 Variation of the Acceleration Due to Gravity 10.4 Acceleration Due to Gravity on the Moon and on Other Planets 10.5 Generalization of the Formulation for the Gravitational Potential Energy 10.6 Planetary Motion 10.7 Satellite Motion 10.8 Space Travel The Language of Physics 13 Simple Harmonic Motion 13.1 Introduction to Periodic Motion 13.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 13.3 Analysis of Simple Harmonic Motion--The Reference Circle 13.4 Conservation of Energy and the Vibrating Spring ix Table of Contents 13.5 The Simple Pendulum 13.6 Springs in Parallel and in Series The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 13 Interactive Tutorials Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 15 Interactive Tutorials PART THREE 14 Wave Motion Thermodynamics 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Mathematical Representation of a Wave 14.3 The Speed of a Transverse Wave on a String 14.4 Reflection of a Wave at a Boundary 14.5 The Principle of Superposition 14.6 Standing Waves--The String 14.7 Sound Waves 14.8 The Doppler Effect 14.9 The Transmission of Energy in a Wave and the Intensity of a Wave “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics The Production and Reception of Human Sound The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 14 Interactive Tutorials 16 Temperature and Heat 16.1 Temperature 16.2 Heat 16.3 Specific Heat 16.4 Calorimetry 16.5 Change of Phase The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 16 Interactive Tutorials 17 Thermal Expansion and the Gas Laws 17.1 Linear Expansion of Solids 17.2 Area Expansion of Solids 17.3 Volume Expansion of Solids and Liquids 17.4 Volume Expansion of Gases: Charles' Law 17.5 Gay-Lussac's Law 17.6 Boyle's Law 17.7 The Ideal Gas Law 17.8 The Kinetic Theory of Gases “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Relative Humidity and the Cooling of the Human Body The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 17 Interactive Tutorials 15 Fluids 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Density 15.3 Pressure 15.4 Pascal's Principle 15.5 Archimedes' Principle 15.6 The Equation of Continuity 15.7 Bernoulli's Theorem 15.8 Application of Bernoulli's Theorem “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics The Flow of Blood in the Human Body The Language of Physics 18 Heat Transfer 18.1 Heat Transfer x Table of Contents 18.2 Convection 18.3 Conduction 18.4 Radiation “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 18 Interactive Tutorials 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Separation of Electric Charge by Rubbing 20.3 Atomic Structure 20.4 Measurement of Electric Charge 20.5 Coulomb's Law 20.6 Multiple Discrete Charges 20.7 Forces Caused by a Continuous Distribution of Charge The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 20 Interactive Tutorials 19 Thermodynamics 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Concept of Work Applied to a Thermodynamic System 19.3 Heat Added to or Removed from a Thermodynamic System 19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 19.5 Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics 19.6 The Gasoline Engine 19.7 The Ideal Heat Engine 19.8 The Carnot Cycle 19.9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 19.10 Entropy 19.11 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Meteorology--The Physics of the Atmosphere The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 19 Interactive Tutorials 21 Electric Fields 21.1 The Electric Field 21.2 The Electric Field of a Point Charge 21.3 Superposition of Electric Fields for Multiple Discrete Charges 21.4 The Electric Field along the Perpendicular Bisector of an Electric Dipole 21.5 The Torque on a Dipole in an External Electric Field 21.6 Electric Fields of Continuous Charge Distributions 21.7 The Electric Field on Axis of a Charged Rod 21.8 The Electric Field on Axis for a Ring of Charge 21.9 The Electric Field on Axis for a Disk of Charge 21.10 Dynamics of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 21 Interactive Tutorials PART FOUR 22 Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law Electricity and Magnetism 20 Electrostatics 22.1 Introduction xi Table of Contents 22.2 Electric Flux 22.3 Gauss’s Law for Electricity 22.4 The Electric Field of a Spherically Symmetric Uniform Charge Distribution 22.5 The Electric Field of an Infinite Line of Charge 22.6 The Electric Field of an Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge 22.7 The Electric Field Inside a Conducting Body 22.8 The Electric Field Between Two Oppositely Charged Parallel Conducting Plates The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 22 Interactive Tutorials 23 The Electric Potential 23.1 Potential Energy 23.2 The Electric Potential and the Potential Difference 23.3 Generalization of the Formulation for the Potential Difference 23.4 The Potential of a Positive Point Charge 23.5 Superposition of Potentials for Multiple Discrete Charges 23.6 The Potential of an Electric Dipole 23.7 The Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field 23.8 The Potential for a Continuous Distribution of Charge 23.9 The Potential on Axis for a Charged Rod 23.10 The Potential on Axis for a Ring of Charge 23.11 The Potential on Axis for a Disk of Charge 23.12 The Battery - Source of Potential Differences The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 23 Interactive Tutorials 24 Electric Currents and DC Circuits 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Electric Current Ohm's Law Resistivity The Variation of Resistance with Temperature 24.5 Conservation of Energy and the Electric Circuit--Power Expended in a Circuit 24.6 Resistors in Series 24.7 Resistors in Parallel 24.8 Combinations of Resistors in Series and Parallel 24.9 The Electromotive Force and the Internal Resistance of a Battery 24.10 Making an Ammeter and Voltmeter from a Galvanometer 24.11 The Wheatstone Bridge 24.12 Kirchhoff's Rules The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 24 Interactive Tutorials 25 Capacitance 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 Introduction The Parallel Plate Capacitor The Cylindrical Capacitor The Spherical Capacitor Energy Stored in a Capacitor Capacitors in Series Capacitors in Parallel Combinations of Capacitors in Series and Parallel 25.9 Capacitors with Dielectrics Placed between the Plates 25.10 Atomic Description of a Dielectric 25.11 Charging and Discharging a xii Table of Contents The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 26 Interactive Tutorials Capacitor The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 25 Interactive Tutorials 27 Electromagnetic Induction 26 Magnetism 26.1 The Force on a Charge in a Magnetic Field--The Definition of the Magnetic Field B 26.2 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in an External Magnetic Field 26.3 Force on a Semicircular Wire Carrying a Current in an External Magnetic Field 26.4 Generation of a Magnetic Field 26.5 The Biot-Savart Law 26.6 The Magnetic Field at the Center of a Circular Current Loop 26.7 Magnetic Field on Axis for a Circular Current Loop 26.8 Ampère's Circuital Law 26.9 The Magnetic Field Around a Long Straight Wire by Ampere’s Law 26.10 Force between Parallel, Current Carrying Conductors--The Definition of the Ampere 26.11 The Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid 26.12 Magnetic Field Inside a Toroid 26.13 Torque on a Current Loop in an External Magnetic Field--The Magnetic Dipole Moment 26.14 Applications of the Torque on a Current Loop in an External Magnetic Field 26.15 Permanent Magnets and Atomic Magnets 26.16 The Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in an External Magnetic Field 26.17 Magnetic Flux 26.18 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Motional emf and Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction 27.3 Lenz's Law 27.4 The Induced emf in a Rotating Loop of Wire in a Magnetic Field -Alternating emf’s and the AC Generator 27.5 Mutual Induction 27.6 Self-Induction 27.7 The Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field of an Inductor 27.8 Comparison of the Electrostatic Field and the Induced Electric Field 27.9 Generalization of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 27 Interactive Tutorials 28 Alternating Current Circuits 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The Effective Current and Voltage in an AC Circuit 28.3 An RLC Series Circuit 28.4 Resonance in an RLC Series Circuit 28.5 Power in an AC Circuit 28.6 An RLC Parallel Circuit 28.7 The Transformer “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Metal Detectors at Airports xiii Table of Contents The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 28 Interactive Tutorials 29 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The Displacement Current and Ampère's Law 29.3 Ampere’s Law with the Displacement Current Term 29.4 Faraday’s Law Revisited 29.5 Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form 29.6 Electromagnetic Waves 29.7 The Production of an Electromagnetic Wave--An Oscillating Dipole 29.8 The Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave 29.9 The Speed of an Electromagnetic Wave 29.10 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 29.11 Energy Transmitted by an Electromagnetic Wave The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 29 Interactive Tutorials PART FIVE Light and Optics 30 The Law of Reflection 30.1 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 30.2 The Law of Reflection 30.3 The Plane Mirror 30.4 The Concave Spherical Mirror 30.5 The Convex Spherical Mirror The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 30 Interactive Tutorials 31 The Law of Refraction 31.1 Refraction 31.2 The Law of Refraction 31.3 Apparent Depth of an Object Immersed in Water 31.4 Refraction through Parallel Faces 31.5 Total Internal Reflection 31.6 Dispersion 31.7 Thin Lenses 31.8 Ray Tracing and the Standard Rays 31.9 The Lens Equation 31.10 Some Special Cases for the Convex Lens 31.11 Combinations of Lenses 31.12 Thin Lenses in Contact 31.13 Optical Instruments “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Nature's Camera--The Human Eye The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 31 Interactive Tutorials 32 Physical Optics 32.1 Introduction 32.2 The Interference of Light--Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 32.3 The Interference of Light--The Michelson Interferometer 32.4 Interference--Thin Films 32.5 Diffraction from a Single Slit 32.6 The Diffraction Grating The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 32 Interactive Tutorials xiv Table of Contents PART SIX Modern Physics 33 Special Relativity 33.1 Introduction to Relative Motion 33.2 The Galilean Transformations of Classical Physics 33.3 The Invariance of the Mechanical Laws of Physics under a Galilean Transformation 33.4 Electromagnetism and the Ether 33.5 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 33.6 The Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 33.7 The Lorentz Transformation 33.8 The Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction 33.9 Time Dilation 33.10 Transformation of Velocities 33.11 The Law of Conservation of Momentum and Relativistic Mass 33.12 The Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 33 Interactive Tutorials 34 Spacetime and General Relativity 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Spacetime Diagrams The Invariant Interval The General Theory of Relativity The Bending of Light in a Gravitational Field 34.5 The Advance of the Perihelion of the Planet Mercury 34.6 The Gravitational Red Shift 34.7 The Shapiro Experiment “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics The Black Hole The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 34 Interactive Tutorials 35 Quantum Physics 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 The Particle Nature of Waves Blackbody Radiation The Photoelectric Effect The Properties of the Photon The Compton Effect The Wave Nature of Particles The Wave Representation of a Particle 35.8 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 35.9 Different Forms of the Uncertainty Principle 35.10 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and Virtual Particles 35.11 The Gravitational Red Shift by the Theory of Quanta 35.12 An Accelerated Clock The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 35 Interactive Tutorials 36 Atomic Physics 36.1 The History of the Atom 36.2 The Bohr Theory of the Atom 36.3 The Bohr Theory and Atomic Spectra 36.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Hydrogen Atom 36.5 The Magnetic Moment of the Hydrogen Atom 36.6 The Zeeman Effect 36.7 Electron Spin 36.8 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table of the Elements xv Table of Contents “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Is This World Real or Just an Illusion? The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 36 Interactive Tutorials 37 Nuclear Physics 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Nuclear Structure 37.3 Radioactive Decay Law 37.4 Forms of Radioactivity 37.5 Radioactive Series 37.6 Energy in Nuclear Reactions 37.7 Nuclear Fission 37.8 Nuclear Fusion 37.9 Nucleosynthesis “Have you ever wondered...?” An Essay on the Application of Physics Radioactive Dating The Language of Physics Summary of Important Equations Questions and Problems for Chapter 37 Interactive Tutorials An Essay on the Application of Physics The Big Bang Theory and the Creation of the Universe The Language of Physics Questions and Problems for Chapter 38 Epilogue E-1 Appendix A Conversion Factors Appendix B Useful Mathematical Formulas Appendix C Table of Integrals Appendix D Physical Constants Appendix E Table of the Elements Appendix F Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Bibliography 38 Elementary Particle Physics and the Unification of the Forces 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Particles and Antiparticles 38.3 The Four Forces of Nature 38.4 Quarks 38.5 The Electromagnetic Force 38.6 The Weak Nuclear Force 38.7 The Electroweak Force 38.8 The Strong Nuclear Force 38.9 Grand Unified Theories (GUT) 38.10 The Gravitational Force and Quantum Gravity 38.11 The Superforce--Unification of All the Forces “Have you ever wondered...?” xvi