Energy and Advanced Coal Utilization
Strategy in China
Prof. Ni Weidou
Tsinghua University
Chairman of Steering Committee of
Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre
Member of Chinese Academy of Engineering
Chairman of Science and Technology Commission of
Ministry of Education
Contents
z Tsinghua BP Clean Energy Centre
z Present energy situation in China
z China’s energy demand in 2020
z Five challenges China is facing
and general conclusions
z Strategy for coal utilization
z Urgent actions should be taken
Five challenges China is facing
z Enormous energy demand
z Shortage of liquid fuels
z Severe environmental pollution
z Greenhouse gas emissions
z Rural energy supply
China’s Present Energy Situation
z The total primary energy
consumption and production were
1165Mtoe and 1120Mtoe in 2003,
respectively
z Coal of the dominate primary energy
accounts for nearly 70%
z The per capita energy consumption
is only half of the world average level
GDP per capita comparison of countries, in USD
45000
42318
40000
31707
35000
30845
28959
26071
30000
25000
20000
12068
15000
5462
10000
1000
5000
0
Japan
Germany
America
France
Singapore
注：1995年价
资料来源：《日本能源经济统计手册》（2002）
Korea
The average
China
Per capita energy consumption in toe
8.14
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5.74
3.85
EU
in a
Ch
ali
a
s tr
Au
ap
or
e
ce
Si
ng
an
Fr
er
Am
an
rm
Ge
ica
y
n
0.698
pa
Ja
4.35
4.11
4.07
5.69
注：1999年数据，资料来源：《日本能源经济年鉴》（2000）
China’s Present Power Generation Situation
The total power capacity: 370 GW
z Significantly increasing of energy
consumption, especially oil, in recent
years due to
- the faster growth of heavy industries
- upgrade of consumption structure
- urbanization
z
The Projection of Energy Demand
z The total energy demand in 2020 will
range 1750-2310Mtoe in terms of different
scenarios
¾ Coal：2100~2900Mt
¾ Oil：400~500Mt
¾ Natural gas ：160~200 b m3
¾ Power generation capacity：860-950 GW
z In 2050 the total energy demand will be
beyond 3500Mtoe
13
The Energy Production
Scenarios
60
（单位：亿吨标煤）
50
40
30
可再生能源
核能
水电
20
天然气
石油
10
煤
一次能源消费
0
2002
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
（年份）
China will be facing the challenges in the future
1、The
energy security
z The per capita energy reserves of China are
much low, especially for the oil and natural gas
z Oil will reach the peak production around 200Mt
in 2020, after then the production will decrease
z 60% oil and natural gas in 2020 will depend on
import
z 100Mt coal production new capacity will be setup before 2020
100Mt
Increasing Dependence on
Oil Import
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2000
2010
2020
需求量
2030
国内产量
2040
2050
年份
Huge Demand (Market) of LPG in China for Residential and Vehicle Use
Huge demand
of LPG
z China’s DME consumption ranks 3rd in the world – 19.3 mil. t. in
2003
z Mainly for residential use, for vehicles as well
z From 1990, LPG consumption increase rate – more than 20%,
the highest in the world
Rely on
import
z Because of the limited domestic production – the 2nd largest
import country
Unit: mil. t.
29.5
Market of DME
as alternative of
LPG
LPG Consumption
DME as LPG alter.
22
19.33
11.52
7.18
2003 Real
8.22
2005 Prediction
2010 Prediction
•LPG annual import
increase rate: 7％
•LPG : DME
equivalent set to be
1:1.15
Huge Market of DME as Alternative of Diesel Fuel in China
Unit: mil. t.
129.9
Predicted demand of diesel
fuel
105.46
84.34
27.47
14.87
5.95
2005
Predicted Demand of DME as
alternative of diesel oil (5%,
10% and 15% up to 2015)
2010
2015
• Half of diesel oil for highway and long-distance
transportation, it is the main market of DME
China will be facing the challenges in the future
2、Energy efficiency improvement
z The energy consumption intensity of GDP of China in
2000 was 0.89kgoe/$US, 3.34 times of world average
level and 4.63 times of OECD average attributed to as
high as 42% industrial proportion in GDP and low value
added for most products, and low energy efficiency.
z The specific energy consumption for most energy
intensive products are as 20-50% higher than that of the
industrial countries.
China will be facing the challenges in the future
3、Environmental impact of energy pollutant
z The SO2 and NOx pollutant could be 40Mt and
35Mt and exceed 16Mt and 19Mt of the pollutant
limits, respectively, in 2020 if no additional
control measures will be taken
z China is the second largest CO2 emission
country, it would increase in the future
Energy Strategic Goal
z Meet
energy needs for sustainable
development
z Ensure social and economic security
z Improve air quality
by promoting
z
Energy efficiency and clean use
z
Diversified energy supply
Intermediate objectives (2020)
2020: fourfold GDP with double energy
consumption
z Premium on energy conversation by adjusting
industrial structure, upgrading products, and energy
efficiency improvement
z Ensuring increasing energy demands by fundamental
role of coal supply and application of high efficient and
environmentally sound technologies
z Tackling the needs of oil and natural gas by efficiency
improvement, fuel substitution, exploration of new
reserve, diversifying supply sources, and oil
emergency reservation
Intermediate objectives (2035)
2035: fundamental change
for diversifying energy supply
z Fostering nuclear power development and increasing
proportion of nuclear in total power generation to 16%
around 2035
z Accelerating renewable energy scaling-up application
z Commercial application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in
main cities
Intermediate objectives (2050)
2050：towards to sustainable energy
z Reducing coal proportion in total primary energy
below 50%
z Providing new increasing energy demands mainly by
nuclear and renewable and contributing more than
30% proportion in total primary energy after 2035
z Hydrogen power becoming main component of
transportation and substantially reducing
dependence on oil import
Priority Programs From the LT S&T Strategy
z Technologies for energy efficiency
z Clean coal technologies
z The support technologies for protecting oil
security
z Advanced nuclear technologies
z Long distance transmission and grid reliability
z Application of renewable energy
z Hydrogen & fuel cell
Sustainable Use of Coal
z According to the sophisticated model study, to
2030~2050 with the constraints of
z
SO2, NOx emission
z
C—66Gt, 450 ppm
z
Less than 30~40% import oil
Modernization of coal utilization is unavoidable
z Coal will still be the main primary energy in China up to
2050 (50% or more)
z Clean coal technology will be the most important
problem from the energy supply and environment point
of view
Sustainable Use of Coal
z Rapid increase from 400 GW to 950 GW of
power generation needs new approach and
new technology beyond direct combustion—
polygeneration, coproduction of power、liquid
fuels、chemicals and syngas via coal
(petcoke, residues, biomass…) gasification
z Only polygeneration will make coal derived
liquid fuel and clean power (IGCC) both
competitive in comparison with coal-fired
power generation and petroleum derived fuels
(gasoline, diesel…)
Sustainable Use of Coal
z Shortage of vehicle fuel could be solved by
introduction of alternatives, that is methanol
for gasoline and DME for diesel. This approach
will lead to more efficient utilization of coal,
much less emission of HC, NOx, soot…
Furthermore, less GHG emission (CO2)
according to the total life cycle analysis (LCA)
z The modernization of coal use via gasification
with steam shift (CO + H2O Æ CO2 + H2) and
separation of CO2 from H2, further,
sequestration of “pure” CO2 is the best and
most effective way for GHG mitigation
The strategy for coal utilization
Present Strategy
z Develop
and employ large scale,
higher parameter power units
with emission control facility,
(SC, USC, CFB, air cooling) to
meet power generation demand
z Large
scale demonstration of
polygeneration
Vision for sustainable coal utilization
Near / Medium term
Feedstocks
Coal
Heavy oils
Petroleum residuals
Biomass
Wastes
Natural gas
Gasification
(syngas generator)
P
O
L
Y
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
I
O
N
Energy Carriers
End uses
Electricity
Steam
Town gas
Methanol/gasoline blend
F-T/Diesel blend
DME
Industry
Transportation
Domestic
Tertiary
Agriculture
Infrastructure Requirements
Near / medium-term
Hydrocarbons
Medium / long- term
DME
Energy
Carriers
Electricity
Steam
Hydrogen
DME
Long-term
Hydrogen
End uses
Industry
Transportation
Domestic
Tertiary
Agriculture
Long term
Vision of coal utilization in China
Coal based Polygeneration for now and for the future
Integrated Resource-Energy-Environment
System
Air
Coal
Air
Seperation
O2
Syngas
N2,Ar
High Tem.
Clean up
Gasification
Heat/power/cool
cogeneration
Commercial
building
residential
petroleum
coke and
residue
Steam
NG
IGCC
or GCC
Shift
chemical
products
CO2+H2
Seperation
H2
Liquid
fuel
CO2
others
Heat/power/coal
cogeneration
Large-scale
power
generation
Fuel
cell
Sequestration
Dry
ice
fertilizer
algae
plant
growth
enhancement
of CBM
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Simplified illustration of Polygeneration
Integrated Resource-Energy-Environment System
z Coal/petrol coke/residue→syngas→ elemental S
z Syngas used for:
–
town gas, distributed CHP+cool
–
large scale power generation(FC, CC)
–
once through production of methanol
–
once through production of liquid fuels (F-T liquid,
DME)
–
other chemicals
Integrated Resource-Energy-Environment System
z Syngas via shift/separation→H2:
–
urban vehicles via PEM-FC
–
energy carrier for distributed power/heat/cool coproduction
z treatment of CO2: pure / easier to handle
–
raw material for fertilizer, chemicals, dry ice, planting
–
enhancement production of coal bed methane (CBM)
–
sequestration: deep sea/depleted NG field/salt aquifers
Features of Integrated Resource-EnergyEnvironment System
Integration of different processes: power /
heat / cool / chemicals
–
not only simple combination: simplification of
each single process, lowering investment and
operation cost
–
optimized coupling of processes: maximum
economic & environmental benefit
–
adjustment and compensation: “peak” and
“valley” of different products
–
benefit of large scale effect
Feature of Integrated Resource-EnergyEnvironment System
Highly flexible and open
–
diverse configurations in accordance to the
different concrete situations
–
step by step implementation
–
extending with accumulation of funds and
experiences
With more and more stringent environmental regulation,
the advantages of coal gasification polygeneration will be
more and more economically significant.
New coal
fired boiler
SO2+NOX
Gasification
SO2+NOX+
Hg+PM2.5
SO2+NOX+Hg
+PM2.5+CO2
Urgent actions should be taken（1）
Scenario study (MARKEL model)
160
Total Primary Energy Supply
140
120
EFFICIENCY
RENEWABLES
NUCLEAR
80
CBM
NGAS
60
OIL
40
COAL
Gasification
COAL
Combustion
20
A dvanced
T eAll
chnologies
Updated
AdvTech with
Caps and Low Nuclear
S O 2 , 30% O il& G as, 66 G t C C aps
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
B ase
T echnologies
BASE
CASE
Updated model
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
0
1995
Exajoules
100
Urgent actions should be taken（2）
The effect of Advanced Technologies Scenario
z Provides the same energy services at about the
same cost as the Base technologies strategy
z SO2 emissions are reduced from 23.7 Mt in
1995 to 16.2 Mt in 2020 and 8.8 Mt in 2050
z Imports of oil and natural gas are limited to 30%
of consumption of oil and gas over the long-term
z 66 Gt C caps
Urgent actions should be taken（3）
600
Post-2000 New Capacity
500
Pre-2000 Capacity
Gigawatts
400
300
200
100
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Projection for Coal Power Plant Capacity
Urgent actions should be taken（4）
Delaying the start of the transition to
coal gasification-based
polygeneration technology would
significantly increase:
z the costs to China of air pollution
damages,
z the costs of oil imports,
z the costs of reducing GHG
emissions.
Forecast of CO2 emission from different countries
CO2 emission of China
z 95%+ from energy
activities
z
z
Coal is dominant primary
energy, 2001 about
26.8EJ, 63.8% of total. Oil
10.8EJ, 25.7%.
In 2001, 76.8% of CO2
emission from coal
combustion, 21.1% from
oil, 2.1% from natural gas
z Annual emission growth
rate: about 4%
Hydraulic 6.9%
2.9 EJ
Nuclear etc. 0.5%
0.2 EJ
Oil 25.7%
10.8 EJ
Coal 63.8%
26.8 EJ
Natural Gas 3.1%
1.3 EJ
Natural gas
2.1% 0.07 Gt
Oil 21.1%
0.64 Gt
Coal 76.8%
2.34 Gt
Total: 3.05 Gt CO2
CO2 emission trend of China
12
Total Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions
CO2 Emissions from Gas Fuels
CO2 Emissions from Liquid Fuels
CO2 Emissions from Coal
CO2 Emissions from Cement Production
8
8
10 tons of carbon
CO2 Emissions from Gas Flaring
4
0
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
Analysis of power plants with CO2 mitigation
CO2 Emission (g C/kWh)
250
211
196
200
200
150
100
50
CO2 Vented
92.2
CO2 Captured
10.9
29.5
27.6
19.9
0
NGCC
Coal-SCS Coal-USC
IGCC
Analysis of power plants with CO2 mitigation (contd.)
Efficiency (% HHV)
60
50
53.6
43.3
40
40.5
28.9
30
43.1
42.7
37
31
CO2 Vented
CO2 Captured
20
10
0
NGCC
Coal-SCS Coal-USC
IGCC
Analysis of power plants with CO2 mitigation
(contd.)
CO2 mitigation cost ($/ton C)
350
300
310.5
250
209.5
200
208.8
150
96.5
100
50
0
NGCC
Coal-SCS
Coal-USC
IGCC
Coal Gasification System Ready for Large-Scale
H2 production and Utilization
Coal Gasification is the Core of Future New Thermal Cycles
z When coupled with High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC), the efficiency of IGCC-SOFC could be up to 60%~65%.
z SOFC has the similar function like Water Gas Shift for
increasing CO2 concentration in syngas
Roadmap for Carbon Mitigation in China
z Improvement of efficiency
z Rapid development of nuclear power
z Renewable energy (wind, biomass, solar)
z Polygeneration via coal gasification
z
Without shift – less CO2
z
With shift – more CO2 could be separated
z Partial decarbonization of syngas, combustion of H2-rich fuel
gas in GTCC, SOFC hybrid, …
z Utilization of CO2 – fertilizer, EOR, enhancement of CBM
recovery…
z Geological sequestration, survey of potential and possibilities
of sequestration – depleted oil and gas fields, salt aquifers,
deep sea… Infrastructure problems.
Thank You!
Xie xie