Leadership
Leaders vs. Managers
’’Manager is someone
who is doing things
right, leader is someone
who is doing the right
thing.”
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Leadership vs. Leading
ƒ Leadership - the process of influencing a
group to achieve goals
ƒ Leading – wider term that includes
leadership, motivation of employees,
managing with interpersonal and group
conflicts, and communication.
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Styles in Leadership
ƒ 2 basic styles:
a) Autocratic style
b) Democratic style
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Leadership Theories
1) Trait theories
- They tried to identified personal
characteristics that differentiated leaders from
nonleaders
- Was unsuccessful
ƒ Later research identified 7 traits associated
with successful leadership:
-Drive, the desire to lead, honesty, selfconfidence, intelligence, job-relevant
knowledge, and extraversion
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2) BEHAVIORAL THEORIES :
a) University of Iowa Studies
- 3 leadership styles:
ƒ Autocratic style
ƒ Democratic style
ƒ Laissez faire style
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b) Ohio State Studies
- two dimensions of leader behavior:
ƒ Initiating structure: leader defines roles of
group members, set tasks; determine
procedure and the way of communication .
ƒ Consideration: mutual trust, help and respect
for group member’s ideas and feelings, and
two-way communication.
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3) Managerial Grid
-2 (3) dimensions:
ƒ Concern for people
ƒ Concern for production
ƒ (Motivation)
- 2 basic dimensions with 9 degrees form 81
leadership’s styles.
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- 5 basic leadership styles:
ƒ Country club management
ƒ Team management – recommended
style
ƒ Middle-of-the-road management
ƒ Impoverished management
ƒ Task management
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4) Contingency Theories of Leadership
a) The Fiedler Model
Factors that influence leadership effectiveness:
ƒ Leader-member relationship
ƒ Position power
ƒ Task structure
2 leadership styles:
ƒ Concern for people
ƒ Concern for production
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ƒ Assumptions:
- A certain leadership style should be most
effective in certain situation.
- Leaders do not often change leadership
styles.
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b) Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership
Theory
- Leadership is achieved through direct business and
encouraging.
- 4 styles :
ƒ Telling – instructions and controlling (high task low
relationship)
ƒ Selling – directive and supportive behavior,
communication and participation (ht hr)
ƒ Participating – helping, participation (lt hr)
ƒ Delegating – tasks and responsibility – employees
(?!) (lt lr)
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c) Leader Participation Model (Vroom and
Yetton)
ƒ Situation + leader’s characteristics = leader
behavior
ƒ Situation + leader behavior = effectiveness of
the company
ƒ Leader behavior must be adjusted with task
structure (routine, nonroutine, or in between).
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ƒ 5 leadership styles:
1. Decide – leader makes the decision alone.
2. Consult individually – leader presents the problem to
group members individually, gets their suggestions,
and then makes the decision.
3. Consult group – leader presents the problem to
group members, gets their suggestions, and then
makes the decision.
4. Facilitate – leader presents the problem, defines the
problem and the boundaries within which a problem
must be solve.
5. Delegate – leader permits the group to make the
decision within prescribed limits.
- 1 and 2 forms of autocratic style, 3 and 4 forms of
consultative, 5 form of participation style.
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d) Path-Goal Model
- Leader’s job is to assist his or her followers in
attaining their goals and to provide direction
or support to ensure their goals are
compatible with organizational goals.
- Leadership styles:
ƒ Directive
ƒ Supportive
ƒ Participative
ƒ Achievement oriented
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Leader’s styles
+ contingency characteristics of employees
(necessities, abilities)
+ contingency characteristics of tasks
(structured, unstructured)
= efficiency (high productivity and satisfaction,
low fluctuation and the number of complaints)
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5) Contemporary views on leadership
a) Transactional leadership
- Leaders establish goals, organize work, clarify
roles and tasks
b) Transformational leadership
- Leaders who are capable of having a profound
effect on their followers and who are
capable to inspire followers to transcend
their own self-interests for the good of the
organization.
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c) Charismatic leadership
- Leader whose personality influence people to follow
him.
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Characteristics of charismatic leaders:
Enthusiastic
Self-confident
Have a vision
Unusual behavior
Willing to change
Understanding the needs of the environment and
followers
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d) Visionary leadership
- Leaders who creates realistic, credible, and attractive
vision of the future which is better than present
situation.
’’ The hardest things in the world must be done when
those are still easy and the biggest things must be
done when those are still small. That's the reason
why the leaders plan in the beginning when to do
right things.”
Sun-Tzu
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e) Team leadership
- Leading team towards their environment
- Manage with internal process
’’ The leaders make the circle of honesty and
mutual trust but they are also respectful to
other's hard work. Using their own example
they encourage others to take a risk and to
be consist in their learning.”
Jack Welch
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Characteristics of Successful Leader
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Skills :
Intuition
Coordination of values
Vision
Authority
Understanding
Motivating others
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Power:
Coercive power
Legitimate power (based on formal hierarchy)
Expert power
Referent power (identification with leader and
imitation)
ƒ Reward power
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Motivation as the Element of Leading
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Choosing the right motivation
When does the motivation become negative?
Factors of motivation:
Individual characteristics (needs, attitudes,
interests)
ƒ Individual organizational characteristics (org.
culture, work place)
ƒ Job characteristics (meaning, autonomy,
skills and knowledge)
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Leadership in Different Cultures
ƒ Differences between cultures
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Universal elements of effective leadership:
Vision
Encouraging
Proactiveness
Dynamism
Positiveness
etc.
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Women vs. Men Leadership Style
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Instead of the Conclusion
- 4H
-’’You have to look at leadership through the
eyes of the followers and you have to live the
message. What I have learned is that people
become motivated when you guide them to
the source of their own power.’’
Anita Roddick
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Thank You !
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