PREPARED BY :
MOHD SHARIFUDDIN B SAHABUDIN
 12DEP11F11006
 IMAN BT ABDULLAH
 12DEP11F1002
MUHAMMAD MUIZZUDDIN BIN ZAINOL ABIDIN
 12DEP11F1003
 MUHAMMAD FARIS B NOORMI
 12DEP11F1047
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The primary protocols in the internet layer are
the Internet protocol (IP).
It is implemented in two versions, IPv4 and IPv6.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is
primarily used for error and diagnostic functions.
Different implementations exist for IPv4 and IPv6.
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
is used by IPv4 hosts and adjacent multicast
routers to establish multicast group memberships.

In the IPv4 address space certain address
blocks are specially allocated or reserved for
special uses such as:I.
loopback interfaces
II. private networks (RFC 1918)
III. state-less autoconfiguration (Zeroconf, RFC 3927) of
interfaces.

Such addresses may be used without
registration or allocation from Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs).* (address ranges must not be
routed into the public Internet infrastructure.)
Lists the sizes for IPv6 computer networks.
Different types of network links may require
different subnet sizes.
 The CIDR netmask separates the bits of the
network identifier prefix from the bits of the
interface identifier.
 Selecting a smaller prefix size results in fewer
number of networks covered, but with more
addresses within those networks.
 Stateless address autoconfiguration works
only with /64 prefixes

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IPv6 addresses are classified by the primary
addressing and routing methodologies
common in networking:unicast addressing
II. anycast addressing
III. multicast addressing
I.
1) Unicast Addresses :I. Identifies a single network interface.
II. The Internet Protocol delivers packets sent to a
unicast address to that specific interface.
2)
Anycast Addresses :assigned to a group of interfaces, usually
belonging to different nodes
II. A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered
to just one of the member interfaces, typically
the nearest host, according to the routing
protocol’s definition of distance.
III. Anycast addresses cannot be identified easily,
they have the same format as unicast
addresses, and differ only by their presence in
the network at multiple points. Almost any
unicast address can be employed as an anycast
address.
I.
3) Multicast Addresses :used by multiple hosts, which acquire the
multicast address destination by
participating in the multicast distribution
protocol among the network routers.
II. A packet that is sent to a multicast address
is delivered to all interfaces that have joined
the corresponding multicast group.
I.
*IMPORTANT
 IPv6 does not implement broadcast
addressing.
 Broadcast's traditional role is subsumed
by multicast addressing to the all-nodes
link-local multicast group ff02::1.
 However, the use of the all-nodes group
is not recommended, and most IPv6
protocols use a dedicated link-local
multicast group to avoid disturbing every
interface in the network.)

The IP address of your PC is unique, just
as your phone number is unique. Many
organizations, including the authorities,
can trace your IP address to find out
your host name, ISP location and the
geographic area from which you
connect to the Internet.

A typical home network router keeps two IP
addresses, one for local devices to connect to across
the LAN, and one for the external Internet (WAN)
connection.
How can find a router's IP addresses?
The internal, LAN-IP address is normally set to a
default, private
number. Linksys routers, for example,
use 192.168.1.1 for their
internal IP address. D-Link and Netgear routers
typically
use 192.168.0.1.
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All IP addresses are made up of four parts (quadrants)
separated by dots, like this:
XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX
where each XXX can be any number between 0 and 255.
If you know binary, you will understand that each of these
numbers are stored in 8 bits (binary digits), and the
number of possibilities you can have is 2 raised to the
power of 8, which is 256 (0-255).
Examples of IP addresses are:
192.168.66.5
127.0.0.1
The second example above is the default IP address
assign to any standalone machine. So, if your machine is
not connected to any network, its address is 127.0.0.1. This
is also called the localhost address.
To Determine your LAN / Local / Internal IP
Address

To determine your LAN IP address, please
use the instructions for your OS.

Your LAN IP address is usually of the form
192.168.X.X.
a) In the Run window, enter cmd and press Enter.
b) Then, type the command ipconfig and press Enter.
c) The IP address is clearly labeled in the output of ipconfig.
An example of use of the protocol is in a
residential local area network (LAN). In
this case, a DHCP server is contained in
the router while the clients are hosts,
e.g., personal computers, smart phones,
or printers on the local network. The router
itself is a client within the network of
the Internet service provider (ISP) and
receives its configuration information
upstream from the ISP's DHCP server.

192.168.1.2
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.24
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.4
Figure shows construction IP address to workstations and printer in the LAN

A network protocol used to configure devices that are connected to a
network so they can communicate on that network using the Internet
Protocol (IP).

The protocol is implemented in a client-server model, in which DHCP clients
request configuration data, such as an IP address, a default route, and one or
more DNS server addresses from a DHCP server.

A communications protocol that dynamically assigns unique IP address to
network devices

Automatically renews or releases an IP address.

A DHCP server maintains a database of available IP addresses

Dynamic allocation
› A network administrator assigns a range of IP address to
DHCP, and each client computer on the LAN has its IP
software configured to request an IP address from the
DHCP server during network initialization.

Automatic allocation
› The DHCP server permanently assigns a free IP address to
a requesting client from the range defined by the
administrator.

Static allocation
› The DHCP server allocates an IP address based on the
table with MAC address/IP address pairs, which are
manually filled in.

Save time spent assigning IP address

Prevent accidental duplicate IP address

Allows users to move devices (like laptops)
without having to change their TCP/IP
configuration
Thank you
from us =)
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