intro to microbiology

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Introduction to Microbiology
BIO 6
Denise Lim
1
ParScore Scantrons for
Lecture Tests
z Orange, 8.5" X 11"
z Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy
them
2
Use Your Textbook Wisely
z
z
z
z
Glossary and Index
Appendices
"Check Your Understanding"
Study Outlines
At end of chapters
z Review and Study Questions at end of
chapters
Answers in the back of the book
3
Some other words of advice
z Manage your time well
z Pay attention to detail
z Learn to be a good communicator
z Be professional
4
What is Microbiology?
z The study of organisms usually
too small to see with the naked
eye
Requires a microscope
z Microorganisms include:
Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa,
algae, viruses, and animal parasites
5
How small
is small?
6
Why do we care about
microbes?
z Some can make us sick (germs)
z Most are beneficial
Important part of food chain:
photosynthesis to decomposition (rot)
Found in our bodies (probiotics)
Fermentation: cheese, yogurt, wine,
beer, vinegar, bread
Pharmaceuticals and medicine
7
Binomial nomenclature
(naming microorganisms)
z Two names: Genus and species
Always italicized or underlined
z Genus name:
Always capitalized
Usually a noun
z Species name:
Always lower case
Usually an adjective, sometimes a
proper noun
8
All living organisms are either
prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Refers to arrangement of genetic
material (DNA) in cells
- karyote means “before” nucleus
 Eu - karyote means “true” nucleus
 Pro
Prokaryotes have DNA spread
throughout cytoplasm
Eukaryotes have DNA within a
membrane bounded nucleus
9
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes are either bacteria or
archaea
All are single-celled organisms
Most are much smaller (100 - 1000X
smaller) than eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes are everything else:
Fungi, protistans, plants and animals
Can be either single- or multi-celled
organisms
10
Bacterial cell on left is 1000X smaller
than eukaryotic cell on right
11
Size Comparison of
two prokaryotes & a eukaryote
Prokaryotes
Epulopiscium:
700 µm
Escherichia
coli: 0.5 - 2 µm
Eukaryote
Paramecium:
50 µm
12
Are viruses living?
Bacterial Virus (T4)
Animal Virus (Ebola)
13
Why are viruses nonliving?
Noncellular
Composed of genetic material (either
DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein
coat
No metabolic capabilities
Cannot reproduce independently
No ability to regulate or respond
to environment
14
What features define life?
Complex organization composed of cells
Ability to grow and develop
Ability to convert energy for own use
Ability to reproduce genetically similar
offspring
Presence of genetic material: DNA & RNA
Ability to regulate internal environment
(homeostasis)
Ability to respond to environmental stimulus
15
Important Historical Events:
1600's & 1700's
Development of the Microscope
Animicules visualized
Discovery of immunization &
vaccines
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1800's
Development of Cell Theory
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Germ Theory of Disease
Antisepsis and Disease
Importance of hand washing
Antiseptics: chemical compounds that
could kill germs
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Robert Koch
1843 - 1910
Developed pure culture
techniques
Proved that Bacillus
anthracis caused the
disease anthrax in cattle
Developed Koch’s
Postulates: rules for
proving a specific microbe
caused a specific disease
22
Application of Koch’s
Postulates
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1900's
Discovery of penicillin and other
antimicrobial agents
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Staphylococcus aureus inhibition
by fungus Penicillium antibiotic
25
1900's
DNA is the genetic molecule
Genetic Code - 1960’s
Central Dogma
Recombinant DNA technology 1970's & 1980's
Human Genome Project
Personal “-omics”
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