Male vs. Female

 You will be watching a development clip from PBS video Universe Within.

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You will familiarize yourself with the reproductive glands and their functions by completing the reproductive system worksheet in the Blackline Masters.
You will also complete an anatomy coloring sheet to correctly label the reproductive components.

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Purpose:
 The ultimate goal –
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 formation & union of egg & sperm development of the fetus birth of the infant
Male Reproductive system
 Main function –
 production and delivery of sperm (male gametes)
Female Reproductive System
 Main functions –
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 produce eggs (female gametes) provide an environment for fertilized egg to develop

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Obtain a packet of sugar and a stalk of broccoli.
Very carefully pour out the packet of sugar on one side of your desk.
On the other side of your desk remove all the tiny floret pieces of your broccoli and place it on the other side of your desk.
All the sugar granules represent all the eggs a women has in her ovaries in her lifetime.
The tiny broccoli floret pieces represent the sperm.
Now remove a single egg and a single sperm from each pile and place them at the top of the desk.

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Your body has all these opportunities to make a human being, but one egg and one sperm made you.
YOU WERE THE WINNER!!!!

The Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
Ovary
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Testis
The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

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Testes
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Sperm produced through meiosis
Takes Over 100 days to produce functional sperm
Mature male produces 300 million/day
Can live 48 hrs inside female
Scrotum
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Sac/Location of testes
Environment 3 o lower than body temperature

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Epididymis
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Contains coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules)
Located in scrotum
Where sperm complete maturing
Stored until released
Vas deferens
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Duct/transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
Peristaltic contractions

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There is approxiamately 100 yards of seminiferous tubules within the testes and epididymus.
On a spool of thread there is about
100 yards of string.

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Urethra
 Transports urine and sperm out of the male’s body
Sperm
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Head
 nucleus
 Enzymes to penetrate egg (acrosome)
Mid piece
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Many mitochondria
Provide energy for trip
Tail
 Propels the sperm

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~100 days to make a sperm from start to finish:
• 74 days to the production of a semi-motile sperm
• 20 days for the sperm to traverse the 6-m
(18-ft) length of epididymis while they gain their motility
• at least six days storage within the vas deferens before ejaculation.

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Seminal vesicles
 Pair of glands
 Base of urinary bladder
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Secretes mucus type fluid
Rich in sugar fructose
 Provides energy
Prostate gland
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Single doughnut shape
Surrounds top portion of urethra
Provides alkaline fluid for movement & survival
Bulbourethral glands
 Two tiny glands
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Below the prostate
Provides alkaline fluid for protection against acidic vagina

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 Changes during puberty are controlled by hormones
Secreted by the endocrine system
Hypothalamus produces hormones that interact with and are stored in the pituitary gland
 Pituitary gland : located @ the base of the hypothalamus & releases
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leuteinizing hormone (LH)
They both travel to the testes via blood stream

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FSH causes sperm production
LH causes testosterone to be produced
 Testosterone : hormone causing secondary sex characteristics
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Growth of sex organs
Production of sperm
Increase of body hair
Increase of body mass
Increase in growth of long bones
Deepening of voice

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Obtain a balloon, straws and sugar from your teacher.
Sugar - Eggs
Walnut – Ovaries
4 inch Straw – Fallopian Tubes
Balloon – Uterus

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Ovary
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Location of egg production
Two ovaries
Located on either side of lower abdomen
Fallopian Tubes
 Tubes that transports eggs
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Connects ovaries to uterus
Transport is by peristalsis & beating cilia
Fertilization takes place
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Uterus
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Contains environment to allow for the development of a fertilized egg
Expands 500 x’s its normal size during a full term pregnancy
Cervix
 Neck of the uterus
Vagina
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Passageway from uterus to outside
Copulation takes place here

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Begins with hypothalamus
Signals pituitary to release
FSH & LH
 FSH :
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Stimulates the development of follicles
Follicles : group of epithelial cells that surrounds an undeveloped egg
Causes ovaries to release estrogen , responsible for
2ndary sex characteristics
 Secondary sex characteristics :
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Sex organs
Body hair
Long bones
Broadening of hips
Fat deposits
Menstrual cycle

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Produces an egg
Prepares uterus for fetus
Ovary produces progesterone
 Progesterone : causes changes in lining of uterus
Begins @ puberty, lasts until menopause
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30 to 40 years
Average length of menstrual cycle 28 days
 If egg not fertilized, uterus lining shed
 Menstrual cycle phases:
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Follicular phase : increase in FSH, LH & estrogen
Ovulation : high LH, decrease of estrogen
Luteal phase: progesterone & estrogen increase, all others drop; corpus luteum develops
Flow phase
(Menstruation) :
FSH increases

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Starts before female is born
Develops to prophase I
Ovulation :
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An egg ruptures from ovary
Passes into oviduct (fallopian tube)
Once a month
Fertilization in oviduct (fallopian tube)

Fertilization and Implantation
Section 39-4
Fallopian tube
Day 1
Day 3
Day 2
Day 4
Morula
4 cells
Blastocyst
2 cells
Fertilization
Day 7
Zygote
Day 0
Implantation of blastocyst
Uterine wall
Ovary
Egg released by ovary

 Most common malignancy of US women
 180,000 American women
 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer.
 Arises from epithelial cells of the ducts, small clusters of cancer cells grow into a lump in the breast from which cells eventually metastasize.

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Risk factors: early onset of menopause no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life history of breast cancer silicone breast implants high estrogen concentrations cigarette smoking excessive alcohol intake hereditary defects
70% of women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors for the disease.

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Changes in skin texture
Puckering
Leakage from nipple
Lumps in breast

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Monthly self breast exam
Mammogram
 x-ray that can detect cancer smaller than
1 cm, recommended every 2 years from women between 40-49 and then yearly from age 50.

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Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgery followed by radiation or chemo
Lumpectomyonly cancerous lump removed.
Simple masectomyremoval of breast tissue only.
Radical mastectomyremoval of entire affected breast, muscles, fascia, and lymph nodes.

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Bacterial
 Chlamydia – 3 million cases every year
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Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Viral
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Hepatitis B
Genital Herpes
Genital Warts
HIV (AIDS)

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Watch the live birth sequence at the end of Miracle of Life and discuss the hormones (Endocrine System) role in labor.
Positive feedback mechanism.