Malory J. Faust ∙ Mechanical Option ∙ Senior Thesis 2007 Topics of Discussion 1050 K Street • • • • • Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions Project Team 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions • Owners: The Lenkin Company The Tower Companies • Contractor: The Lenkin Company • Architect: Hickok Cole Architects • Structural Engineer: Tadjer Cohen Edelson Associates • MEP Engineer: Vanderweil Engineers • Civil Engineer: Timmons Group • Curtain Wall Consultant: CDC Building Site 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions • Located on the corner of 11th & K Streets • Streets on the North & West facades • Alleys on East & South facades Architectural Background 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions • 11 story office building • 4 levels below ground for parking • Retail on the first level • Curtain Wall – North & West facades • Green Roof System Summary • Energy Recovery Unit (ERU) 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions – 30,000 CFM Enthalpy Wheel – Cooling Coil • AHU with cooling on each level • VAV System with terminal reheat • Chiller Plant – (3) 115 ton rotary screw chillers – (2) Cell, Induced draft open cell cooling tower – Waterside free cooling HX • All heating done by enthalpy wheel and electric reheat System Summary • Energy Consumption 1050 K Street Energy Simulation Summaries Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions Enduse KWh Space Cooling 124400 Heat Rejection 7000 Space Heating 154200 Hot Water 44500 Vent Fans 242700 Pumps & Auxillary 243200 Misc Equipment 277700 Lighting 482700 Total 1576400 VAV Annual Energy Consumption Heat Rejection Space Cooling 8% Lighting 31% 0% Space Heating Hot Water 10% 3% Vent Fans 15% Misc Equipment 18% Pumps & Auxillary 15% System Summary • Initial Cost 1050 K Street VAV System Initial Cost Data Materials Component Description Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions Cost Total Unit Units Cost VAV Box 300-600 CFM W/RH $ 358.00 Ea 80 $ 28,640.00 VAV Box 500-1000 CFM W/RH $ 368.00 Ea 11 $ 4,048.00 VAV Box 800-1600 CFM W/RH $ 383.00 Ea 1 $ 383.00 VAV Box 500-1000 CFM W/o RH $ 345.00 Ea 22 $ 7,590.00 Air Handling Unit 8000 CFM $ 13,353.00 Ea 1 $ 13,353.00 Air Handling Unit 12500 CFM $ 18,470.00 Ea 1 $ 18,470.00 Air Handling Unit 13500 $ 19,850.00 Ea 9 $ 178,650.00 $ 251,134.00 Alternate Mechanical System • Design Goals 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis – Lessen annual energy consumption – Flexible system layouts & capacities Daylighting Analysis Conclusions – Aesthetically responsive Chilled Beam Background 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions • Air Conditioning system providing cooling & heating • Uses principles of induction and free convection • Can significantly reduce energy costs • Aesthetic benefits Chilled Beam Background • Active 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions – Integrated with outdoor air supply – Utilizes air flow to induce room air – Can provide heating when requirements are low • Passive – Typically used parallel to another system – Do not supply outdoor air – Rely on natural convection for cooling – May be provided in addition to active beams in high cooling spaces Calculation Procedure • eQuest 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions – Core & Shell design did not require room by room analysis – Zoning • 4 perimeter zones (15’) • 1 core zone Calculation Procedure • eQuest 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions – Modeled as one large chilled beam per zone – Each beam modeled as a fan coil unit, removing the fan – Utilized “OA-From-System” command to provide ventilation to units – Attached all latent load to ERU dummy zone to decouple the space cooling loads Simulation Results • Energy Consumption 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions Energy Simulation Summaries Enduse KWh Space Cooling 166400 Heat Rejection 7500 Space Heating 84600 Hot Water 44500 Vent Fans 39400 Pumps & Auxillary 316400 Misc Equipment 277700 Lighting 482700 Total 1419200 Chilled Beam Annual Energy Consumption Heat Rejection Space Cooling 12% Lighting 34% Misc Equipment 20% • 10 % reduction in energy consumption • Overall savings of 157200 KWh/year 0% Space Heating 6% Hot Water 3% Vent Fans 3% Pumps & Auxillary 22% System Design Summary • Chilled Beam Sizing 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions – Used Halton Hit Design Program – Maintained ventilation requirements – Uphold aesthetic appeal of office spaces System Design Summary 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions System Design Summary • Chilled Beam Layout 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions – Perimeter zones • East & West – (2) rows of 15 • South & North – (2) rows of 9 • All additional cooling by passive – Internal • 11 rows to line up with perimeter active beams System Design Summary • Chilled Beam System Cost 1050 K Street Building Introduction – Cost of Beams: $200/ LF – 1985 Beams total – 735 MBH Electric Boiler Chilled Beam Analysis Chilled Beam Initial Cost Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Component Description Conclusions Boiler Chilled Beam Materials Cost Unit Total Units Cost 200.00 LF 7940 $ 1,588,000.00 $ 10,300.00 Ea 1 $ $ 10,300.00 $ 1,598,300.00 Solar Shading Background 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions • Blocks 75% of incoming radiation • Absorbs up to 15 % of incoming radiation • Prevents 25% of internal heat from escaping in heating conditions • Transparent • Reduces glare Design Summary 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis • Apply shades to 100% of curtain wall • North and West facades • 8’-9” floor to ceiling height • 235 LF of shades • (517) 5x8.75 shades Conclusions Chilled Beam Initial Cost Component Description Materials Cost Chilled Beam $ Solar Shades Boiler 200.00 $164 $ 10,300.00 Unit Total Units Cost LF 7160 $ 1,432,000.00 43.75 SF 514.8 $ 84,427.20 Ea 1 $ 10,300.00 $ 1,526,727.20 Design Summary • Energy Consumption 1050 K Street Energy Simulation Summaries Enduse KWh Space Cooling 157400 Heat Rejection 7100 Space Heating 89800 Hot Water 44500 Vent Fans 39300 Pumps & Auxillary 294800 Solar Shading Analysis Misc Equipment 277700 Lighting 482700 Daylighting Analysis Total 1393300 Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Conclusions Space Chilled Beam & Solar ShadingAnnual Cooling 11% Energy Consumption Lighting 35% Misc Equipment 20% Heat Rejection Space Heating 1% 6% Vent Hot Water Fans 3% 3% Pumps & Auxillary 21% • 6% reduction in cooling energy • 7% reduction in pump energy Daylighting Background 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions • Daylight sensors installed in perimeter zones • Utilize sunlight when sufficient • Decrease lighting energy consumption • Sophisticated, dynamic controls • Require calibration Design Summary • Energy Consumption 1050 K Street Energy Simulation Summaries Enduse VAV Daylighting Space Cooling 124400 116100 Heat Rejection 7000 6500 Building Introduction Space Heating 154200 155900 Hot Water 44500 44500 Chilled Beam Analysis Vent Fans 242700 230500 Pumps & Auxillary 243200 236200 Misc Equipment 277700 277700 Lighting 482700 364200 Total 1576400 1431600 Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis VAV with Daylighting Annual Energy Consumption Heat Rejection Lighting 25% Misc Equipment 19% Space Cooling 8% Pumps & Auxillary 17% Conclusions • 25% reduction in lighting energy consumption 1% Space Heating 11% Hot Water 3% Vent Fans 16% Conclusions Simple Payback Summary 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions Initial Cost Annual Energy Cost Annual Savings Simple Payback $ $ $ VAV 251,134.00 189,010.36 0 Chilled Beam $ 1,598,300.00 $ 170,174.07 $ 18,836.29 71.5 $ $ $ Shading 1,526,727.00 167,056.67 21,953.69 58.1 Daylighting n/a $ 171,648.84 $ 17,361.52 n/a • Regardless of energy savings the chilled beam system is not more economical solution than the VAV system due to drastic initial cost differences Thank You • All AE Faculty and Staff 1050 K Street • My classmates, especially Erin & Patrick Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis • My family and friends Daylighting Analysis Conclusions • Professionals at Vanderweil Engineers, especially Brandon Harwick and Sam Bohsali Questions 1050 K Street Building Introduction Chilled Beam Analysis Solar Shading Analysis Daylighting Analysis Conclusions