Lesson 1
Grammar Practice
Ресурс Grammar
1. Modal Verbs: Can. Г.В.Верба, Л.Г. Верба. Граматика сучасної англійської мови.
pp. 67-72.
2. Exercises: Г.В.Верба, Л.Г. Верба. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Ex. 165173, pp.279-282.
Vocabulary Practice
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Learn the unknown words.
Trends in art: classicism, realism, romanticism, expressionism, impressionism,
abstractionism, cubism, suprematism, fantasy art, surrealism.
Types of paintings:
an oil painting, a water-colour painting, a pastel painting, a graphic/ black & white /
picture ; a sketch / a study ; a fresco (mural) painting;
a portrait; a self-portrait; a family portrait; a ceremonial portrait; an intimate portrait;
a full-length portrait; a shoulder-length portrait; a half-length portrait; a life-sized
portrait; a landscape; a seascape; a marine painting; a cityscape; a genre painting; a
historical painting; a battle piece, a still life, a flower piece; a river-piece; an icon;
a coloured reproduction; a reproduction in black and white.
Trends in Art
Realism isan attempt to represent figures and objects exactly as they appear in life. The term “realism”,
frequently used to describe scenes of common life, implies criticism of social conditions. Thus, some of the
work of some realist painters has been described as “social realism”.
Impressionism (late 19th century) took its name from one peculiar painting by Claude
Monet “Impression: Sunrise” (1872). It arouse out of dissatisfaction with the classical
& sentimental subjects, and dry precise techniques of painting. The impressionists
tried to achieve a spontaneous, undetailed rendering of the world through
representation of the effect of natural light on objects. The impressionists painted
landscapes, street scenes, figures from everyday life. However, they were concerned
more with the effects of light on an object than with exact depiction of form, as they
believed that light defuses the outlines of the form & reflects the colours of
surrounding objects into shadows. The impressionists eliminated minor details and
just suggested, but not defined form. The impressionists preferred the primary colours
– red, yellow & blue – and the complementary colours – green, purple & orange.
The best known impressionist painters: French artists Edgar Degas, Claude Monet,
Pierre Auguste Renoire, Edouard Manet, the American painter J. Whistler.
Impressionists developed the techniques which started new movements in art –
pointillism, impressionism, cubism, postimpressionism, etc.
Expressionism
Expressionist artists express subjective feelings and emotions rather than depict
reality or nature objectively. The movement developed during the late 19th and early
20th centuries as a reaction against the academic standards that had prevailed
in Europe since the Renaissance (1300-1600). In expressionism, the artist is not
concerned with reality as it appears, but with its inner nature & with the emotions
aroused by the subject. To achieve this, the artist frequently exaggerates, distorts or
otherwise alters the subject in order to stress the emotions more intensely.
Representatives of expressionism: the 16th century Spanish painter El Greco (who
purposely elongated the figures of his subjects), the Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh,
the French artist Paul Gauguin (who used violent colours & exaggerated lines to
obtain intense emotional expression).
Abstractionism
Abstraction is the simplification of subject matter into basic & often geometric
shapes. Artists working with abstraction were mainly concerned with the design of the
various parts related to each other.
Degrees of abstraction or realism depend upon the way the artists sees the
environment or his ideas & concepts. Painters of the 20 th century explored many
ways of expressing their ideas & almost all of them tried their hands at cubism.
The best known representatives: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Wassily Kandinsky.
Cubism
Cubist art is concerned with abstract rather than lifelike forms. It began in Paris about
1908 as a revolt against the sentimental & realistic traditional painting, and the
emphasis of light & colour effects and lack of form characteristic of impressionism.
The doctrine of the cubist school is, “ Everything in nature takes its form from the
sphere, the cone & the cylinder”. There are two types of cubism: analytical, in which
the artists paints the main geometric solids of which it is composed, and synthetic, in
which views of an object from different angles, not visible in life simultaneously are
arranged into a single composition. Cubists used mainly grays, browns, greens &
yellows.The most famous cubist artists are Pablo Picasso, Spain, Robert
Delaunay, France.
Surrealism emphasizes the role of the unconscious in creative activity. It is a magical
presentation of incredible things and three-dimensional space. Surrealist painting has
great variety of content & technique. Dali’s painting is symbolic and dreamlike, other
painters used fantastic shapes, etc.
Some famous surrealist painters: the Russian Mark Chagall (also known as the
founder of Fantasy Art), the Spaniard Pablo Picasso, the Frenchman Jean Arp. The
Catalon painter Salvador Dali joined the surrealist movement in 1930, but was later
denounced by most surrealists because they considered him to be more interested in
commercialising his art than in surrealists ideas.
Suprematism– total abstraction. The best known representative Kazimir Malevich,
famous for his painting “ The Black Square ”.