Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the
European Union
in the Teaching Material of
Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes
at the University of Pécs and at the University
of Debrecen
Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the
European Union
in the Teaching Material of
Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes
at the University of Pécs and at the University
of Debrecen
Identification number: TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Erika Pétervári and Miklós Székely
Molecular and Clinical Basics of Gerontology – Lecture
3
NUTRITION,
PHYSICAL STATUS,
BODY COMPOSITION,
SARCOPENIA
PART 1
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Body composition – energy
stores
In a healthy young human being:
• Adipose tissue: circa 15 kg (130–
140,000 kcal)
• Protein: around 10-12 kg (35–40,000
kcal)
• Carbohydrates: circa 0.3 kg (1,100
kcal)
• Water: around 42 kg
• Minerals: about 4 kg
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Lean body mass (LBM) and
fat mass (FM)
LBM
FM
20-y
60
+
13
= 73 kg
70-y
48
+
26
= 74 kg
Excess weight (if any) = mainly fat
(NOT only in fat tissue)
Age-related obesity:
fat accumulation in parenchymal
cells (muscle, liver) 
LIPOTOXICITY
They have their exits and their
entrances;
And one man in his time plays many
parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first
the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's
arms;
Then the whining school-boy, with his
satchel
And shining morning face, creeping
like snail
Unwittingly to school. And then the
lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful
ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a
soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded
like a pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in
quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation.
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then
the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon
lin'd,
With eyes severe and beard of formal
cut,
Full of wise saws and modern
instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth
age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on
side;
His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Shakespeare: As you like it
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Body composition – energy
stores
Body Fat Ranges for Standard
Healthy Overfat Obese
Adults 1 Underfat
Female 2039
Age 40-59
60-79
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Male 20-39
Age 40-59
60-79
Underfat
Healthy Overfat
1 Based on NIH/WHO BMI Guidelines.
Obese
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Changes in body composition
with age
Body weight increases until 60-65, then it starts to
decrease
18-55 years
55-65 years
65-80 years
8-9 kg/decade 1-2 kg/decade-1,-2 kg/decade
The body weight of active athletes does not increase.
The fat content of the body increases with age
25 years
75 years
16 – 25 %
28 – 41 % males – females
12 – 15 kg
22 – 25 kg
In active athletes the increase is blunted (~young,
lean, sedentary). Intensive training decreases
abdominal fat.
Males have a tendency for visceral fat accumulation,
after menopause females too.
Fat free mass (FFM) is stable until 40, then it
decreases
25 years
75 years
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Adipogenesis and aging
Does aging make fat go MAD?
(During aging certain cell
types degenerate and lipids
accumulate in non-adipose
tissues.)
Impaired adipogenesis and
fat tissue function with
aging
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Fundamental aging
processes
(reactive oxygen
species, telomeres,
other)

cytokines,
cellular
stress
 LIP
 CHOP
 C/EBP
 PPAR
 fatty
acid
handling,
glucose
metabolis
m

DifferentiationDependent Genes
Fat distribution with
aging
Preadipocyt
es
Osteobla
sts
Mesenchymal
Muscle
adipocytesatellite
like
cells
default
Macrophages
(MAD)
cells
Other mesenchymal
cells
AGING
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Fat in
fat
depots
Fat
outside
fat depots
Insulin
sensitivit
y
Cytokines
(TNFα, IL6)
Peroxisome proliferatoractivating receptor  (PPAR
)
FABP
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Adipose
FFA
 FA storage
(FABP)
 FA oxidation
(UCP3)
FFA
Liver
 gluconeogenesis
(PEPCK)
PPAR
Muscle
 glucose oxidation
(PDK4)
 FA oxidation
(UCP3)
insulin
Macrophage
 oxLDL uptake(CD36)
 CH efflux (LXR and
ABCA1)
sensitization
glucose lowering
triglyceride
lowering
antiatherosclerotic
fatty acid
binding protein
UCP
uncoupling
protein
LXR
liver-X-receptor
ABCA1
ATP-binding
cassette A1
PDK4
pyruvatdehydrogenase
kinase, isoenzyme
4
PEPCK
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
Fat metabolism
LEPTIN
FA
OXIDATION
cAMP
activated
prot.kina
se
FA
transfer
to
mitoch.
ac CoA
carboxyla
se
inhibitio
n
carnitin
palmitoy
l
acyl
transfer
ase
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Fat, muscle and aging
Fat mass
Male Female
18-y
18%
33%
85-y
36%
44%
Muscle mass
20-40% loss  SARCOPENIA
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Body weight and
adiposity index in rats
Body Weight or Adiposity
Index
600
500
400
300
Body Weight
Adiposity
Index
200
100
3
12
18
Age (mo)
24
30
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“Optimal” and real rise of
body weight in a 30-y period
“Optimal”
period)
Reality
4.5 kg rise (<6%)
White male
(30-y
9.7 kg
mean BMI ~30 or
>30
Black male 10.1 kg
(n = 16,000)
White female12.0 kg
Black female20.8 kg
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Body Mass Index
Body Weight
(kg)
Height
(m)2
= 2025
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Bodyweight change (course of
9y)
AGE at start
BW-change
MALE
FEMALE
25–45-y
+ 3.4%
+ 5.2%
45–65-y
no ch.
no ch.
65–75-y
- 4.1%
- 6.3%
U-shaped relationship
between
BMI
and
mortality
ratio
>210
Men’s mortality ratio (× 100)
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
190
170
150
130
110
90
70
50
151821242730333639
>210
190
BMI associated with
170
lowest mortality
150
(nadir of curve)
130
Age group
BMI
110
20-29
21.4
90
30-39
21.6
70
40-49
22.9
50
50-59
25.8
1518212427303336 39 151821242730333639
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
60-69
26.6
The effect of age on the
BMI associated with the
lowest
mortality
28
Body Mass Index (wt/ht2)
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
The regression
lines were
computed
separately for
men and for
women.
26
24
22
20
18
20
30
40
50
Age (yrs)
60
70
Note that there
is a strong
effect of age on
the BMI
associated with
the lowest
mortality and
that the
TÁMOP-4.1.2-08/1/A-2009-0011
BMI associated with the lowest
mortality
Age (years)
Male
Female
20-29
21.4
19.5
30-39
21.6
23.4
40-49
22.9
23.2
50-59
25.8
25.2
60-69
26.6
27.3
Increased proportion of fat (♂ 36%, ♀
44%)
Height !