16 November 2007
EUROBIRD: Project Contents
Effectively Unlocking Regional Potentials: Operations
and Best Practices in Regional Airport Development
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
EUROBIRD: Project Contents
About This Session
So far, you have gained a good
understanding of EUROBIRD’s
general approach, objectives,
administrative structures, and work
components.
Let‘s delve a little deeper into
the details of project work!
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
1
Overview
Management and Coordination
Communication and Dissemination
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Improvement of Airport Aviation Revenues
Improvement of Airport Non-Aviation Revenues
Cooperation of Regional Airports with On-Site Business Activities
Cooperation of Regional Airports with SMEs in the Region
Integrated Tourism Development
“Regional Airport Academy” for Joint Staff Training
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
Enhanced Waste and Water Management
Enhanced Energy Management and Hybrid/Electric Vehicles
Integration with Public Transport and Passenger Information Systems
Risk Management: Safety, Fire Prevention, Emergencies
Analysis of Potential Third Party Funding for Extension Projects
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
2
Management and Coordination
Project Co-ordination
General Approach
• Project management and coordination
shall be executed by an external
service provider, employed through
the Lead Partner
• It is intended to subcontract
“management and coordination” as
well as “financial management” to one
single service provider
• Cost-effective access to professional
project management expertise, saving
limited internal capacity, and releasing
time constraints shall be achieved
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
3
Management and Coordination
Project Co-ordination
The Project Coordinator…
• Shall be responsible for the overall organization and coordination of the
project activities and components, project schedule and project objectives
• Shall advise the Lead Partner in all administrative decisions.
• Will track project progress and support the timely submission of reports to
INTERREG.
• Has to make sure that conference minutes and attendance lists are generated
for every event and that outputs and reports are compiled.
• Drafts the activity reports (to be confirmed by the Lead Partner) and must also
follow up the reporting requirements set in the different technical components.
• Shall provide information to the other members of the Steering Group and
CWG in the implementation of their tasks and responsibilities.
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
4
Management and Coordination
Financial Management
General Approach
• Financial management and coordination
shall be executed by an external service
provider, employed through the Lead
Partner
• It is intended to subcontract
“management and coordination” as well
as “financial management” to one single
service provider
• Cost-effective access to professional
project management expertise, saving
limited internal capacity, and releasing
time constraints shall be achieved
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
5
Management and Coordination
Financial Management
The Financial Manager…
• Is responsible for accounts, financial reporting, the internal handling of ERDF
funds, and national co-financing.
• Is furthermore required to be acquainted with national and European
procurement procedures.
• Must use professional enterprise resource planning software (i.e. SAP R3) and
should have a separate bookkeeping department at his disposal.
• Is required to have experience in the financial management of INTERREG
projects and should have preferably been involved in previous SEABIRD,
SEAPLANE, or EUROPLANE projects.
• Shall open a trustee account on behalf of the Lead Partner, draw up, submit,
and receive payments, transfer funds to partners, and ensure compliance with
the auditing procedures.
• Shall draft all financial reports.
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
6
Content

Introduction of MKmetric

Methodology
Improvement of Airport Aviation Revenues

Type of Analysis / Results

Regional Academy idea
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
7
Introduction of MKmetric Gesellschaft für Systemplanung mbH
Dr. Benedikt Mandel
- MKmetric was founded 1993 based on the idea to apply science.
-
-
-
Special fields of interest are: level & discrete choice algorithms,
OR routines for process optimisation, system interdependencies.
Experience: 14 years transport consulting, 18 years research.
Major qualification:
multimodal demand & supply,
analysis & simulation as well as
the development & test of policy instruments and
forecasts.
Know how in EU / Interreg project work :
STEMM, BRIDGES, ASSEMBLING, SEABIRD, Spotlights, TEN PAN,
Forecast 2020, APRON, ETIS-Base/-Agent/-Link, STAC, Worldnet,
Toolqit. SEABIRD, SEAPLANE, EUROPLANE
Project: Co-ordinator, Trustee, WP-leader
Passenger potential analysis for airlines / airports across 18
European countries
Numerous projects for airlines, railway companies, Ministries of
Transport in Germany and some Federal States
For further details please visit our web site: www.mkm.de
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
8
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Improvement of Airport Aviation Revenues
Suggested Methodology
Data
Polish
ing
Data Collection
What to collect?
Why polishing?
How to do?
Socio-economics
Analysis
Networks / Schedules
Airpor
t
Passe
nger
Marke
t
Poten
tial
Analy
ses
Internal
Presenta
tion of
Impleme
ntation
Folders
and
Implicat
ed
Revenue
s
External
Commun
ication
and
Dissemi
nation
of
Results
Which internal results?
What?
System Approach
New economic viable routes
Evaluation
Region based
Technical service figures
Transport statistics
Harmonisation
Non-linear Functions
Catchment
To be defined by
partner.
Charges/fees, revenue
Implementation
Consumer elasticity
Sheaf
Where to collect?
Validation
Consumer thresholds
Spatial Distribution
Region
Multimodality
Airport choice
Airport
Intermodality
Transfer connections
Other:
nat. statistic office,
EC, World Inst., …
Intramodality
Accessibility
Quasi Direct Format
Fees / Charges / Revenue
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
Why?
Requirement
due to
public
funding.
9
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Improvement of Airport Aviation Revenues
Type of Analysis / Results
Estimated passenger demand 2006,
both directions
En route
Of which transfer
Of which O&D passengers
business
nonbusiness
total
20.032
9.397
10.635
52.527
12.193
40.334
72.559
21.590
50.969
Technical
Distance / flight time
Suggested capacity, A/C
Suggested Frequency per week
Load factor
Suggested schedule, leave:
Suggested schedule, leave:
Remarks to schedule
Suggested airline(s)
Suggested flight type
Other remarks
1.072 kilometres
E70 Embraer 170
13 / 7
76,46%
POZ
CDG
120
70
12
minutes
seats
months/year
07:00 18:00
11:00 22:00
reduced frequency on weekend
AF AIR FRANCE
Scheduled
Other airlines possible when code sharing with Air France
For each route identified:
- passenger demand
- passenger flows covered
- service figures
- fees / charges for the airport in focus ...
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
10
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Improvement of Airport Aviation Revenues
Type of Analysis / Results
Top 87 Transfer Destinations for POZ - CDG
To
From - Via
Destination
POZ - CDG
ABZ
ABERDEEN SCOTLAND UK
POZ - CDG
ADB
POZ - CDG
AGP
POZ - CDG
conn.
[week]
To
From - Via
Destination
5.3 CDG
conn.
[week]
12
POZ - CDG
LED
ST. PETERSBURG(PULKOVO) RUSSIAN 1
FED.
IZMIR TURKEY
1
POZ - CDG
LHR
LONDON(HEATHROW) ENGLAND UK
7
MALAGA SPAIN
7
POZ - CDG
LIS
LISBON PORTUGAL
6
ALC
ALICANTE SPAIN
6
POZ - CDG
LOS
LAGOS NIGERIA
7
POZ - CDG
AMS
AMSTERDAM NETHERLANDS
3
POZ - CDG
MAA
CHENNAI INDIA
7
POZ - CDG
ATL
ATLANTA(INTL) GEORGIA USA
7
POZ - CDG
MAD
MADRID SPAIN
12
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... and additionally
- listing of transfer destinations
- catchments by spatial distribution ...
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
11
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Improvement of Airport Aviation Revenues
Airport Choice / Consumer Choice : Poznan-Paris
Type of Analysis / Results
Catchment area / market penetration: POZ
Orig
TXL
POZ
POZ
POZ
POZ
POZ
POZ
POZ
POZ
POZ
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
Transf
--FRA
WAW
MUC
CPH
--VIE
WAW
THF
CPH
Dest Share busi Share priv
BRU
10%
36%
BRU
17%
19%
BRU
28%
19%
BRU
7%
9%
BRU
23%
9%
FRA
6%
4%
BRU
5%
2%
AMS
3%
1%
BRU
1%
0%
AMS
2%
0%
12
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
“Regional Airport Academy” for Joint Staff Training
Suggested Methodology
Identification of Airports’
Educational
Requirements
Develo
pment
of
Acade
my
Setup
Develo
pment
of
Class
Syllabu
s
Identific
ation of
Internal
and
External
Instruct
ors
Impleme
ntation
of
Courses
In context to „Improvement of Aviation Revenues“ one may think about:
- Exchange of the market analysis process between partners
- Exchange of marketing processes between partners
- Learning by doing using an online analysis tool
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
13
Thank you very much.
For questions please feel free to get in contact with us.
MKmetric Gesellschaft für Systemplanung mbH
Dr. Benedikt Mandel
Durlacher Allee 49
76131 Karlsruhe
Germany
Phone: 0049 - 721-96160 - 0
Fax: 0049 - 721 96160 - 99
email: mandel@mkm.de
web site: www.mkm.de
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
14
Exchange of Experience
General Methodology
Data Collection,
Research
Data
Analysi
s
and
Evaluat
ion,
SWOTs
Analys
es
Best
Practic
e
Identifi
cation
and
Docum
entatio
n
Internal
Best
Practice
Exchang
e
External
Commun
ication
and
Dissemi
nation
of
Results
The methodology depicted above is generally suggested for all exchange-ofexperience activities if not specified otherwise.
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
15
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Improvement of Airport Non-Aviation Revenues
Potential Contents & Outputs
5,500
Wick (UK)
15,105
Sumburgh (UK)
17,291
Bremen (D)
27,055
36,400
Kristianstad (S)
Kortrijk (B)
• Revenue growth rate
• Shifts in structure mix
• Identification of optimum growth
• Conception of development opportunities
• Workshop
42,750
Aalesund (N)
49,361
Braunschweig (D)
51,692
Kristiansund (N)
55,000
Kirkwall (UK)
60,500
Molde (N)
61,375
Växjö (S)
63,900
Groningen (NL)
64,500
Bremerhaven (D)
67,500
Ostend-Bruges (B)
70,100
Hanover (D)
106,027
Inverness (UK)
124,020
Kristiansand (N)
350,000
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Stavanger (N)
0
• Good practice guide “Non-Aviation Revenues”
439,774
450,000
• Revenue sources / structural mix
Cuxhaven / N. (D)
400,000
• Revenue volume
Figure 16: Non-aeronautical revenue per nonaeronautical employee 2002 (in €)
350,000
• Benchmarking: comparative analysis of
participarting airports‘ non-aviation revenues
16
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Improvement of Airport Non-Aviation Revenues
Suggested Methodology
Data Collection at
Airports: Business
Structures, Revenue
Volumes, etc.
Data
Analysi
s
and
Evaluat
ion,
SWOTs
for the
Various
Types
of NonAviatio
n
Busine
sses
Best
Practic
e
Identifi
cation
and
Docum
entatio
n
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
Internal
Best
Practice
Exchang
e
External
Commun
ication
and
Dissemi
nation
of
Results
17
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Cooperation of Regional Airports with On-Site Business Activities
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Questionnaire for all participating airports
• SMEs on/near airport grounds
• Cooperation between airport an on-site SMEs
(e.g., marketing, lobbying, logistics)
• Airpark development (yes/no, what stage,
how successful, what business structure,
what sequence)
• SWOT analysis and comparative analyses of
collected data
• Study visit at successful airpark (i.e. Baden)
• Good practice guide (GPG) for the documentation
and presentation of best practices in cooperation
between airports and on-site SMEs
• Workshop for best practice exchange
• Dissemination of results, possibly discussion
forum or “SME and Entrepreneur Open House” at
participating airport
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
18
Exchange of Experience: Regional airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
OBIETTIVI E MISSION AZIENDALE
Cooperation of Regional Airports with SMEs in the Region
 TOUR OPERATORS
 TRAVEL AGENCIES,
 HOTELS
LINKED
OPERATORS
VALUE CHAIN
RELATED
OPERATORS
VALUE CHAIN
RELATED
OPERATORS
 INDUSTRIAL
COMPANIES
(EITHER PRODUCTS AND
TECHNOLOGY)
 SERVICE PROVIDERS (EITHER
BASIC AND ADVANCED
SERVICES)
LOGISTIC
OPERATORS




 FINAL
CLIENTS
(PASSENGERS,
SHOPPERS, AIRPORT SERVICE USERS)
 INTERMEDIATE CLIENTS (AIRLINES
AND SHOPKEEPER)
RAILWAYS AND BUS COMPANIES
ROAD AND MOTORWATS COMPANIES
MARITIME SERVICES COMPANIES
CAR RENTAL CMPANIES
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
19
Exchange of Experience: Regional airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Cooperation of Regional Airports with SMEs in the Region
Suggested Methodology
Data Collection,
Research
Assessment of
existing SMEs:




Data
Analysi
s
and
Evaluat
ion
Best
Practic
e
Identifi
cation
and
Docum
entatio
n
Definition of the
goals to be reached
 definition of a set of
by any SME:
dimensions
efficiency/effectiveness
(employees,
 benchmarking
indicators (technical,
turnover)
activity among
economical and
location
SMEs outside of
managerial)
products/activity
the region in
 calculation of the
filing with regard to
order to identify
present value for each
the airport (supplier, indicator
the best
clients, business
practices
facilitators, indirect
stakeholders) and
to the sector (e.g.
trade, tourism, etc.)
Rating of existing SMEs:
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
Impact
Calculati
on
Results
Monitori
ng
Implementation of a
Definition of the
monitoring system of the
envisageable
impact of any airport results achieved:
initiative:
 definition of
indicators, of the
 inside and/or
checks to be
outside the
operated with the
value chain
related timing
 both on SMEs
 deviation analysis
(indicators) and
and motivations
on the
 identification of
community (e.g.
corrective measures
occupation)
which enhance
cooperation between
airports and SMEs
20
Exchange of Experience: Regional airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Cooperation of Regional Airports with SMEs in the Region
Potential Contents & Outputs
CONTENTS OUTPUTS
• Collection of data and information on existing
SMEs
• Definition of a set of indicators and value
calculation
• Benchmarking activity on SMEs outside of the
Region and definition of the benchmark to be
reached by any SME in the region
• Monitoring system implementation: checks, timing,
deviation, motivations and corrective measures
• Assessment of existing SMEs in term of
characteristics and indicators (present situation vs
target situation)
• Definition of the impact/sustainability of any airport
initiative on regional SMEs and for the community
and check the results currently achieved
• Enhancement of cooperation between airports and
local SMEs
AIRPORT AS A DEVELOPMENT INSTRUMENT FOR ITS TERRITORY
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
21
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
Integrated Tourism Development
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Analysis of developable tourist attractions at
partners’ regions (celebrities, recurring events,
historical or natural heritage)
• Study visits to regions with great success in
integrated tourism and regional airport
development, i.e.
• Dialogue with experienced developers of tourism
concepts in other regional airport regions
• Workshop
• Good practice guide „Integrated Tourism
Development“
• Jukkasjärvi, SE (Ice Hotel)
• Rovaniemi, FI (Santa Claus Airport)
Jukkasjärvi
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
22
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
“Regional Airport Academy” for Joint Staff Training
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Identification of airports‘ traning needs and
requirements
• Concept plan “Regional Airport Academy”
• Format of trainings
• Contents of trainings / syllabus
• Identification of experienced faculty for trainings
(partners and external experts, depending on
topic)
• Time planning for seminars
• Implementation of trainings / courses
• Evaluation of results
• Life time beyond project duration
• Could the RAA work successfully without
further INTERREG support?
• Are partners interested to advance this
educational arrangement in the long-term?
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
23
Exchange of Experience: Regional Airports as Nuclei of Economic Activity
“Regional Airport Academy” for Joint Staff Training
Suggested Methodology
Identification of Airports’
Educational
Requirements
Develo
pment
of
Acade
my
Setup
Develo
pment
of
Class
Syllabu
s
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
Identific
ation of
Internal
and
External
Instruct
ors
Impleme
ntation
of
Courses
24
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
Enhanced Waste and Water Management
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Data collection
• Water use
• Waste generation (quantities, types)
• Workshop
• Action plan “Better Waste and Water Management
for Regional Airports”
• Recycling and disposal practices
• Costs
• Data analysis and benchmarking
• Best practice identification and exchange
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
25
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
Enhanced Energy Management and Hybrid/Electric Vehicles
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Assessment of airport energy needs
• Cost assessment
• Identification and evaluation of energy saving
practices
• Feasibility and cost of introduction of
hybrid/electric vehicles
• Concept study “Energy Management,
Conservation & Generation”
• Development strategy „Towards Sustainable
Ground Transportation”
• Workshop
• Pilot implementation with test vehicle
• Feasibility of on-site generation of renewable
energy
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
26
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
Integration with Public Transport and Passenger Information Systems
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Analysis of available ground transportation
• Modes (private car, taxi, bus, train,…)
• Frequencies and schedules
• Evaluation of ground transportation schedules
and airline schedules – possibly harmonization
suggestions
• Analysis of availability of ground transportation
information for airport passengers and visitors
(i.e., signs, screens, information terminals)
• Installation of passenger information systems
for improved information availability
• Workshop
• Good practice guide
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
27
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
Integration with Public Transport and Passenger Information Systems
Suggested Methodology
Data Collection,
Research (i.e. public
transport schedules,
airline schedules,
passenger volumes per
hour)
Data
Analysi
s
and
Evaluat
ion,
SWOT
Best
Practic
e
Identifi
cation,
Docum
entatio
n, and
Exchan
ge
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
Commun
ication
with
Public
Transpor
t
Provider
s,
Possibly
Installati
on of
Informat
ion
Terminal
s
External
Commun
ication
and
Dissemi
nation
of
Results
28
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
Risk Management: Safety, Fire Prevention, Emergencies
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Data collection and analysis of technological risks
due to regional airport operations
• Assessment of legal requirements and standards
• Classification of risks in categories
• Identification of best practices in risk management
and emergency handling
• Workshop
• Development of update for airport emergency
handbooks
• Good practice guide “Risk Management at
European Regional Airports”
• Best practice exchange
• Safety Management System (SMS)
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
29
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
Analysis of Potential Third Party Funding for Extension Projects
Potential Contents & Outputs
• Updating of data on EU cohesion policy for 20072013:
• Guidelines
• Decisions
• Regulations
• Focus on funds available for Partners countries:
• National Strategic Reference Framework
• Operational Programmes
• Analysis of involved airports development plans:
• Planned investments
• Expected new routes
• Questionnaire for participating airports that
already successfully applied for funds:
identifications of best practices
• Identification of possible funds
• Identification of guidelines for the application of
funds
• Support in the elaboration of material for the
participation in calls
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
30
Exchange of Experience: Sustainability and the Environment
AIRPORTS THAT HAVE ALREADY
APPLIED FOR EU FUNDS
BEST PRACTICE
ON MODALITIES
FOLLOWED FOR THE
RECEIVING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
OF EUROPEAN
FUNDS
AIRPORTS
BENEFICIARIES OF THE
STUDY
EU SIDE
EU GUIDELINES
NEW COHESION
POLICY FOR
2007-2013
AIRPORT
PLANNED
INVESTMENTS
DEVELOPMEN
EU REGULATIONS
EU DECISIONS
IDENTIFICATION
OF POSSIBLE
FUNDS
AIRPORT
T DEVELOPMEN
PLANS
T PLANS
OPENING
OF NEW ROUTES
OPERATIONAL PROGRAMMES
IDENTIFICATION OF MAIN ACTIVITIES TO BE
CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO APPLY FOR THE
FUNDS
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
31
Thank you very much.
© UNICONSULT Universal Transport Consulting GmbH, 2007  Nils H. Levsen  www.uniconsult-hamburg.de
32