Put in correct order (1 to 5)
1.___South Carolina threatens nullification of federal law and
backs down in the face of Andrew Jackson’s military
threat.
2.___ A strange four-way election puts an icy New
Englander in office amid charges of a corrupt
bargain.
3.___ A campaign based on hoopla and “log cabins and
hard cider slogans” demonstrates that both Whigs
and Democrats can effectively play the new massparty political game.
4.___ A northern Mexican province successfully revolts and
seeks admission to the United States.
5.___ Despite attempting to follow white patterns of civilizing,
thousands of American Indians are forcibly removed
from their homes and driven across the Mississippi
River.
1.____New, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that
involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the
hands of party bosses
2.____Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of
nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831–
1832
3.____Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which
Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet
office
4.____Andrew Jackson’s popular nickname, signaling his toughness and
strength
5.____The arrangement under which public offices were handed out on the
basis of political support rather than qualifications
6.____Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828
7.____Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that
said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they
objected
8.____The “moneyed monster” that Clay tried to preserve and that
Jackson killed with his veto in 1832
9.______Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a
momentarily powerful third party in 1832
10._____Religious believers, originally attracted to the AntiMasonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use
political power for moral and religious reform
11._____Any two of the southeastern Indian peoples who were
removed to Oklahoma
12._____The sorrowful path along which thousands of
southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma
13._____Conflict of 1832 in which the Sauk and Fox Indians of
Illinois and Wisconsin were defeated by federal troops and
state militias.
14._____Economic crisis that precipitated an economic depression
and doomed the presidency of Martin Van
Buren
15._____Popular symbols of the flamboyant but effective
campaign the Whigs used to elect “poor-boy” William Henry
Harrison over Martin Van Buren
in 1840
Interpreting Political Cartoons and Satire
Political cartoons are an important historical source. Even when they are
strongly biased one way or another, they can yield information about political
conflicts and contemporary attitudes.
The anti-Jackson cartoon In Mother Bank’s Sick Room reveals a number of
things about how his opponents viewed Jackson. Answer the following
questions.
1. What is the fundamental point of the cartoon’s attack on the Bank of the
United States and its supporters?
2. What visual means does the cartoonist use to develop its point?
3. In the pro-Jackson cartoon Symptom of a Locked Jaw, how is Clay’s
frustration at Jackson’s bank veto portrayed? How is Jackson’s
successful resistance represented?
4. In the satirical bank note mocking pro-Jackson pet banks, list at least three
distinct visual symbols that identify the worthless note with Jackson and
his policies.
5. List at least three verbal terms or phrases that underscore the supposed
fraudulency of Jacksonian banking practices.
The Rise of Mass Democracy
Results of the 1824 Election
• In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins
popular but not electoral vote
• John Quincy Adams elected
president by House with Clay’s
support
• Jacksonians claim Adams & Clay
have struck a corrupt bargain
• Jacksonians form
Democratic-Republican Party,
block Adams’s policies
Election of 1828
Most states ease voting
qualifications; few require
property
• In 1828, numerous new
voters help Jackson win
presidency
• Jackson claims he is of
humble origins, though in
reality is wealthy
- says Adams is
intellectual elitist
• Jackson wins 1828
presidential election by
landslide
To the victor goes the spoils…
Jackson’s Spoils System
• Jackson limits appointees to
federal jobs to four-year terms
• Uses spoils system —replaces
former appointees with own
friends
• Friends become primary
advisers, dubbed “kitchen
cabinet”
The “Common Man”
-
Intense distrust of
Eastern“establishment,”
monopolies, & special
privilege.
-
His heart & soul was with
the “plain folk.”
-
Belief that the common
man was capable of
uncommon achievements.
The Nullification Theory
British try to flood U.S. with cheap
goods; tariffs are raised in
1824 & 1828
• Vice-president John C. Calhoun
calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations
• Thinks South pays for North’s
prosperity; cotton prices low
-since South relies on imported goods,
they are being punished for their
way of life (slavery)
John C. Calhoun
Calhoun devises nullification theory:
- questions legality of applying
federal laws to states
- Constitution based on compact
among states
- state can reject law it considers
unconstitutional
- states have right to leave Union
if nullification denied
Citing state’s rights, South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union!
Webster – Hayne debate
• Robert Hayne (SC) –
The U.S. was made up of
separate states that could nullify
federal laws.
(state’s rights)
vs.
Daniel Webster (MA) –
Only the Supreme Court
could declare a law
unconstitutional.
(federal authority)
Jackson agreed with Webster!!
Jackson and the Cherokee Nation
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans
Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their land
- thinks assimilation cannot work
- too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands
-
Jackson pressures some tribes to move and forces others!
The Cherokee Fight Back
Worcester v. Georgia
Marshall states the Cherokee Nation
is sovereign and Federal laws
cannot be invoked
- must sign treaty to be removed
John Marshall has made his decision,
now let him enforce it!
Andrew Jackson
Some Cherokee continue court
fight, but a minority favor
relocation and sign a treaty….
Treaty of New Echota
and relocation begins
The Trail of Tears - 1838
General Winfield Scott arrived in Georgia with 7,000 men to enforce the
Treaty of New Echota, to relocate 11,000 Cherokees in Georgia to what is now Oklahoma.
Somewhere between 3,000-5,000 Cherokees died en route in what became known as
The 'Trail of Tears.’ (The Trail Where They Cried)
"Future generations will read and condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember
that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by General
Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the orders of our superiors.
We had no choice in the matter.”
Private John G. Burnett
There are still more than
4000 bodies buried along the
side of the trail
Thousands of feet walk
the trail today
The Cherokee Rose
The official state flower of Georgia is the Cherokee Rose, a reminder of
a painful mark in America’s past.
Renewing
The National Bank’s
Charter
v.
Biddle
Jackson
Opposition to the
“Soft”
(paper) $
nd
2
B.U.S.
“Hard”
(specie) $
- state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
- felt that coin was
the only safe currency.
- supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
- suspicious of expansion
& speculation.
- didn’t like any bank
that issued bank notes.
Jackson’s Answer…
$ Moved federal monies
to “pet banks”!
$ 1832  Jackson vetoed
the extension of the
2nd National Bank of
the United States.
$ 1836  the charter
expired.
$ 1841  the Bank went
bankrupt!
Jackson gains an enemy…
Henry Calhoun
The Petticoat Affair
Or
The Eaton Affair
US Senator Eaton is caught in scandal!
Jackson stands behind Eaton
while no one else does (spoils)
His entire cabinet resigns!
Feeling Calhoun fed the controversy, he replaces
him on the Dem. Ticket with Martin VanBuren
King
Jackson!
An 1832 Cartoon:
Was Jackson becoming
too powerful!
He wielded his
presidency like a
monarch
(use of veto power)
Election of 1832!
1836
The Specie Circular
• Land speculation on
cleared Indian
territory exploded
• Speculators paid for
the land with
depreciating
paper money!
•
Jackson issued
the Specie Circular:
- buy future federal
land only with gold
or silver.
He left a mess for ….
Martin Van Buren
Results of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes loose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
The
Panic
Spreads