CH 1 An Introduction to Biomechanics
朱銘祥教授
國立成功大學機械系
© all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju
1-1 What is Biomechanics?





bio- biology
Mechanics applied to biology (Fung)
Mechanics : force, motion and strength of
materials.
Galileo 1638
Analyses of Dynamical Systems
© all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju
Biomechanics
• Seeks to understand the mechanics of
living systems
• Biology can no more be understood
without biomechanics
• For an organism
• help to understand its normal function
• Predict changes due to alteration
• Propose methods of artificial intervention
Diagnosis, surgery and prosthesis are closely associated
with Biomechanics
1.2 Historical background



Reading assignment
Contributors to biomechanics
G. Galilei, W. Harvey, R. Descartes, G.A.
Borelli, R. Boyle, R. Hooke, I. Newton, L.
Euler, T. Young, J. Poiseuille, H. von
Helmholtz, A. Fick, D.J. Korteweg, H.
Lamb, O. Frank, B. van der Pol
1.3 Biomechanics & Biology
Applied mechanics
 Stress and strain distribution in materials
 Constitutive equations for mechanical properties
of materials
 Strength of materials, yielding, creeping, plastic
flow, crack propagation, fracture, fatigue failure
of materials, stress corrosion
 Dislocation theory, metals, ceramics
 Composite materials
Applied mechanics (cont’d)





Flow of fluids: gas, water, blood and other
tissue fluids
Heat transfer, temperature distribution,
thermal stress
Mass transfer, diffusion, transport through
membrane
Motion of charged particles, plasma, ions
in solution
Mechanism, structures
Applied mechanics (cont’d)




Stability of mechanical systems
Control of mechanical systems
Dynamics, vibrations, wave propagation
Shock waves and waves of finite
amplitude
Note: all living systems have involved with some of
these problems
Biology & Physiology





Biology
G.R. Treviranus 1802
Biologie – sciences which deal with living
matter as a whole
Physiology – sciences which deal with normal
functions of living things or their organs
Continuum mechanics in physiology
System Biology, gene, cell, tissue, organ,
organism
1.4 Mechanics in Physiology


Reading assignment
W. Harvey, M. Malpighi, S. Hales, O.
Frank, E.H. Starling, A, Krogh, A. V. Hill
1.5 What contributions has
Biomechanics made to Health Science

Clinical problems in cardiovascular system
Prosthetic heart valves, heart assistive device,
extracorporeal circulation, hear-lung machine,
hemo-dialysis machine
 Heart transplantation, artificial heart,
postoperative trauma, pulmonary, arteries


Atherosclerosis
Hemodynamic disorder
 Stress acting in endothelial cells & response of
the endothelial cells to stress


Orthopedics
Everyday clinical tool
 Surgery, prosthesis, implantable materials, artificial
limbs, cellular & molecular aspects of healing to
stress and strain
 Functional tissue engineering of cartilage, tendon &
bone



Biomechanics of trauma, injury and
rehabilitation
Promote better understanding of physiology

Methodology of mechanics adopted to health
science and technology
d
a
b
c
f
e
Biomechanics to medicine

System analysis

Rheology of biological tissues

Mass transfer through membrane

Interfacial phenomena

Microcirculation
1.6 Our method of approach
(steps)
1.
Geometry of object: morphology of organism,
anatomy of organ, histology of tissue, structure
and ultra-structure of living material
2.
Determine mechanical properties of the materials
or tissues:
3.
Derive the governing equation based on
fundamental laws of physics and constitutive
equations of the materials
4.
Obtain meaningful boundary conditions:
environment of an organ
5.
6.
7.
Solve the boundary-value problems
analytically or numerically or by experiments
Perform physiological experiments to test
the solutions of the above boundary-value
problems
Compare the experimental results with
corresponding theoretical ones:


justify the hypotheses made
find the numerical values of the undetermined
coefficients in the constitutive equations.
1.7 生物力學研究工具
課 題
幾何
材料
生物學
機械特性
基本原理
組織工程
設計
工 具
形態量度,組織學,電子顯微鏡,共軛
對焦, 原子力顯微鏡, CAD
生物化學,組織化學,分子力學
形態學,細胞學,胚胎學
構成方程式,強度,破壞模式
物理,化學,生物學
生長，病理學，癒合，人工組織
人工器官，義肢學
© all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju
生物力學相關科技

生物機械工程(bio-mechanical engineering)

生物工程(bio-engineering)

醫學工程(bio-medical engineering)

生物技術(bio-technology)

生物微機電系統(bio-MEMS)

生物奈米技術(bio-nano-technology)
© all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju
Scope of Biomechanics

Human movement

Plant biomechanics

Orthopedic biomechanics

Organ biomechanics

Tissue biomechanics (tissue engineering)

Cell biomechanics (cell-based therapy)
近年生物力學研究進展
進展
人體運動生物力學
研究方法
剛體動力學,運動學,
解剖學
脊椎生物力學, 肩關節生物力 連體力學
學, 肘關節生物力學, 腕關節 黏彈性力學
生物力學, 手生物力學, 髖關 解剖學
節生物力學, 膝關節生物力學,
踝關節生物力學, 器官生物力 實驗力學
學
組織生物力學
細胞生物力學
生物分子力學
尺度
巨觀
細觀
新應用力學領域
微觀
生長模型
基因工程 (表現,治療)
Summary



Impact of biomechanics on continuum
mechanics: vigorous renewal.
Biomechanics has moved from organ level, to
tissue level and to cellular level.
Mechanics of gene action lies at focus of
bioengineering!