Three Domains of Life Kingdom Animalia • • • • Eukaryotic (Domain Eukaryota) Multi-cellular (unlike most Protists) Lack cell walls (unlike Plants and Fungi) Heterotrophic, by ingestion – Animals obtain their nourishment by ingesting other organisms (unlike Fungi) Kingdom Animalia • Most animals are mobile • Sexual reproduction; haploid cells fuse directly to produce zygote, and no alternation of generations • Tissues – cells are organized into structurally functional tissues Kingdom Animalia • Radial symmetry – body parts arranged around a central axis (simple) • Bilateral symmetry – body has a right and a left half that are mirror images of each other (advanced) Kingdom Animalia • Evolution of a body cavity enabled the evolution of supporting organ systems and a means for distributing materials • The body cavity – a space surrounded by mesodermal tissue formed during development • Three germ layers: Ectoderm (outside), Mesoderm (middle), and Endoderm (inside) Kingdom Animalia • Pseudocoelomates move nutrients and wastes through pseudocoel • Coelomates developed a circulatory system; blood carries oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes through (and out of) body Kingdom Animalia • Circulatory system of Coelomates can be open or closed • In an open circulatory system, blood mixes with body fluids; bathes organs and cells directly; common to molluscs and arthropods • In a closed circulatory system, the blood never leaves a system of blood vessels and is pumped by the heart; common to all vertebrates, annelids and cephalopods Kingdom Animalia • Segmentation of body parts – Succession (redundancy) of segments – Enables specialization of body segments – Individual segments may move independently to facilitate locomotion – In redundant segmentation, each segment contains most or all of the adult organ systems, such that damage to any one segment is not fatal to the organism • “Bilaterians exhibit two main types of development” – page 626 ...let’s come back to this (ignore for now) Kingdom Animalia • Taxonomy (Domain Eukaryota, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum….) Phylum Porifera (Sponges) • The simplest of animals • No nervous, digestive, or circulatory systems • Sessile • Lack germ layers • No defined symmetry Phylum Cnideria • Nematocysts – stinging cells • Radial symmetry • “Jellyfish”, Corals, Sea anemones Phylum Ctenophora (Comb jellies) • Colloblasts – sticky cells • Strictly marine • Largely bioluminescent Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) • No body cavity • Half of all flatworms are parasitic (flukes, tapeworms, etc) Phylum Nematoda (Round worms) • Pseudocoelomates • Can be free-living or parasitic http://www.attra.org/images/nematode/nematode.jpg Guinea worm Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms) • Coelomates • Oligochaetes (earthworms) and Polychaetes (bristle worms) Phylum Mollusca • Mantle – secretes shell; forms siphon and external flaps • Bivalves (clams, mussels, etc), Snails, Squid, Octopus, Sea Slugs http://www.flickr.com/photos/ccahua/109008198/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/sabinche/424078457/ Phylum Arthropoda • “Jointed foot”; jointed limbs, rigid cuticle/exoskeleton • Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, and others – VERY SUCCESSFUL! http://www.flickr.com/photos/j-a-x/98046000/ Phylum Echinodermata • • • • Strictly marine Deuterostomes (we’ll come back to this) “Spiny skin” Includes sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars Phylum Chordata • Includes all vertebrates (Subphylum Vertebrata) • All have (at one stage of their life cycle) – A notochord – a flexible rod; “backbone” – A hollow, dorsal nerve cord; develops into spinal cord and brain – Pharyngeal slits* – filtering apparatus for feeding – An endostyle* – longitudinal ciliated groove in pharynx, produces mucus to capture food particles – A post-anal tail* *only present during embryonic stage in advanced vertebrates All Chordates have all four of these characteristics at some time in their lives Phylum Chordata • Includes 2 invertebrate groups (no vertebrae) – Urochordates – only the larvae has a notochord and nerve cord, adults usually lose tail; includes Tunicates and Salps (marine) – Cephalochordates – notocord persists throughout animal’s life; includes Lancelots; the closest relatives to the Vertebrates Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicate) Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Subphylum Vertebrata • A vertebral column – encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord • A distinct head – houses sensory organs • Endoskeleton – made of cartilage or bone • Internal organs – liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart and closed circulatory system, etc. Subphylum Vertebrata Subphylum Vertebrata • The earliest vertebrates appeared in the oceans ~ 0.5 billion years ago (Cambrian period) Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Jawless fish (Lampreys) Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilagenous) Class Chondrichthyes • A light, flexible skeleton and paired fins made them superior swimmers • Sharks were among the first vertebrates to develop teeth Bony Fishes • Evolved at same time as sharks (400 million years ago) • Heavy, internal skeleton made of bone • Possess a swim bladder and an operculum • Swim bladder – gas-filled sac enables fish to control their bouyancy • Operculum –hard plate that covers gills, flexes to permit water pumping Bony Fishes Amphibians • The first vertebrates to make it to land • Evolved ~300 million years ago Class Reptilia • Reptiles evolved ~250 million years ago • Ectothermic (“cold-blooded”) • Evolution of the amniotic egg – Watertight, but permeable – Allows gas exchange and waste removal – Yolk sac provides food • Includes the dinosaurs! Class Reptilia Class Aves (Birds) • The most diverse group of all vertebrates • Like reptiles, have amniotic eggs and scales (on legs) • Feathers – enable flight and conserve heat • Flight skeleton – Bones are thin and hollow • Evolved directly from dinosaurs? Class Mammalia • Hair – keratin-rich fibers; provides insulation, camouflage, and sensory structure • Mammary glands in females – secrete milk • Endothermy (“warm-blooded”) • Four-chambered heart • Evolved ~220 million years ago Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria • The “Monotremes” – Have single opening for digestive and reproductive tracts – Only 3 extant species – short and long-nosed echidna and duck-billed platypus Class Mammalia Subclass Theria • Includes marsupial and placental animals – Marsupials – pouched animals; shell-less egg, embryo is nourished by yolk and after birth crawls into marsupial pouch where it latches onto nipple and continues to develop – Placental – includes most living mammals; produces a true placenta that nourishes embryo throughout its development • Modern humans first appeared in Africa ~600,000 years ago (Homo sapiens)