NeoClassicism
Background
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Mid 1700’s to mid 1800’s
Dominant areas France and England
Arose as a reaction against the excesses of Rococo art
Scientific and archeological discoveries such as buried
Roman cities of Herculaneum (1738) and Pompeii
(1748)
• Engravings and publications on the individual and
chronological art periods in Greek and Roman history
• Renewed interest in Greek antiquity…not just Roman
• German scholar Johann Joachim Winckelmann
prompted sculptors to embrace the idealized approach
Greeks had to figure sculpture…create an archetype for
figure sculpture
Characteristics
• Earlier works heavily influenced by
Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo artworks but
with a rational shift
• 1780’s saw a shift in style in France….revolution
influenced style to similar of Roman themes of
stoicism, nationalism and heroism
• Outline and linear design
• Historical accuracy especially in architecture and
costume
• Simplicity in form and setting
Jacques-louis David (1748 1825)
• Born in France
• Earliest training in a Rococo style under
Boucher…short lived
• 1775-80 studied in Italy and adopted a
more patriotic style
• Believed in the revolution and it almost
had him executed…saved by wife
• Ended in Brussels
Napolean
Crossing
the Alps
Marat
Assassinated
1793
Angelica Kauffmann (1741 1807)
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Swiss born
Prodigy in art and music at early age (11)
Trained in Italy
Supportive father
Met Sir Joshua Reynolds and helped
found the Royal Academy in 1769
• Moved to England and married fellow artist
Antonio Zucchi
Virgil reading the ''Aeneid'' to Augustus and Octavia
, 1788
Parting
of
Abelard
and
Heloise
Before
1780
Study for
the portrait
of the
Marchione
ss of
Townshen
d and son
Jean-auguste-dominique Ingres
(1780 - 1867)
• Born in France
• 1797 Father prompted him to go to Paris
to study under David
• Won the prix de Rome in 1801
Characteristics
• Idealization of human forms
• Elongated backs
• Drawing techniques reflected in works
Jupiter and
Thetis
Vicomtess
Othenin
d'Haussonvi
lle, née
LouiseAlbertine de
Broglie
Study
Antonio Canova
• b. 1757 Possagno, Italy, d. 1822 Venice,
Italy
• Sculptor
• Worked predominantly in marble
• Created plaster models to scale prior to
carving works
• Took several trips to Rome to study
• Became the most celebrated sculptor of
NeoClassical period
Characteristics
• Earlier works had emotion from Baroque and
appealed to wealthy patrons from Venice
• Grandeur
• Physically idealized
• Mythological themes
• Portraits often blended mythology with reality
• Created full scale plaster models of
sculptures prior to starting marble
incarnations
Plaster model for Cupid and Psyche, 18th
century (1794)
Plaster
Theseus
and the
Minotaur
1781-83
Marble
Perseus
with the
Head of
Medusa,
1804–6
Architecture
• Heavily influenced by archeological
discoveries of ancient Greek/Roman
structrues
• Classic Greek/Roman temple epitomy of
pure architectural style sought after for
neoclassicism
Characteristics
• Clean, elegant lines
• Uncluttered appearance
• Long, flat rows of free standing columns
for structural support
• Massive buildings
• Flat, horizontal roofs
• Lack of towers or domes
• Symmetrical flat facades with lack of
ornamentation
• Geometrically patterned gardens
Notable architects
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Karl Friedrich Schinkel
John Soane
Charles Cameron
Juan de Villanueva
Juan de Villanueva
Prado Museum 1785
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
The Altes Museum ("Old Museum") in Berlin
John Soane
Moggerhangerhouse
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Resources
http://www.all-art.org/history356.html
http://wwar.com/masters/movements/neoclassicism.html
http://www.jeanaugustedominiqueingres.org/
http://www.abcgallery.com/B/boucher/boucher51.html
http://s7d2.scene7.com/is/image/Fathead/3713118_ingresapotheosis-homer-18x24smart_prod?layer=comp&wid=640&hei=640&fmt=jpeg&qlt=95,1&op
_sharpen=1&resMode=bicub&op_usm=0.5,0.2,0,0&iccEmbed=0&b
gc=0xdedede&bgColor=0xdedede
http://www.artble.com/artists/jean_auguste_dominique_ingres
http://musee.louvre.fr/oal/psyche/psyche_acc_en.html
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/canova_antonio.html
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/c/canova/biograph.html
http://www.worldofleveldesign.com/categories/architecture/neoclassi
cal/neoclassical_architecture.php
Critique:19th century
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Comparative
Dominique Ingres “triumph of
Homer” oil on canvas
Francois Boucher “Apollo
revealing his divinity to the
Shephardess”
Romanticism
Background
• 1760-1870 approx
• Reaction against NeoClassicism style not the
appreciation of antiquities
• Began in N Europe with a rejection of technical
restrictions calling for perfection
• Influenced by literature of time
• Explored the interdisciplinary nature of art: music,
dance, etc
• Orientalism had huge influence upon works
• Exploration of the individual, exotic, folk origins, ethnic
origins, and occult.
• Break from strict guidelines of Neoclassicism
Characteristics
• Concerned with the personal, emotional and
transcendental experience
• Nature’s beauty intrinsic to works
• Senses over reason and emotion over reason
• Imagination
• Struggle between heavenly ideals and earthly
desires
• Included the American Hudson River School of
landscape painters (1835-1870)
Eugene Delacroix
• 1798-1863
• Born in France
• Use of color and technique influenced
Impressionists and Post Impressionist artists
• Historical themes as well as visit to Morocco
dominated works
• Created more than 850 paintings
• Technique often employed the application of
colors not blended, yet from a distance, a sense
of whole color….kick start to Impressionist
technique
The Sultan
of Morocco
and his
Entourage
Andromeda
c. 1852
Lion Hunt
1854
Francisco Goya y Lucientes
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1746-1828
Born in Spain
Young age trained with local artist
Went to Italy to finish studies
Came back, painted frescoes in a Rococo style for local
church…made him
Worked as “cartoon” painter for textile company…where his genre of
everyday life depictions started
Became portrait painter for aristocracy and eventually for
king….elected court painter
France came in….brutal conflict…depicted in a series of etchings
published posthumously “The Disasters of War”
French court painter
Pardoned when Spain regained control….but eventually lost favor
and voluntarily left spain for France
Characteristics of work
• Color technique that applied color in
strokes next to each other instead of
blended
• Keen observations of human nature
• A realistic approach to theme
1783
portrait of
Count
Floridabana
1st important
commission
Los Caprichos
• 1797 works on 80 etchings under the
guise of exploration into witchcraft
practices in Spain
• It is believed that this is a veil for the true
subject….inquisition practices by powerful
and unchecked Church
Los
Caprichos
plate 77
• Text caption (below) from
the "Prado" etching
version:
• "The way of the world. The
people laugh and play
bullfightering with each
other. He who yesterday
played the bull plays today
the toreador. Chance rules
the game and assigns the
parts according to her
caprices."
The sleep
of reason
produces
monsters
1797-98
Etching
with
aquatint
Isabel de
Porcel
1804-05
Time
Les Vieilles
c. 1810-12
Disasters of War
• http://www.napoleonguide.com/goyaind.ht
m
The Shootings of May Third 1808
1814
Burial of the
Sardine
c. 1816
Resources
• http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory
/romanticism/arthistory_romanticism.html
• http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/delacr
oix/lion-hunt.jpg
• http://www.eugenedelacroix.org/
• http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/goya/
• http://www.eeweems.com/goya/index.php
Critique
JMW Turner Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and
Dying - Typhoon coming on ("The Slave Ship")
1840; Oil on canvas
Comparative
Summary
Angelica Kauffman The Family of the
Earl of Gower 1772
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John Constable Salisbury Cathedral from the
Bishop's Grounds c. 1825