Bellwork
• Complete the table below…
River Erosion
Processes
River Erosion
Landforms
River
River
Transportation Deposition
Process
Landforms
Rivers Question Revision
Learning Objectives:
• To develop a deeper
understanding of the mark
scheme for short answer
questions
• To practice statistical
methods
• Understand the difference
between different
command words in 15
mark questions
Q1
Q2
Q3
Marking
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Georgia and Reuben [yellow]
Jake and Adam [green]
Ben and Emma [green]
Hannah and Amy [blue]
Chloe E and Oliver [yellow]
Jess and Lauren [green]
Tom and Chloe H [yellow]
Matthew and Bronte [green]
Chris and Olivia [blue]
Improvements…
Bellwork
• Brainstorm a list of facts for each of your
rivers case studies…
Rivers Question Revision
Learning Objectives:
• To develop a deeper
understanding of the mark
scheme for short answer
questions
• To practice statistical
methods
• Understand the difference
between different
command words in 15
mark questions
Quick Check Questions
• What is the name of the area found at the
bottom of the waterfall?
• Why is the larger bedload
found close to the river
channel where levees are
found?
• In the upper course of the river what
process is most common?
• If there isn’t much deposition in the upper
course of the river, how do rapids form?
• Why don’t deltas form the UK?
Statistical Methods
• Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
What’s the
correlation
between 2
data sets?
• Standard Deviation
How much
does my data
deviate from
the mean?
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
• The closer to +1 or -1 your answer is, the
more correlation there is
You’ll be given a table like
this to test the significance
Assess the
of your answer. If it’s 95%
Assess
the
statistical
significant,
it will be above
statistical
the
0.05
level of
significance
significance.
If it’s 99%
significance
of
0.453
0.871
significant, it will be above
of 0.723
the 0.01 level of
significance.
15 Mark Questions
Below are the responses to 3 different 15 Mark Questions on Flooding.
1.Colour in the intro, 1st paragraph, 2nd paragraph, 3rd paragraph and conclusion of each
level 3 answer so you can see which section belongs with each essay
2.Select which question title is answered in each essay
3.Which one is left unanswered?
4.Write your own version of it, using the same structure as the answers below
A.
B.
C.
D.
Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of river
flooding
Compare and comment on the economic and social effects of flooding in two
contrasting areas of the world
“The effects of flooding are worse in LEDCs than MEDCs” Assess this view
Physical factors are more important than human factors in affecting river
discharge. Discuss this view.
Intro
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Conclusion
Essay 1
Title…………
………………
………………
………………
………………
Certain human
activities can
have a great
impact on river
flooding which
can also be
linked to
physical
causes of
flooding
The Philippines has a GDP per capita of just
$2700, making it an LEDC. As a result of this, they
had little funds to prepare and plan for the flooding
in 2009 cuased by Typhoon Ondoy. Flooding in the
capital city of the Philippines, Manila in 2009
caused infrastructural damage of 570,187,587
Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5 million.
Whilst this number seems high, it is important to
remember that this is a world city, made up of 12
million inhabitants, therefore the damage equates
to less than £1 per person. By way of contrast, a
storm event in rural England (which has a GDP per
capita of $39,000) in Cumbria had a cost of £275
million. These facts taken alone indicate that the
economic impact of flooding ins far worse in
MEDCs.
Drainage systems also don’t help as a human
cause. Water is carried straight to the river via
drains instead of gradually getting there via
groundwater flow. An example of this was found in
Keswick in November 2009, where a heavy rains
caused flooding with river discharge of 265
cumecs. It took just 3 hours from the storm event
for the River Greta to overflow into the hospital
field, posing a threat to health. Also human causes
include deforestation , often attributed to
urbanisation,– by cutting down trees, vegetation
storage and interception is prevented meaning
water reaches the river more quickly. This human
cause can be linked to a physical cause. If a river
channel is near to an area of naturally sparse
vegetation the same effect occurs.
In Keswick, the flooding also affected homes and
the environment. This was of particular
importance as it is situated in the National Park of
the Lake District and therefore relies heavily on
tourism for income. 500 people were made
homeless in total, far less than the figure in the
Philippines. Due to more income, the majority of
people were insured and therefore, despite the
fact that the damage caused disruption, for the
vast majority, it didn’t leave them in poverty. The
only death in the Cumbria floods was that of a
policeman who was trying to aid the evacuation of
others from Cockermouth when the bridge he was
standing on collapsed.
Overall the importance
varies in that human
causes can be
minimised or prevented
so physical causes
seem to be the main
problem.
Essay 2
Title…………
………………
………………
………………
………………
LEDCs suffer in
a different way
from flooding
than MEDCs.
Often the
damage is less
of an economic
cost, but more
socioenvironmental.
In built up urbanised areas there are often rivers
close by. The build up of impermeable surfaces
like concrete pavements means that when
precipitation occurs infiltration is not possible and
rain water flows straight to the river channel as
surface runoff, increasing lag time and river
discharge – effectively causing a river to flood.
With regards to the social effects of flooding, in
Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This
meant that they were more susceptible to damage
from the flood event. In total, around 12,000
homes were completely destroyed. This figure
doesn’t take into consideration the damage
caused by the flooding to other houses, including
where rain/river water was contaminated by
sewage. The floods also killed 241 people.
Considering the fact that the Philippines is
affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a
lack of planning and preparation which could be
attributed to low economic development and
therefore a lack of funding.
In Keswick, the flooding also had a social impact,
however this appeared to have been more
managed. The flooding affected homes and the
environment which was of particular importance
as it is situated in the National Park of the Lake
District and therefore relies heavily on tourism for
income. 500 people were made homeless in total,
far less than the figure in the Philippines. Due to
more income, the majority of people were insured
and therefore, despite the fact that the damage
caused disruption, for the vast majority, it didn’t
leave them in poverty. The only death in the
Cumbria floods was that of a policeman who was
trying to aid the evacuation of others from
Cockermouth when the bridge he was standing on
collapsed.
In conclusion, it does
indeed appear that
MEDCs suffer more in
terms of economic cost
of flooding, where
LEDCs will instead
suffer from a higher
death toll
Essay 3
Title…………
………………
………………
………………
………………
The Philippines
and the UK are
vastly different
countries in
terms of
economic
development,
therefore it is
understandabl
e that the
economic and
social effects
differ.
Flooding in the capital city of the Philippines,
Manila in 2009 caused infrastructural damage of
570,187,587 Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5
million. Whilst this number seems high, it is
important to remember that this is a world city,
made up of 12 million inhabitants, therefore the
damage equates to less than £1 per person. By
way of contrast, a storm event in rural England in
Cumbria had a cost of £275 million. These facts
taken alone indicate that flooding is worse in
MEDCs, therefore it is also important to assess the
socio-environmental damage.
In Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This
meant that they were more susceptible to damage
from the flood event. In total, around 12,000
homes were completely destroyed. This figure
doesn’t take into consideration the damage
caused by the flooding to other houses, including
where rain/river water was contaminated by
sewage. The floods also killed 241 people.
Considering the fact that the Philippines is
affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a
lack of planning and preparation which could be
attributed to low economic development and
therefore a lack of funding.
Landscape is also a major physical cause. Low
lying flat lands like the islands in the Philippines,
created by volcanoes for example, suffer badly
from lack of drainage. Being towards the end of
the stream order hierarchy also added to the
flooding in Manila in 2009.
Typhoon season is also a major flood cause here
as in typhoon season much rain falls on these
unsuitable drainage basins. The flooding in Luzon
in September 2009 affected 872,097 people in
metro Manila, a highly urbanised mega city. This
flood was caused by heavy rains during Typhoon
Ondoy.
To conclude, it would
appear that in LEDC
countries, the damage
caused by flooding is
more of a social
problem, whereas in
MEDCs, where
infrastructure and
housing is more
expensive, the majority
of the effects are
economic.
15 Mark Questions
Below are the responses to 3 different 15 Mark Questions on Flooding.
1.Colour in the intro, 1st paragraph, 2nd paragraph, 3rd paragraph and conclusion of each
level 3 answer so you can see which section belongs with each essay
2.Select which question title is answered in each essay
3.Which one is left unanswered?
4.Write your own version of it, using the same structure as the answers below
A.
B.
C.
D.
Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of river
flooding
Compare and comment on the economic and social effects of flooding in two
contrasting areas of the world
“The effects of flooding are worse in LEDCs than MEDCs” Assess this view
Physical factors are more important than human factors in affecting river
discharge. Discuss this view.
Intro
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Conclusion
Essay 1
Title…A……Assess
the
relative importance
of physical and
human causes of
river flooding
Certain human
activities can
have a great
impact on river
flooding which
can also be
linked to
physical
causes of
flooding
The Philippines has a GDP per capita of just
$2700, making it an LEDC. As a result of this, they
had little funds to prepare and plan for the flooding
in 2009 cuased by Typhoon Ondoy. Flooding in the
capital city of the Philippines, Manila in 2009
caused infrastructural damage of 570,187,587
Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5 million.
Whilst this number seems high, it is important to
remember that this is a world city, made up of 12
million inhabitants, therefore the damage equates
to less than £1 per person. By way of contrast, a
storm event in rural England (which has a GDP per
capita of $39,000) in Cumbria had a cost of £275
million. These facts taken alone indicate that the
economic impact of flooding ins far worse in
MEDCs.
Drainage systems also don’t help as a human
cause. Water is carried straight to the river via
drains instead of gradually getting there via
groundwater flow. An example of this was found in
Keswick in November 2009, where a heavy rains
caused flooding with river discharge of 265
cumecs. It took just 3 hours from the storm event
for the River Greta to overflow into the hospital
field, posing a threat to health. Also human causes
include deforestation , often attributed to
urbanisation,– by cutting down trees, vegetation
storage and interception is prevented meaning
water reaches the river more quickly. This human
cause can be linked to a physical cause. If a river
channel is near to an area of naturally sparse
vegetation the same effect occurs.
In Keswick, the flooding also affected homes and
the environment. This was of particular
importance as it is situated in the National Park of
the Lake District and therefore relies heavily on
tourism for income. 500 people were made
homeless in total, far less than the figure in the
Philippines. Due to more income, the majority of
people were insured and therefore, despite the
fact that the damage caused disruption, for the
vast majority, it didn’t leave them in poverty. The
only death in the Cumbria floods was that of a
policeman who was trying to aid the evacuation of
others from Cockermouth when the bridge he was
standing on collapsed.
Overall the importance
varies in that human
causes can be
minimised or prevented
so physical causes
seem to be the main
problem.
Essay 2
Title…C……..“The
effects of flooding
are worse in LEDCs
than MEDCs”
Assess this view
LEDCs suffer in
a different way
from flooding
than MEDCs.
Often the
damage is less
of an economic
cost, but more
socioenvironmental.
In built up urbanised areas there are often rivers
close by. The build up of impermeable surfaces
like concrete pavements means that when
precipitation occurs infiltration is not possible and
rain water flows straight to the river channel as
surface runoff, increasing lag time and river
discharge – effectively causing a river to flood.
With regards to the social effects of flooding, in
Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This
meant that they were more susceptible to damage
from the flood event. In total, around 12,000
homes were completely destroyed. This figure
doesn’t take into consideration the damage
caused by the flooding to other houses, including
where rain/river water was contaminated by
sewage. The floods also killed 241 people.
Considering the fact that the Philippines is
affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a
lack of planning and preparation which could be
attributed to low economic development and
therefore a lack of funding.
In Keswick, the flooding also had a social impact,
however this appeared to have been more
managed. The flooding affected homes and the
environment which was of particular importance
as it is situated in the National Park of the Lake
District and therefore relies heavily on tourism for
income. 500 people were made homeless in total,
far less than the figure in the Philippines. Due to
more income, the majority of people were insured
and therefore, despite the fact that the damage
caused disruption, for the vast majority, it didn’t
leave them in poverty. The only death in the
Cumbria floods was that of a policeman who was
trying to aid the evacuation of others from
Cockermouth when the bridge he was standing on
collapsed.
In conclusion, it does
indeed appear that
MEDCs suffer more in
terms of economic cost
of flooding, where
LEDCs will instead
suffer from a higher
death toll
Essay 3 Title……B
Compare and
comment on the
economic and
social effects of
flooding in two
contrasting areas
of the world
The Philippines
and the UK are
vastly different
countries in
terms of
economic
development,
therefore it is
understandabl
e that the
economic and
social effects
differ.
Flooding in the capital city of the Philippines,
Manila in 2009 caused infrastructural damage of
570,187,587 Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5
million. Whilst this number seems high, it is
important to remember that this is a world city,
made up of 12 million inhabitants, therefore the
damage equates to less than £1 per person. By
way of contrast, a storm event in rural England in
Cumbria had a cost of £275 million. These facts
taken alone indicate that flooding is worse in
MEDCs, therefore it is also important to assess the
socio-environmental damage.
In Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This
meant that they were more susceptible to damage
from the flood event. In total, around 12,000
homes were completely destroyed. This figure
doesn’t take into consideration the damage
caused by the flooding to other houses, including
where rain/river water was contaminated by
sewage. The floods also killed 241 people.
Considering the fact that the Philippines is
affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a
lack of planning and preparation which could be
attributed to low economic development and
therefore a lack of funding.
Landscape is also a major physical cause. Low
lying flat lands like the islands in the Philippines,
created by volcanoes for example, suffer badly
from lack of drainage. Being towards the end of
the stream order hierarchy also added to the
flooding in Manila in 2009.
Typhoon season is also a major flood cause here
as in typhoon season much rain falls on these
unsuitable drainage basins. The flooding in Luzon
in September 2009 affected 872,097 people in
metro Manila, a highly urbanised mega city. This
flood was caused by heavy rains during Typhoon
Ondoy.
To conclude, it would
appear that in LEDC
countries, the damage
caused by flooding is
more of a social
problem, whereas in
MEDCs, where
infrastructure and
housing is more
expensive, the majority
of the effects are
economic.