NWSS Library's Chicago Bootcamp
Why do we cite information?
Citations
give credit to the sources of information you
used in your research.
Citations show that your product is your own work. In
other words, you have not copied information from
other sources.
The University of Chicago provides rules for creating
citations.
Chicago Style is mainly used for history papers
The rules differ depending upon the source
of information used (book, encyclopedia, web site, database,
electronic book, etc.).
The Chicago style rules tell you what to include and
how to capitalize and punctuate the citation.
Bibliography
All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title,
and publication information.
Author’s Names
The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and
separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes
Smith, John. (If an author is not listed first, this applies to compilers, translators, etc.)
Titles
Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are
placed in quotation marks.
Publication Information
The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name.
Punctuation
In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.
Some reminders
Label the first page of your back matter, and your comprehensive list of sources, “Bibliography” (for
Notes and Bibliography style) or “References” (for Author Date style).
Leave two blank lines between “Bibliography” or “References” and your first entry.
Leave one blank line between remaining entries.
List entries in letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry.
Use “and,” not an ampersand, “&,” for multi-author entries.
For two to three authors, write out all names.
For four to ten authors, write out all names in the bibliography but only the first author’s name plus
“et al.” in notes and parenthetical citations.
When a source has no identifiable author, cite it by its title, both on the references page and in
shortened form (up to four keywords from that title) in parenthetical citations throughout the text.
Write out publishers’ names in full.
Do not use access dates unless publication dates are unavailable.
If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”
Provide DOIs instead of URLs whenever possible.
If you cannot name a specific page number when called for, you have other options: section (sec.),
equation (eq.), volume (vol.), or note (n.).
Book Citation: Print
Last Name, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Copyright date.
Website
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Web Page." Name of Main
date. URL.
Page.
Date published. Access
Periodical Citation - Magazine: Electronic
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Publication Issue,
number (Date): page(s). Access date. Stable URL or DOI
Can also use
this button to
directly import
into Easybib
Bibliography
"'It Will Be Hard Going Back, but Syria Is Our Country Kobani Is Our Home'" The
Independent [London,
England], January 29, 2015. Accessed February 16, 2015.
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/NewsDetailsPage/
NewsDetailsWindow?
failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=no
rmal&contentModules=&displayquery=&mode=view&displayGroupName=News&limiter
=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups
=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=WHIC&action=e
&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE|
A399211590&source=Bookmark&u=40nwss&jsid=a077
8c9e8134033bc3530bf7632ecbf2.
Rowell, Rainbow. Fangirl. New York: St. Martin's Press,
2013.
Schlesinger, Joe. "Historically Speaking, Germany a Bigger
Deadbeat than Greece."
CBC News. February 09, 2015.
Accessed February 16, 2015.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/ world/historically-speaking-germany-a-bigger-deadbeatthan-greece-1.2948158.
Fix these citations...
Barbara Szacka. "Polish Remembrance of World War II."
International
Journal of Sociology 36, no. 4 (01 Dec.
2006):
8-26. Accessed February
16, 2015.
Author Name.
Wrong Date format.
No URL
Smale, Alison. Crisis in Ukraine underscores opposing lessons of cold war. The New York
Times, February 9, 2015. Accessed February 16, 2015.
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&
prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&displayquery=&mode=view&displayGroupName=News&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=true&
displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=WHIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&sc
anId=&documentId=GALE|A400757481&source=Bookmark&u=40nwss&jsid=d73c7e711123923
7c800f83ce44cde8c.
Pho, Helen N "Cold War Kidnapping: The Gustav Hertz
Case and the
Failure of Secret Negotiations in Vietnam, 1965-1967." Pacific Historical Review
84, no. 1 (February 2015). Accessed February 16, 2015. doi:
10.1525/phr.2015.84.1.19.
Quotation Marks on Title
Indents
Capitalization
Italicization
Page number
Missing period after Author
name.
Missing colon after year.
Italicize
Put these citations in order.
Smale, Alison. "Crisis in Ukraine Underscores Opposing Lessons of
Cold War."
The New York Times, February 9, 2015. Accessed
February 16, 2015.
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?
failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&co
ntentModules=&displayquery=&mode=view&displayGroupName=News&limiter=&currP
age=&disableHighlighting=true&displayGroups=&sortBy=&sear
ch_within_results=&p=WHIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&s
canId=&documentId=GALE|
A400757481&source=Bookmark&u=40nwss&jsid=d73c7e71112
39237c800f83ce44cde8c.
Szacka, Barbara. "Polish Remembrance of World War II."
International Journal
of Sociology 36, no. 4 (December 01,
2006): 8-26.
Accessed February
16, 2015. http://
www.jstor.org/stable/ 10.2307/20628273?ref=no-xroute:a49957e810c96c2c75964b28532fbd4c.
Pho, Helen N. "Cold War Kidnapping: The Gustav Hertz Case and
the Failure
of Secret Negotiations in Vietnam, 1965-1967."
Pacific Historical Review 84, no.
1 (February 2015): 19-47.
Accessed February 16, 2015.
doi:10.1525/phr.2015.84.1.19.
Footnotes
Notice the asterisk * found in the text above. Why did the author use this symbol?
Sometimes authors' use a * and sometimes a number.
Jerry Spinelli, Maniac Magee: A Novel (Boston: Little, Brown and
Company, 1990), pg. #.
A footnote is sometimes used by an author to note
a definition or to give additional information that is
important.
Why did the author use a footnote in the above text?
Dan Gutman, The Get Rich Quick Club (New York:
HarperCollins, 2004), pg. #.
Why did the author use a footnote in the above text?
Spinelli, Jerry. Maniac Magee. Little, Brown and Company 1990.
A footnote can also be used by an author to cite
the source of statements quoted in your text or to
acknowledge an author's idea or argument
Footnote Formatting
Author names are not inverted. E.g. Rainbow Rowell, not Rowell, Rainbow
Begin footnotes indented five spaces from the left margin
Footnotes appear at the bottom of pages
Single space-footnotes, but double-space between them
Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer
and should be placed after any and all punctuation
Begin subsequent lines of a footnote at the left margin
Each citation gets its own number, even if it comes from the same source
You can shorten a reference the second time you use it
Each footnote needs a page number
Place commentary after documentation when a footnote contains both, separated by a
period
Do not repeat the hundreds digit in a page range if it does not change from the beginning
to the end of the range.
Using Word to Create Your Citations
Manage Sources
Insert Footnote
Bibliography
In the Footnote and Endnote dialog box, click either Footnotes or Endnotes, and then click the Insert
button at the bottom of the dialog box.
Word will add the foot/endnote mark at the cursor point in the document, which is automatically numbered
for you. A note reference mark with the same number is inserted at the bottom of the page, if you clicked
Footnotes, or at the end of the document, if you clicked Endnotes. Then you would enter the foot/endnote
text to acknowledge the source that refers to the reference number. For example: Author, book title,
publisher, date of publication, page number, and so on.
When you add the next footnote or endnote, Word will automatically number it in the correct sequence. If
you later add a note before this note, Word will number the new note correctly and renumber the other
notes in the document.
Tip: You can skip the dialog box and insert a footnote by pressing ALT+CTRL+F and an endnote by
pressing ALT+CTRL+D.
Choosing
and
Using
Quotations
in
Essays
Don't roll the dice! Do it
right every time!
Incorporating quotations into your
essay
What is a quotation?
Quotations, or textual evidence, are words, phrases,
sentences, or passages from another source (book,
story, article, movie, etc.) that you use in your own essay
to support your thesis.
Don't forget: The thesis is the sentences that tells your reader what
the entire essay is about. It is the point you are trying to prove to the
reader.
You mean I have to find something the author
already wrote to prove my point?
Yes, it isn't enough to have your own opinion about it
or to make vague (unclear) references to the text.
The best way to prove the point (your thesis) is to use
the author's own words.
How am I supposed to find a quotation to use
in my essay? The source is so long....
It can be very challenging to find a really good quotation to
support your thesis, but there are some simple steps to follow
that will help you.
1. Know what your thesis is. What point are you trying to
prove?
2. What is an example in the source that proves that point?
3. Reread that part of the source. Look for the paragraph or
two that describes that supports your thesis.
4. Narrow down the paragraph to least amount of text needed
to prove your point.
CHECK IT!
You have to reread parts of the source to find a quotation.
Use the least amount of a quoted passage you
can to support your point.
Don’t quote less relevant parts of a passage; use only what supports your point directly,
even cutting the quote down to only the most significant words from a sentence. This allows
you the space in your paper to fully explain the significance of the quote. Your voice should
be the dominant one in your paper.
In a speech to the nation, Winston Churchill proclaimed:
Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into
the grip of the Gestapo and
all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We
shall fight in France, we shall fight
on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence
and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island,
whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we
shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields
and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender,
and if, which I do
not for a moment believe, this
island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then
our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the
struggle, until, in God's good time, the
New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old. 1
or
In a speech to the nation, Winston Churchill proclaimed, “We shall fight
on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in
the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” 1
1. Winston Churchill, "We Shall Fight on the Beaches," The Churchill Centre, 2015, para. 22., accessed February 19, 2015,
http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches.
CHECK IT!
You have to use an entire paragraph in order to have a
quotation for your essay.
Explain the quotation.
Don’t assume the reason you are using a piece of textual evidence is obvious to your reader.
For every line of a source you quote, expect to write two or three lines of your own analysis
and explanation after it.
In June 1940, Britain was fearful of the loss of France to the Nazis
and was preparing to be invaded. Winston Churchill, in a speech to
Parliament, declared, “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight
on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,
we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” 1
1. Winston Churchill, "We Shall Fight on the Beaches," The Churchill Centre, 2015, para. 22., accessed February 19, 2015,
http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches.
Be Careful!
Don't Change the Meaning of the Quotation
Take time to ensure that you understand the passages you choose to support your thesis, both in their context
of the larger work, as well as how the author may have intended the passage to be interpreted. See how
excerpting just a part of Winston Churchill's speech misrepresents its meaning:
Winston Churchill believed that when the Nazis invaded the British, they would be "[fighting] on the beaches"
because the Germans would have swum over from France.
Clearly the writer has misinterpreted the text here. Read the passages before and after a quote you want to
use to clarify the author's intended meaning.
CHECK IT!
You only need one sentence to explain the quotation you
use in your essay.
Okay. I found the quotation. I'm done now,
right?
Sorry, finding the quotation is a big part of this process, but
you still have to know how to put it into your essay.
This is called INTEGRATING quotations.
CHECK IT!
What does "integrating" mean?
How do I INTEGRATE my quotations?
There are three simple things that you need to do in order to
INTEGRATE your quotations.
1. Introduce the quotation using a signal phrase before the
quotation.
2. Copy the quotation correctly out of the story.
3. Add the in-text/parenthetical citation.
Signal phrases? Am I driving somewhere?
Signal phrases are short introductions to the quote. They usually use the author's name and a
verb that reflects the author's relationship to the quotation. Signal phrases are the best way to
integrate quotes into your writing. Here are three ways to use signal phrases.
Winston Churchill held the bold view: "Our task is not only to win the battle—but
to win the War." 1
"Our task," thought Winston Churchill, "is not only to win the battle—but to win the
War." 1
Winston Churchill thought "our task is not only to win the battle—but to win the War."
1
Many of the same rules we use for punctuating dialogue apply to punctuating integrated
quotations. You keep the punctuation the author uses for the quotation part--but you have
punctuate the signal phrase.
Good Verbs for Signal Phrases
Sometimes you want to take an informative (objective) stance when introducing a quotation.
Other times, you want to take a persuasive (subjective) stance.
CHECK IT!
Trying to convince someone that an author is using social
justice would mean I am taking a subjective stance.
Make sure to change up your signal phrases
so your reader doesn't get bored.
Sentence Format
Objective
Subjective
Introductory
phrase with a
colon: “. . . .” 1
Influenced by
Garcia criticizes
extensive
Lelands' logic: ". . .
research, scientists ." 1
agree that the
theory holds true
so far: " . . . ." 1
Using an
". . .," Barber
introductory phrase observes. 1
and a comma, “. . .
.” 1
McGain asserts, ".
. . ." 1
Always the
gentlewoman,
Barrett only implies
her opponent's
idiocy when she
cautions, ". . . ."1
Using phrases “to
complete the
sentence.” 1
Brown obstinately
believes that "all
errors of this type
are
unacceptable."1
Elia claims no
impartiality and
agrees he is "not
the right person to
make this
decision."1
What comes after the signal phrase?
The quotation. Just be sure to copy it
EXACTLY as it appears in the story. Don't
misspell the words or even change the
punctuation.
And just remember: