Notes for Biology
Mrs. Roberts’ Class
Table of contents
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Click on a topic below
People to Know
Goal 1
Goal 2
Goal 3
Goal 4
Goal 5
People To Know
WATSON AND CRICK
• DISCOVERED THE DOUBLE
HELIX STRUCTURE OF DNA
• WON NOBEL PRIZE IN 1962
• WORKED WITH MAURICE
WILKINS AND ROSLIND
FRANKLIN
GREGOR MENDEL
• CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF
GENETICS
• MONK WHO WORKED WITH PEA
PLANTS TO COME UP WITH THE
BASIC RULES OF GENTICS
• 3 LAWS
– DOMINANCE
– SEGREGATION
– INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
CHARLES DREW
• AFRICAN AMERICAN WHO
RECEIVED HIS MD IN THE
1930’S
• FAMOUS FOR HIS WORK
WITH BLOOD BANKS
• PIONEERED THE RED
CROSS
CHARLES DARWIN
• NATURALIST ABOARD HMS
BEAGLE
• DEVELOPED THE IDEA OF
NATURAL SELECTION FROM HIS
WORK ON THE GALOPOGAS
ISLANDS (FINCHES)
• THEORY OF EVOLOUTION BASED
ON HIS BOOK CALLED THE
ORIGIN OF SPECIES
LOUIS PASTEUR
• FATHER OF PASTEURIZATION
• DID EXPERIMENTS WITH
BOILED BROTH AND BENT
NECK ON FLASK. STILL NO
BACTERIAL TODAY!
• PUT AN END TO THE IDEA OF
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
• CREATED BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE (2 NAME
NAME)
• STARTED OUR MODERN
TAXONOMY SYSTEM
• USED LATIN BECAUSE IT WAS
A DEAD LANGUAGE (GAY, BAD,
PHAT)
RACHEL CARSON
• WROTE BOOK CALLED SILENT
SPRING
• MOTHER OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MOVEMENT
• TOLD OF THE DANGERS OF
PESTICIDE USE
• WARNED OF
BIOACCUMULATION OF DDT
IN BIRDS
JANE GOODALL
• STUDIED CHIMPS FOR MANY
YEARS
• FOUND THAT THEY HAVE
SIMILAR BEHAVIORS AND
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AS
HUMAN SOCIETIES.
• FIRST TO OBSERVE TOOL USE
FOR TERMITE CATCHING
• Back to table of contents
Goal 1
THE LEARNER WILL
DEVELOP AN
UNDERSTANDING OF
THE PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL, AND
CELLULAR BASIS OF
LIFE
OBJ. 1.01
ANALYZE THE
MATTER-ENERGY
RELATIONSHIPS OF
LIVING AND NON
LIVING THINGS
CONTRAST LIVING AND
NONLIVNG THINGS
• METABOLIZE
• RESPOND TO
STIMULI
• USE ENERGY
• REQUIRE WATER
• REPRODUCE
• GROW/DEVELOP
• HAVE
ADAPTATIONS
• NONLIVING
THINGS CAN DO
SOME OF THESE
THINGS BUT
CANNOT
REPRODUCE ON
THEIR OWN,
MOST DO NOT
GROW OR
DEVELOP,
METABOLISM
• THIS IS ALL THE CHEMICAL
REACTIONS THAT HAPPEN IN
LIVING THINGS
– CELLULAR RESPIRATION
– ENZYMES BINDING TO SUBSTRATES
– THE USE OF ENERGY TO DO THESES
REACTIONS
RESPOND TO STIMULI
• STIMULUS IS WHEN SOMETHING
IN THE ENVIRONMENT CAUSES A
REACTION IN AN ORGANISM
• RESPONSE IS THE REACTION
– EXAMPLE: TACK IN YOUR SEAT
MAKES YOU JUMP UP
– YOU SNATCH YOUR HAND AWAY
FROM SOMETHING HOT
USE ENERGY
• ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
– AUTOTROPHS (SELF FEEDERS) USE
THE SUN AS THEIR ENERGY SOURCE
AND CAN MAKE FOOD THROUGH
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
– HETEROTROPHS (OTHER FEEDERS)
OBTAIN THEIR ENERGY BY EATING
– SAPROBES (DECOMPOSERS) EAT
DEAD THINGS AND PUT NUTRIENTS
BACK INTO THE ECOSYSTEM
WATER
• ALL LIVING THINGS REQUIRE
WATER TO LIVE. WATER IS IN
ALMOST EVERY CHEMICAL
REACTION.
• WATER HAS PROPERTIES THAT
ALLOW IT TO DO THIS:
– ADHESION
– COHESION
– POLARITY
REPRODUCE
• ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE.
THIS MEANS THAT THEY MAKE
MORE OF THEIR OWN KIND.
(OFFSPRING)
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
REPRODUCTION:
– ASEXUAL – ONLY ONE PARENT AND
OFFSPRING IS IDENTICAL
– SEXUAL- TWO PARENTS AND THE
OFFSPRING IS DIFFERENT FROM
PARENT
GROW AND DEVELOP
• GROW MEANS THAT MORE CELLS
ARE ADDED AND THE ORGANISM
GETS BIGGER
• DEVELOP MEANS THAT YOU
CHANGE FROM YOU CHILD FORM
INTO YOUR ADULT FORM
– METAMORPHOSIS: EGG-MAGGOT-FLY
– NYMPH:EGG-LITTLE BUG-BIGGER BUG
– PUBERTY:CHILD-ADOLESECENTADULT
ADAPTATIONS
• LIVING THINGS HAVE
ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOW
THEM TO SURVIVE IN A GIVEN
ENVIRONMENT
– FUR ON BOTTOM OF SNOW
LEOPARDS FEET
– LIZARD DROPPING TAIL/GROW NEW
ONE
– STRIPES ON TIGER/ SPOTS ON
LEOPARD
– TAIL ON MONKEYS
1.01A
CHEMICAL
PROCESSES AND
REGULATORY
MECHANISMS OF
CELLS
1.01A C0NT.
• HOMEOSTASIS IS THE
CONDITION OF LIVING THINGS
OF STAYING IN A CONSTANT
STATE OF METABOLISM
• TEMPERATURE
– SHIVER, SWEAT
• PH
– BUFFERS
• SALINITY
– OSMOTIC BALANCE (KIDNEY)
THIRST
1.01B
BONDING PATTERNS
1.01B
• ATOMS ARE ATTRACTED TO EACH
OTHER TO FORM BONDS BECAUSE
OF THE “CRAZY 8”. EACH WANT 8
ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER
ENERGY LEVEL AND THEY WILL:
• SHARE ELECTRONS THROUGH
COVALENT BONDS TO GET 8 OR:
• TRANSFER ELECTRONS THROUGH
IONIC BONDING
1.01B
• BONDS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY
LINES BETWEEN STRUCTURAL
MODELS BY:
–
–
–
C-C SINGLE BOND
C=C DOUBLE BOND
C=C TRIPLE BOND
1.01B
• COVALENT BONDS ARE THE
STRONGEST. THEY FORM TIGHTLY
BONDED MOLECULES THAT REQUIRE
LOTS OF EFFORT TO BREAK (MARRIED)
• IONIC BONDS ARE STRONG BUT CAN
BE BROKEN EASIER THAT COVALENT
(LIVING TOGETHER)
• HYDROGEN BONDS ARE EASY TO
BREAK (HUSSY)
1.01B
• ALL ATOMS WANT CRAZY 8. SO
• CARBON HAS 4 SO IT NEEDS 4
AND WILL FORM 4 BONDS
• HYDROGEN HAS ONE /NEEDS 1
• OXYGEN HAS 6/NEED 2 SO IT
WILL FORM 2 BONDS
• NITROGEN HAS 5/ NEEDS 3 SO IT
WILL FORM 3 BONDS
1.01B
• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TO:
ENZYMES BECAUSE
THEY NEED TO
TEMPORARLY BIND TO
THE SUBSTRATE THEN
RELEASE (HYDROGEN)
1.01B
• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT
TO:
• RESPIRATION BECAUSE
THE BONDS OF GLUCOSE
HAVE TO BE BROKEN TO
PROVIDE THE BODY WITH
ENERGY THROUGH ATP
1.01B
• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT
TO:
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
BECAUSE CARBON ATOMS
ARE BONDED TOGETHER
TO FORM GLUCOSE.
1.01B
• BONDS ARE IMPORTANT
TO :
• DIGESTION BECAUSE THE
BONDS ARE BROKEN IN
THE FOOD WE TAKE IN TO
PROVIDE OUR BODIES
WITH THE NUTRITION WE
NEED
1.01B
• HYDROLYSIS- ANY
REACTION THAT
REQUIRES WATER
INORDER FOR THE
REACTION TO TAKE
PLACE
(PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
1.01B
• DNA HAS HYDROGEN
BONDS BETWEEN
NUCLEOTIDES SO THAT
THEY CAN BE SEPARTED
EASILY DURING
REPLICATION AND
PROTEIN SYSNTHSIS
1.01c
ENERGY USE AND
RELEASE IN
BIOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS
1.01C CONT.
• COUPLED REACTIONS ARE
REACTIONS WHERE THE
PRODUCT FROM ONE
REACTION IS THE
REACTANTS FOR ANOTHER
REACTION
• EX. CELLUALR RESPIRATION
AND PHOTO SYNTHESIS AND
ATP-ADP CYCLE
1.01C
• ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
ABSORB HEAT FROM THE
ENVIROMENT
• EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
RELEASE HEAT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
1.01C
ATP
REPLACE A P
ADP + P
REMOVE A P
1.01C CONT
• PROTEINS- MADE OF AMINO
ACIDS/PEPTIDE BONDS/ MAKE
YOU/ENZYMES (LOOK 4 N)
• CARBOHYDRATES- SUGARSENERGY SUGAR AND
STARCH/CELLULOSE CELL WALL
(2:1)
• LIPIDS- FATTY ACID/GLYCEROLSTORED
ENERGY/MEMBRANE/BRAIN
(NOT 2:1)
1.02
DESCRIBE THE
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE
CELL ORGANELLES
1.02 CONT
• NULCEUS- CONRTOL CENTERCONTAINS DNA
• PLASMA MEMBRANE- PHOSPHOLIPIDS
KEEPS THINGS IN OR OUT –BUBBLESTRANSPORT PROTEINS
• CELL WALL- IN PLANTS MADE OF
CELLULOSE –SUPPORT AND
PROTECTION
• MITOCHONDRIA- POWER HOUSE
ENERGY
1.02 CONT
• VACUOLES- STORAGE
ORGANELLES PLANTS HAVE LARGE
ONES
• CHLOROPLAST – IN PLANTS, HAVE
CHLOROPHYLL, (THYLAKOID AND
STROMA) CARRY OUT
PHOTOSYNTHEIS
• RIBOSOMES- WORKERS,
ACTUALLY MAKE PROTEINS
1.02
• UNICELLULAR
• ONLY ONE CELL
• HAS TO DO IT
ALL
• CAN BE
PROKARYOTE
(BACTERIA) OR
EUKARYOTE
(PROTIST)
• MULTICELLULAR
• HAS MANY CELLS
• EACH CELL MAY
DO A DIFFERENT
JOB
• ONLY
EUKARYOTES
1.02 CONT
• EYEPIECE 10X
• FINE/COURSE
FOCUS
• NOSEPIECE
• HIGHPOWER 40X
OR LOW POWER
10X OBJECTIVES
• ARM AND STAGE
• BASE
1.03
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
CONTRAST
PROKARYOTE &
EUKARYOTE
• BACTERIA
• VERY SMALL
• NO MEMBRANE
BOUND
ORGANELLES
• DNA IN
CIRCULAR
• EVERYTHING
ELSE
• CAN BE SMALL OR
LARGE
• HAVE MEMBRANE
BOUND
ORGANELLES
• DNA IS HELICAL
1.04
ASSESS AND
EXPLAIN THE
IMPORTANCE OF
WATER TO CELLS
1.04
• WATER IS IMPORTANT TO CELLS
BECAUSE OF ITS:
– ADHESION- STICKS TO OTHER
THINGS
– COHESION-STICKS TO ITSELF
– POLARITY- UNEVEN CHARGES
– UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- DISOLVES
ALL POLAR MOLECULES
1.04
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT- REQUIRES
ENERGY TO GO FROM LOW TO
HIGH
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT- DOES NOT
REQUIRE ENERGY GOES FROM
HIGH TO LOW
• DIFFUSION – GOES FROM HIGH
TO LOW
• OSMOSIS – DIFFUSION OF
WATER
• SEMIPERMEABLE- SOME IN /OUT
1.04
• PREDICT WHAT WILL HAPPEN
IN THE FOLLOWING:
• BEAKER 70%/30% CELL
70%/30%
• BEAKER 50%/50% CELL
70%/30%
• BEAKER 100% WATER CELL
70%/30%
1.05
DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF ENZYMES AND
EXPLAIN THEIR IMPORTANTCE
TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
1.05
• ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL
CATALYST THAT ARE PROTEINS
AND ARE SPECIFIC TO A
REACTION
• THEY ARE REUSED AFTER THEY
CATALYZE A REACTION
• PH AND TEMPERATURE CAN
DENATURE (CHANGE SHAPE) OF
AN ENZYME
1.05
• ENZYMES CAN SLIGHTLY CHANGE
THEIR SHAPE TO FIT THE
SUBSTRATE THEY BIND TO. THIS
IS THE INDUCED FIT THEORY
• SOME GENETIC DISEASES LIKE
PKU ARE CAUSED BY MUTATIONS
IN DNA THAT CAN EFFECT THE
PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES
1.06
ANALYZE THE BIOENERGETIC
REACTIONS SUCH AS:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(AEROBIC)
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
1.06
• AEROBIC (CELLULAR
RESPIRATION)
– GLYCOLYSIS- MAKES 4 ATPS USES 2
– KREBS CYCLE – 1 ATP FOR EVERY
TURN IT DOES 2 TURNS FOR EVERY
GLUCOSE
– ELECTRON TRAANPORT- 32 ATPS
– MAKES 38 ATPS USES 2 ATPS
OVERALL 36 ATPS PRODUCES
1.06
• FERMENTATION (ANAEROBIC)
• ALCOHOLIC AND LATIC ACID ARE
TWO TYPES END PRODUCT STILL
HAS ENERGY IN IT
– GLYCOLYSIS IS THE SAME (NET 2)
BUT ONLY 2 MORE IS PRODUCED IN
THE ALCOHOLIC AND LATIC ACID
STEP
– THIS GIVES A TOTAL OF 4 ATPS
COMPARE/ CONTRAST
AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC
• BREAKDOWN OF
GLUCOSE
• IN ORGANISMS
THAT REQUIRE
OXYGEN
• MAKES 36 ATPS
TOTAL
• BREAKDOWN OF
GLUCOSE
• IN ORGANISMS
THAT DO NOT
REQUIRE
OXYGEN LIKE
SOME
BACTERIA/YEAST
• MAKES A TOTAL
OF 4 ATPS/ STILL
ENERTY LEFT IN
PRODUCT
COMPARE/CONTRAST
PHOTO AND CHEMO
SYNTHEISIS
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• MAKE GLUCOSE
• FROM PHOTONS
OF LIGHT
• OCCURS IN
PLANTS
• HAS 2 PHASES
LIGHT AND DARK
• CHEMOSYNTHESIS
• MAKES GLUCOSE
• FROM CHEMICALS
RELEASED FROM
UNDERWATER
VENTS IN OCEAN
• OCCURS IN DEEP
OCEAN BACTERIA
1.06
• THE FUNCTION OF ATP IS THE
STORAGE AND RELEASE OF
ENERGY
– ADP +P = ATP IS ENDERGONIC AND
STORES ENERGY
– ATP-P = ADP +P IS EXERGONIC AND
RELEASES ENERGY
– THEY ARE COUPLED REACTIONS THE
ENERGY RELEASED FROM ONE IS
USED TO POWER THE OTHER
1.06
• KNOW THE FORMULA FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
• 6CO2 +6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
• KNOW THE FORMULA FOR CELLULAR
RESPIRATION IS BACKWARDS:
• C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 +6 H2O
• Back to table of contents
UNDERSTANDING OF
THE CONTINUITY OF
LIFE AND THE
CHANGES OF
ORGANISMS OVER
TIME
GOAL 2
2.01
ANALYZE AND
EXPLAIN THE ROLE
OF GENETICS AND
ENVIRONMENT IN
2.01
• A MUTATION IS A CHANGE IN
THE CODE OF DNA
– POINT – ONLY ONE LETTER
– FRAME SHIFT – READS WRONG LIKE
• THE CAT ATE THE RAT/HEC ATA TET
HER AT
– INVERSION- FLIP OVER
– TRANSLOCATE- BREAK OFF ONE
JOIN ANOTHER
– DELETE/ INSERT- LOSE OR ADD A
NUCLEOTIDE
2.01
• DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) IS
THE HEREDITY MOLECULE
• IT IS MADE OF NUCELOTIDES –
PHOSPHATE-SUGAR-NITROGEN BASE
• THERE ARE 4 KINDS OF NITROGEN
BASES
– ADININE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, AND
THYMINE (A G C T)
– A’S AND T’S PAIR UP C’S AND G’S PAIR UP
2.01A
• DNA REPLICATES BY:
– AN ENZYME UNZIPS THE DNA
– TWO STRANDS SEPARATE
– FREE NUCLEOTIDES COME IN AND
PAIR UP
– ANOTHER ENZYME REZIPS THE NEW
AND OLD STRANDS AND YOU NOW
HAVE 2 COMPLETE STRANDS OF DNA
2.01B
• PROTEIN SYSNTHESIS
– DNA HAS CODONS FOR AMINO
ACIDS
– MRNA COMES IN AND TRANSCRIBES
DNA
– MRNA LEAVES NUCLEUS AND GOES
TO THE RIBOSOME
– TRNA (ANTI CODON) TRANSLATES
THE CODON AND GETS AMINO ACID
AND BRINGS IT TO THE RIBOSOME
TO JOIN TO MAKE PROTEINS
2.01B
• A CHANGE IN THE DNA
SEQUENCE (MUTATION) CAN
CHANGE WHAT MRNA COPIES
DOWN AND EVENTUALLY CHANGE
THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF
A PROTEIN
• CROSSING OVER (SWITCHING
PARTS) RANDOM ASSORTMENT
DURING MEIOSIS CAN CREATE
NEW AMINO ACID SEQUENCES
2.02
• COMPARE AND
CONTRAST THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
2.02
• ASEXUAL
• MANY
OFFSPRING
• ALL IDENTICAL
• REPRODUCE FAST
• WHAT KILLS ONE
WILL KILL ALL
• SEXUAL
• FEW OFFSPRING
• NOT IDENTICAL
GENES SHUFFLED
• NOT ALL
EFFECTED THE
SAME BY
DISEASE OR
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
2.02 COMPARE AND
CONTRAST MITOSIS
AND MEIOSIS
• 2 IDENTICAL
• 4 NONIDENTICAL
DAUGHER CELLS
CELLS
• SAME (DIPLOID)
• HALF (HAPLOID)
CHROMOSOME
THE
NUMBER (2n)
CHROMOSOME
NUMBER (n)
• USED FOR
GROWTH, REPAIR, • USED TO MAKE
AND
GAMETES
REPRODUCTION
IN PROTIST &
BACTERIA
2.03
• INTERPRET AND USE
THE LAWS OF
PROBABILITY TO
PREDICT PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE
2.03
• WORDS TO KNOW:
–
–
–
–
GENOTYPE- GENES
PHENOTYPE- LOOKS
HOMOZYGOUS- SAME GENES (BB bb)
HETEROZYGOUS-DIFFERENT GENES
(Bb)
– MONOHYBRID- ONE TRAIT
– DIHYBIRD- TWO TRAITS
2.03
• SHORT CUTS FOR PHENOTYPES:
– HOMOZYGOUS X HOMOZYGOUS =
100% DOMNIANT TRAIT
– HETEROZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS =
3:1 3 DOMINANT : 1 RECESSIVE
9:3:3:1 FOR DIHYBRID CROSS 9
DOM/DOM 3:DOM/REC: 3 REC/DOM: 1
REC/REC
– HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE X
HETEROZYGOUS = 50%/50% 1:1
2.03
• TEST CROSS- CROSS UNKNOWN
WITH KNOWN AND LOOK AT
OFFSPRING
• DOMINANT- SHOWS UP IF
PRESENT
• RECESSIVE- ONLY SHOWS UP
WHEN ALL RECESSIVE
• CODOMINANT- BOTH SHOW UP
EQUALLY
2.03
• MULTIPLE ALLELES- MORE THAN
ONE ALLELE IN THE POPULATION
(FUR COLOR OF CATS)
• SEX-LINKED TRAITS- ON X
CHROMOSOME FEMALE CARRIER,
MALE HAVE IT HEMOPHILLA,
COLOR BLIND, BALDNESS
• POLYGENETIC- MANY GENES
CONTROL A TRAIT (SKIN)
VARIATIONS
2.03
• HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE IS A
DOMINANT TRAIT SO IF YOU
HAVE EVEN ONE GENE YOU GET
THE DISEASE
2.03
HERE IS A PEDIGREE FOR A FAMILY
WITH THE TRAIT FOR HUNTINGTONS’
PAUL
2.04
• ASSESS THE
APPLICATION OF DNA
TECHNOLOGY TO
FORENSICS,
MEDICINES, AND
AGRICULTURE
2.04
• DNA FINGERPRINTING (GEL
ELECTROPHORESIS) IS USED TO
DETERMINE:
–
–
–
–
CRIME SCENE EVIDENCE
PATERNITY
IDENTIFY PEOPLE
SCREEN FOR GENETIC DISORDERS
WITH A PROBE (DNA FOR A
DISEASE)
2.04
• GENE THERAPY IS WHEN A GOOD
GENE IS INSERTED INTO AN
INDIVIDUAL BY A VECTOR.
HOPING THAT THE GOOD GENE
WILL BE TAKEN UP.
• HUMAN GENES CAN BE INSERTED
INTO BACTERIA SO THEY CAN
MAKE HUMAN PROTEINS
(INSULIN)
2.04
• TRANSGENEINC ORGANISMS
CONTAIN DNA FROM ANOTHER
SPECIES (MILK AND MONEY)
• CLONING IS CREATING AN EXACT
DUPLICATE OF AN EXISTING
INDIVIDUAL BY INSERTING
THEIR DNA INTO AN EGG THE
DONORS HAS BEEN REMOVED
AND IMPLANTING IT
2.04
• MOST GENETIC ENGINEERING IS
DONE IN THE FIELD OF
AGRICULTURE. ONE EXAMPLE IS
ROUND UP READY SOYBEANS.
ANOTHER IS IMPLANTING
DISEASE RESISTANT GENES IN
CROPS.
2.04
• IN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS:
– DNA IS MULTIPLIED BY PCR
– THEN CUT BY RESTRICTION
ENZYMES
– DYED AND RUN ON A GEL BY USE OF
ELECTRICITY (DNA IS NEGATIVE SO
IT WILL RUN TO A POSITIVE
CHARGE)
2.04
• SOME PEOPLE ARE UPSET WITH
GENETIC ENGINEERING BECAUSE
THEY FEEL THAT WE ARE PLAYING
GOD BY MOVING GENES AROUND.
THEY ARE AFRAID OF WHAT
MIGHT HAPPEN IF THESE GENES
GET MIXED INTO THE WILD
POPULATION OF ORGANISMS. DO
WE HAVE THE RIGHT TO MESS
WITH GENES?
2.05
• ANALYZE AND
EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF
GENETICS AND
ENVIRONMENT IN
HEALTH AND DISEASE
2.05
• YOU MAY HAVE A GENE THAT
MIGHT PREDISPOSE YOU TO A
DISEASE IF EXPOSED TO
CERTAIN ENVIRONMENAL
CONDITIONS
– SKIN CANCER- I MIGHT HAVE THE
GENE BUT WILL NOT GET CANCER IF
I STAY OUT OF THE SUN
– MOVE TO DRY STATE FOR ASTHMA
– EAT RIGHT FOR CARDIOVASCULAR
2.05
– SICKLE CELL- DEFORMED
HEMOGLOBIN THAT CLOGS VESSELS
– COLOR BLINDNESS- SEXLINKEDCAN’T SEE CERTAIN COLORS
– CYSTIC FIBROSIS- THICK MUCUS
THAT CLOGS LUNGS AND PANCREAS
– HEMOPHILIA- SEXLINKED FREE
BLEED
– DOWN SYNDROMERETARDED/TRISOMY 21
– HUNTINGTONSBRAIN,DOMINANT,40’S
2.05
• MALNUTRITION AND LEAD
POISONING CAN TURN
SOMEONE WHO IS
GENETICALLY NORMAL
INTO SOMEONE WHO IS
RETARDED OR PHYSICALLY
DEFORMED
2.05
• RADIATION AND
TOBACCO CAN
CHANGE DNA WHICH
CAN CAUSE CANCER
2.06
• EXAMINE THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE THEORY OF BILOOGICAL
EVOLUTION INCLUDING :
–
–
–
–
THE ORIGINS OF LIFE
PATTERNS
VARIATIONS
NATURAL SELECTION
2.06A ORIGINS
• BIOGENESIS
• LIVING THINGS
MAKE LIVING
THINGS
• ABIOGENESIS
• NONLIVING
THINGS CAN
MAKE LIVING
THINGS
• SOMETIMES
CALLED
SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION
2.06A
• LOUIS PASTEUR DID
EXPERIMENTS WITH BOILED
BROTH AND BENT NECKED FLASK
TO SHOW THAT BACTERIA WAS
IN THE AIR AND DO NOT “POOF”
APPEAR OUT OF NO WHERE.
• STILL NO BACTERIA TODAY
2.06
• OPARIN STATED THE EARLY
ATMOSPHERE DID NOT HAVE OXYGEN
IT HAD METHANE AND AMMONIA,
AND WAS VERY HOT
• MILLER TOOK OPARIN’S IDEA AND
CREATED AN EXPERIMENT TO SEE IF
THE FIRST CELL COULD HAVE EVOLVED
IN THAT SITUATION
• HE GOT AMINO ACIDS, CARBS, AND
LIPIDS TO FORM, EVEN GOT CIRCLES
(PROTOCELLS) TO FORM-
2.06B
• FOSSIL RECORD SHOWS THE
ORDER THAT ORGANISMS
OCCURRED BY WHICH LAYER OF
ROCK THEY WERE IN –OLDEST ON
BOTTOM
• ADAPTIVE RADIATION- EVOLVE
TO MEET FEEDING NICHE
(FINCHES)
• VESTIGAL ORGANS- WE DON’T
USE
• BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIESCHEMISTRY AND DNA THE SAME
2.06B
• THE PREVIOUS SLIDE SUGGEST
THE REASON THAT WE HAVE
SIMILAR CHARCTERISTICS IS
THAT WE HAVE A COMMON
ANCESTOR
2.06C-D
• NATURAL SELECTION
– VARIATIONS EXIST IN
POPULATIONS
– TOO MANY OFFSPRING ARE BORN
THAN CAN SURVIVE
– GOOD VARIATIONS SURVIVE, BAD
DIE, GOOD GETS PASSED ON TO
NEXT GENERATION.
– NEXT GENERATION HAS MOST OF
THE GOOD VARIATIONS
– CHARLES DARWIN CAME UP WITH
THIS
2.06
• IF ANIMALS ARE SEPARATED BY
GEOGRAPHY AND THEY CAN’T GET
BACK TO EACH OTHER TO
REPRODUCE THEN VARIATIONS
CAN BUILD UP TO THE POINT
THAT THEY BECOME DIFFERENT
SPECIES
• IF THEY BECOME REPRODUCTIVE
AT DIFFERENT TIMES THEN EVEN
IF REINTRODUCED THEY CAN’T
MATE
2.06
• POPULATION OF ROACHES- SOME
CONTAIN A VARIATION THAT
MAKES THEM IMMUNE TO RAIDSPRAY WITH RAID ALL BUT THE
ONES ABOVE DIE. ONES LEFT
MATE- ALL OFFSPRING ARE NOW
IMMUNE TO RAID
• SAME IS TRUE FOR
ANITBACTERIAL PRODUCTSSOON NOTHING WILL KILL
BACTERIA
• Back to table of contents
THE LEARNER WILL
DEVELOP AN
UNDERSTANDING OF
THE UNITY AND
DIVERSITY OF LIFE
GOAL 3
3.01
• RELATE THE VARIETY OF LIVING
ORGANISMS TO THEIR
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
3.01
• THERE ARE CURRENTLY 5 OR 6
KINGDOMS
–
–
–
–
–
PLANTS
ANIMALS
PROTIST
FUNGI
BACTERIA (MONERA) THIS ONE CAN
BE BROKEN DOWN INTO TWO
• ARCHEBACTERIA
• EUBACTERIA
3.01
• CLASSIFICATION CAN CHANGE
AS WE LEARN NEW THINGS
ABOUT ORGANISMS SUCH AS:
– THEIR DNA ANALYSIS
– BICHEMISTRY
– BETTER OBSERVATIONS OF
EMBRYOLOGY
3.02
• CLASSIFY ORGANISMS
ACCORDING TO ACCEPTED
SYSTEMS
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
3.02DISTINGUISHING
CHARACTERISTICS
•
•
•
•
CHORDATA
ARTHROPODA
ANNELIDA
MOLLUSCA
– GASTROPOD
– CEPHALOPOD
– BIVALVE
• PORIFERA
• CNIDERIA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NERVE CORD
JOINED FEET
SEGMENTS/COELOM
STOMACH FOOT
HEAD FOOT
2 SHELL
HOLES
TENTACLES/
NEMATOCYST
3.02 DISTINGUISHING
CHARACTERISTICS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MOSSES
FERNS
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
FUNGI
PROTIST
MONERA
• NONVASCULAR/AG
• FROND/ AG
• CONE/NEEDLE/NAKE
D SEED
• FLOWERS/FRUIT
• HYPHE/MICORIZZA
• CLASSIFY/MOVE
• BACTERIA
– (ARCHE) HARSH
ENVIR.
– (EU) COMMON
3.02
• VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED
ALIVE BECAUSE THEY NEED YOU
TO REPRODUCE
– LYTIC- ATTACH TO YOUR CELL AND
INJECT THEIR DNA. YOU THEN
MAKE THOUSANDS OF COPIES. CELL
BURST AND THEY ATTACK OTHER
CELLS
– LYSOGENIC- ATTACH, INJECT DNA,
FORM A PROVIRUS THAT HANGS
OUT FOR SOME TIME BEFORE DOING
LYTIC CYCLE
3.02
• B NOMIAL NOMENCLATURE IS A
2 NAME NAME IT
CORRESPONDS TO GENUS AND
SPECIES
• DICHOTOMUS KEYSIDENTIFICATION TOOL THAT
HAS 2 CHOICES AT EACH STEP
3.03
• DETERMINE THE FORM AND
FUNCTION OF ORGANISMS
INCLUDING:
– ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS
– FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF PLANTS
• TRANSPORT
• REPRODUCTION
• REGULATION
3.03
• BODY COVERINGS PROTECT
ANIMALS FROM BACTERIA
ENTERING THE BODY
– SKIN WITH HAIR/FUR OR SCALES
OR FEATHERS
– MANTLE-TOUGH MEMBRANE
– CHITIN EXOSKELETON
3.03
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
PROVIDE ANIMAL WITH A
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
– OPEN- PUMP WITH NO VESSELS
– CLOSED- PUMP WITH BLOOD IN
VESSELS AT ALL TIMES
• VESSELS ARE VEINS AND ARTERIES
• PUMPS CAN BE ARCHES, 2 CHAMBERED, 3
CHAMBERED, OR 4 CHAMBERED
3.03
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS BREAK
DOWN FOOD
– TWO WAY- GASTROVASCULAR
CAVITY FOOD GOES IN AN OUT
SAME OPENING
– ONE WAY- MOUTH THRU ANUSFOOD ENTERS ONE OPENING AND
CONTINUES IN THE SAME
DIRECTION UNTIL EXITING THE
BODY THROUGH THE ANUS
3.03
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ARE A
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN
ANIMALS. IT WORKS BY
HORMONES AND GLANDS
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS WHEN
ONE HORMONE TURNS ANOTHER
HORMONE ON OR OFF LIKE A
THERMOSTAT (MENSTRAL CYCLE)
3.03
• HERE ARE SOME GLANDS AND
THEIR HORMONES
– PITUITARY- HUMAN GROWTH, FSH,
LH, TSH, ADH
– THYRIOD- THYROXIN
– ADRENAL- EPI AND NOREPI
– TESTICLE- TESTOSTERONE
– OVARY-ESTROGEN
3.03
• EXCRETORY SYSTEMS FILTER
BLOOD AND REMOVE WASTE
– KIDNEY,URETER, BLADDER, URETHRA
• THE NEPHRON IS THE MAJOR
FUNCTIONAL UNIT IN THE KIDNEY
– MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
– NEPHRIDIA
3.03
• IMMUNE SYSTEMS PROVIDE
ANIMALS WITH A WAY OF
FIGHTING OFF DISEASES
– B CELLS- MADE/MATURE IN THE
BONE THEY SHOOT
ANTIBODIES/MAKE MEMORY CELLS/
AND ARE BLIND
– T CELLS- MADE IN BONE MATURE IN
THYMUS
• HELPER T TELLS B CELLS WHERE TO
SHOOT
• SUPRESSOR T TELLS WHEN TO STOP
3.03
• SOMETIMES THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM WILL OVERREACT TO
HARMLESS THINGS. THIS IS
CALLED AN ALLERGY
3.03
• THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM PROVIDE
ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO MOVE
– STRIATED MUSCLES ARE
VOLENTARY YOU CONTROL
THEM/THEY LOOK STRIPED
– SMOOTH- INVOLENTARY YOUR
BRAIN CONTROLS THEM (ORGANS)
NO STRIPES
– CARDIAC- STRIATED THAT ACTS
LIKE SMOOTH
3.03
• NERVOUS SYSTEMS PROVIDE
ANIMALS WITH WAYS TO
RECEIVE AND RESPOND TO
STIMULI.
• THERE ARE 3 PARTS TO A NERVE
CELL:
– DENTRITES (SHORT)
– AXON(LONG)
– CELL BODY( ROUND)
3.03
• NERVE CELLS IN YOUR FINGERS
CAN DETECT WHEN YOU TOUCH
SOMETHING HOT. THEY SEND
THE MESSAGE TO YOUR BRAIN.
TWO NERVE CELLS DO NOT
TOUCH. THERE IS A GAP CALLED A
SYNAPSE BETWEEN THEM. THE
MESSAGE IS CARRIED BY
CHEMICALS CALLED
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
3.03
• MOST ANIMALS REPRODUCE
SEXUALLY BY GAMETES
– SOME ARE HERMAPHRODITES (BOTH
SEXES)
– SOME ARE PLACENTAL (UTERUS)
– SOME ARE MARSUPIAL (POUCH)
– SOME ARE MONOTREMES (EGG
OUTSIDE OF THE BODY)
3.03
• PARTS OF THE HUMAN MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
• TESTICLE- MAKES SPERM
• EPIDIDYMIS- STORES SPERM
• VAS DEFERENS- TUBE THAT CARRIES
SPERM
• PROSTATE, SEMINAL VESSICLE, AND
COWPERS’ GLAND ADD FLUID
• PENIS- COPULATORY ORGAN
3.03
• PARTS OF A HUMAN FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• OVARY- MAKES EGG
• FALLOPIAN TUBE- CARRIES EGG TO
UTERUS
• UTERUS- WHERE BABY GROWS
• CERVIX- OPENING TO UTERUS
• VAGINA- BIRTH CANAL
3.03
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES
ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
EXCHANGE GASES:
–
–
–
–
LUNGS
GILLS
SPIRICLES
BOOK LUNGS
3.03
• SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROVIDE
ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
REMAIN UPRIGHT
• SPONGE - SPICULES
• HYDRA-STARFISH- WATER PRESSURE
• ARTHROPODS- EXOSKELETON OF
CHITIN
• CHORDATES- ENDOSKELETON MADE OF
CARTILAGE OR BONE
3.03
• PLANTS
• TRANSPORT IS THROUGH XYLEM
(WATER) AND PHLOEM (FOOD)
• REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY
– FRAGMENTATION, BUDDING, LAYERING,
• SEXUALLY
– POLLENATION
• REGULATED BY :
– AUXIN- THE GROWTH HORMONE
– STOMA (TRANSPIRATION) (GAS EXCHANGE)
3.03
• ANGIOSPERMS USE FLOWERS TO
REPRODUCE
STAMEN-ANTHER
FILAMENT
PISTIL- STIGMA
STYLE- OVARY
PETALS
3.03
• GYMNOSPERMS USE CONES AND
WIND TO REPRODUCE
3.04
• COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE
PROCESSES OF REPRODUCTION
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND
REGULATION OF MAJOR PHYLA
3.04
• REPRODUCTION
– CHORDATA/
SEXUAL
SEPARATE SEXES
– ARTHROPODA/
SEXUAL/
SEPARTE SEXES/
PARTHENOGENSI
S IS AN ASEXUAL
METHOD OF
REPRODUCTION
• GROWTH/DEVELO
P
– BABY/ CHILD/
ADOLESCENT/
ADULT
– METAMORPHOSIS
• EGG/LARVA/PUPA/
ADULT
• EGG/ NYMPH/
ADULT
3.04
• REPRODUCTION
– ANNELIDA/
HERMAPHRODITE
/ SEXUAL
– MOLLUSCA/
SEXUAL/
EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION
FOR BIVALVES
AND CEPHALOPOD
• GROWTH/DEVELO
P
– EGG SAC/ NYMPH/
ADULT
– EGG/ LARVA /
ADULT
3.04
• REPRODUCTION
– PORIFERA/SEXUAL/
HERMAPHRODITE/
EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION/
ASEXUAL BY
BUDDING AND
FRAGMENTATION
– CNIDERIA THE
SAME
• GROWTH/DEVELOP
– EGG/ FREE
SWIMMING LARVA/
SESSILE ADULT IN
CASE OF CNIDERIA
MEDUSA IS FREE
SWIMMING AND
POLYP IS SESSILE.
JELLY FISH STAYS
IN MESUSA STATE
3.04
• REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
– MOSSES AND FERNS REPRODUCE
SEXUALLY BY GAMETES BUT
ASEXUALLY BY SPORES. THEY GO
THROUGH ALTERNATION OF
GENERATIONS WHERE ONE
GENERATION IS SEXUAL BUT THE
NEXT IS ASEXUAL
3.04
• GYMNOSPERMS ARE PLANTS THAT
REPRODUCE BY CONES. THEY ARE
WIND POLLENATED
• ANGIOSPERMS ARE PLANTS THAT
REPRODUCE BY FLOWERS. THEY
ARE POLLENTATED BY INSECTS
AND HUMMINGBIRDS
3.04
• AQUATIC
PLANTS
– SUPPORT- WATER
– EXCHANGE
GASES-WATER
– REPRODUCE WATER
– NO NEEDTO
WORRY ABOUT
DRYING OUT OR
GETTING WATER
• TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS
– SUPPORT- STEMS
– EXCHANGE
GASES- STOMA
ON LEAVES
– REPRODUCECONE OR FLOWER
– NEED ROOTS TO
GET WATER AND
CUTICLE TO KEEP
FROM DRYING
OUT
3.05
• DETERMINE THE INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE THE GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS
3.05
• INTERNAL- GENETICS CONTROL THE
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
ORGANISMS HOWEVER:
• EXTERNAL FACTORS CAN INFLUENCE
GENETICS (IDENTICAL TWIN
STUDIES)
• POOR NUTRITION CAN KEEP
ORGANISMS FROM REACHING THEIR
GENETIC POTENTIAL
• ENVIRONMENT CAN EFFECT GENES TEMPERATURE CONTROLS GENDER IN
REPTILES
• Back to table of contents
THE LEARNER WILL
DEVELOP AN
UNDERSTANDING OF
ECOLOGICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG ORGANISMS
GOAL 4
4.01
• IDENTIFY THE
INTERRELATIONSHIP
A AMONG ORGANISM,
POPULATIONS,
COMMUNITIES,
ECOSYSTEMS, AND
BIOMES
4.01
• BIOMES ARE CHARACTERISED
AND CREATED BY ABIOTIC
FACTORS SUCH AS AMOUNT OF
RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE, SOIL
TYPE, ETC..
• INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS
ALSO EFFECT BIOMES
– TRANSPIRATION CAN EFFECT
RAINFALL
4.01
• NICHE IS AN ORGANISMS ROLE
OR JOB IN AN ECOSYSTEMS
– EX. PREDATOR OR DECOMPOSER
• SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
– MUTUALISM – BOTH HELPED
– PARISTISM- ONE HELP/ HOST HURT
– COMMENSALISM- ONE HELPED
OTHER NOT EFFECTED AT ALL
4.01
• PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIPS
– PREY POPULATION GOES UP/
PREDATOR POPULATIONS GOES UP/
PREY POPULATION GOES DOWN/
PREDATOR POPULATION GOES
DOWN/ PREY POPULATION GOES UP
AND THE CYCLE CONTINUES
4.01
• DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP:
–
–
–
–
CAT/MOUSE
FLEA/DOG
CLEANER FISH/SHARK
BARNCLE/ WHALE
4.01
• BIOTIC POTENTIAL- TOTAL
NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OFFSPRING
OF A POPULATION
• LIMITING FACTORS KEEP
POPULATIONS FROM REACHING
BIOTIC POTENTIAL
4.01
• DENSITY DEPENDENT LIMITING
FACTORS DEPEND ON THE
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE
POPULATION
– FOOD, WATER, SPACE, DISEASE,
PARASITES
• DENSITY INDEPENDENT
LIMITING FACTORS DO NOT
DEPEND ON THE POPULATION
– NATURAL DISASTERS AND WEATER
4.01
• J-SHAPED CURVES SHOW A
POPULATION THAT IS GROWING
EXPONENTIALLY
• S-SHAPED CURVES SHOW A
POPULATION THAT HAS REACHED
ITS CARRYING CAPACITY
• CARRYING CAPACITY IS THE
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS AN
AREA CAN SUPPORT
4.02
• ANALYZE THE
CYCLING OF MATTER:
WATER, CARBON AND
NITROGEN IN
SYSTEMS
4.02
• WATER CYCLE
• HUMANS CAN MESS UP THIS
CYCLE BY DEFORESTATION AND
POLLUTION CONDESATION
TRANSPIRATION
EVAPORATION
PRECIPITATION
EARTH
4.02
• CARBON CYCLE
• HUMANS MESS THIS UP BY
DEFORESTATION AND FOSSIL FUELS
ATMOSPHERE
RESPIRATION
BURNIG FUEL FOR
HEAT, TRANSPORTATION,
MANUFACTURING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EARTH
ECOSYSTEMS
4.02
• NITROGEN CYCLE
– HUMANS MESS UP THIS BY
FARMING:
• TOO MUCH FERTILIZER AND POOP THAT
LEACHES TO THE WATER TABLE (BLUE
BABY)
PLANTS
FERTILIZER
POOP DEATH NODULES
LIGHTINING
4.03
• EXPLAIN THE FLOW
OF ENERGY THROUGH
ECOSYSTEMS
4.03
• THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH
AN ECOSYSTEM CAN BE SHOWN
BY A FOOD CHAIN
HETEROTROPH
PRODUCER
GRASS
AUTOTROPH
1ST
CONSUMERS
2ND
BUG
HERBIVORE
FROG
3RD
SNAKE
CARNIVORES
4.03
• INTERCONNECTING FOOD
CHAINS MAKE A FOOD WEB
• A HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM HAS
MANY CONNECTIONS IN ITS’
WEB
• OMNIVORES EAT PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
• DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN
ORGANISMS INTO NUTRIENTS
4.03
• PYRAMIDS CAN BE USED TO
SHOW ENERGY TRANSFER,
BIOMASS, OR NUMBERS
• ALL DECREASE AS YOU GO UP A
FOOD CHAIN (10% RULE)
HAWK
SNAKE
RABBIT
GRASS/CLOVER
TROPHIC
LEVELS
4.04
• ASSESS AND DESCRIBE
SUCCESSIONAL CHANGES IN
ECOSYSTEMS
4.04
• PRIMARY SUCCESSION IS WHERE
AN ECOSYSTEM STARTS FROM
BARE ROCK AND HAS TO CREATE
SOIL
CLIMAX
COMMUNITY
PIONEER
SPECIES
BARE ROCK
LICHEN
GRASS
WEEDS
SHRUBS
PINE
TREES
HARD
WOODS
4.04
• SECONDARY SUCCESSION
STARTS WITH AN ESTABLISHED
ECOSYSTEM THAT IS DESTROYED.
SOIL DOES NOT HAVE TO BE
MADE
FOREST
THAT IS
GRASS
DESTROYED
SHRUBS
PINES
OAKS
4.05
• ASSESS AND EXPLAIN HUMAN
ACTIVITIES THAT INFLUENCE
AND MODIFY THE ENVIRONMENT
4.05
• GLOBAL WARMING IS A POSSIBLE
OUTCOME OF THE GREENHOUSE
EFFECT.
• CAUSED BY TOO MUCH CO2
• EFFECTS: FLOODING, CLIMATE
CHANGES
• SOLUTIONS: CUT BACK ON USE
OF FOSSIL FUELS
4.05
• CO 2 TRAPS HEAT LIKE GLASS IN
A GREEN HOUSE
SUNLIGHT
CO2
TURNS INTO
HEAT AND
CAN’T EXCAPE
EARTH
4.05
• HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
OCCURS WHEN THE BIRTH RATE
EXCEEDS THE DEATH RATE
• ZPG- ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
• IMMIGRATION- MOVING IN
• EMMIGRATION- MOVING OUT
4.05
• MORE PEOPLE PUT MORE OF A
DEMAND ON RESOURCES
• THE UNITED STATES HAS 20% OF
THE POPULATION BUT USES OVER
60% OF THE EARTHS’ RESOURCES
• DEMOGRAPHICS- STUDY OF
GENDER AND AGE BREAKDOWN OF
A POPULATION
4.05
• DEMOGRAPHIC GRAPHS
RAPID
GROWTH
STABLE
SLOW
GROWTH
4.05
• BIOACCUMULATION IS THE
BUILD UP OF TOXINS IN THE TOP
MEMBERS OF A FOOD CHAIN
(DDT/EAGLES)
• PESTICIDES KILL THE GOOD AND
THE BAD BUGS (HONEYBEES)
• BUGS CAN BECOME RESISTANT
TO PESTICIDES
(COCKROACHS/RAID)
• Back to table of contents
GOAL 5
STUDENTS WILL DEVELOP
AN UNDERSTANDING OF
THE BEHAVIOR OF
ORGANISMS RESULTING
FROM A COMBINATION
OF HEREDITY AND
ENVIRONMENT
5.01
• EVALUATE THE SURVIVAL OF
ORGANISMS AND SUITABLE
ADAPTIVE RESPONSIES TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES
5.01
• MIMICRY- WHEN A
NONPOISONOUS ORGANISMS
LOOKS LIKE A POISONOUS
ORGANISM (VICEROY AND
MONARCH BUTTERFLY)
• PROTECTIVE COLORATIONCAMOFLAUGE
5.01
• PARENTAL BEHAVIOR- WHEN
PARENTS TAKE CARE OF OR DON’T
TAKE CARE OF OFFSPRING
– KILL / WON’T FEEDRUNT
– KILL OFFSPRING IN TIMES OF
STRESS
• FEEDING STRATIGES- ADAPTING
TO DIFFERENT FOOD SOURCE IN
BAD ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
5.01
• SOME ORGANISMS HAVE
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• MICE ACT STRANGE IN
OVERCROWED CONDITIONS
• BIRDS PLUCK OUT FEATHERS
WHEN STRESSED
5.02
• ASSESS AND EXAMINE PLANT
TROPISMS AND OTHER
RESPONSES
5.02
• PHOTOTROPISM- GROWTH
TOWARD LIGHT (AUXIN
COLLECTS ON DARK SIDE OF
PLANT)
• GEOTROPISM- GROWTH TOWARD
OR AWAY FROM GRAVITY
– POSITIVE- ROOTS
– NEGATIVE- STEMS
• THIGMOTROPISM- GROWTH IN
5.03
• ASSESS, DESCRIBE, AND EXPLAIN
TYPES OF ANIMAL BEHAVIORS
5.03
• CHEMOTAXIS-MOVEMENT
TOWARD (POSITIVE) OR AWAY
(NEGATIVE) FROM A CHEMICAL
(COOKIES)
• PHOTOTAXIS- MOVEMENT
TOWARD OR AWAY FROM LIGHT
(EUGLENA)
• REFLEX- AUTOMATIC
UNCONTROLLED RESPONSED TO
STIMULUS (SIT ON TACK)
5.03
• IMPRINTING- WHAT ORGANISM
FIRST ATTACHES TO BECOMES
PARENT AND WHAT THEY WILL
IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS
• INSTINCTS- COMPLEX INNATE
BEHAVIORS (BIRDS BUILDING A
NEST OR FLYING SOUTH) YOU
ARE BORN WITH IT
5.03
• LEARNED BEHAVIOR
– HABIUATION-LEARN TO IGNORE
STIMULUS (LIVING NEAR TRAIN)
– CONDITIONED RESPONSE- NATURAL
RESPONSE TO UNNATURAL
STIMULUS (PAVLOV’S DOGS)
– TRIAL AND ERROR
– INSIGHT- LEARN FROM OTHERS
MISTAKES
5.04
• ANALYZE THE BIOLOGICAL
CLOCKS AND RHYTHMIC
BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS
5.04
• CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS– DIURNAL- AWAKE AT DAYTIME
– NOCTURNAL- AWAKE AT NIGHT
• MIGRATION- MOVING
• ESTIVATION-DORMANT IN HOT/DRY
• HIBERNATION-DORMANT IN COLD
• BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS- (JET LAG) YOUR
PERSONAL RHYTHM
5.05
• EVALUATE AND EXPLAIN THE
EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIORAL
ADAPTATIONS AND SURVIVAL OF
POPULATION
5.05
• SOME ORGANISMS HAVE
EVOLVED BEHAVIORS THAT HAVE
ALLOWED THEM TO BETTER
SURVIVE
• COURTSHIP RITUALS-ALLOW
FEMALES TO PICK STRONGEST
MALE (SHEEP BUTT HEADS)
5.05
• COEVOLUTION- EVOLVE TO NEED
EACH OTHER (CAN’T SURVIVE
WITHOUT EACH OTHER
– BEES & FLOWERS
– ACACIA TREES & ANTS
• SOCIAL BEHAVIORS- HAVE A
HIERACHY TO ENSURE THAT THE
MOST IMPORTANT GET FED
• Back to table of contents