Name:___________________________
AP World History
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Period 4 Study Guide Part 1
Overview: This study guide outlines the information you need to know for your quizzes and period 4 tests. This does not mean
however that you shouldn’t complete your reading. Continue taking notes under the objectives and use your notes to
answer/understand information on this study guide.
Renaissance:
I. Post Middle Ages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Black Plague ends
Population Increased
Demand for goods increased
Rise of the middle class
Rise of cities
People now want to recapture past
4.
5.
6.
Italy became heart of Renaissance
Extremely wealthy trading cities Florence, Venice and
Milan
Patrons of the arts: the Medici family gave money to
art (Michelangelo)
III. Humanism
1. Emphasis on the individual and their achievements
2. New focus of life on earth
II. Renaissance
3. People became secular (indifferent of religions)
1. 1300’s to 1500’s
4. Father of Humanism Petrarch
2. Renaissance means “rebirth”
5. Ex. Sonnet to Laura
3. Bring back the Ancient Roman and Greek writings
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
IV Art of the Renaissance
1. Medieval paintings were flat, dull, stiff and religious
2. Renaissance focused on humanistic, realistic, perspective, color, detail, secular and religious paintings
3. Based on Greek and Roman styles
Architecture:
1. Used columns, arches and domes
Art:
2. Leonardo Da Vinci
a. Renaissance man: painter, sculptor, architect,
inventor, engineer, anatomist, musician and
mathematician
b. Painted Mona Lisa, Last Supper
c. Drew flying machines and submarine
Literature
1. Dante: The Divine Comedy
2. Cervantes: Don Quixote
3. Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales
3.
4.
Political Writing
1. Machiavelli: The Prince, “the end justifies the means”
a. Political theory, ruthless leader
b. Taught rulers how to rule
c. Leaders do whatever is necessary to rule
V The Northern Renaissance
1. Renaissance spread to north Europe
2. Flanders in Netherlands popular city
3. Produced Jan van Eyck
Printing Press
1. Johannes Gutenberg
 Created first movable type printing press
2. Increased number of books circulating
3. Literacy increased
4. Bible was first book copied
Michelangelo
a. Sculptor, architect, painter, poet
b. Painted Sistine Chapel on his back for four
years 1508-1512
c. Sculpted statue of David
Shakespeare: Hamlet, Othello, Romeo & Juliet, King
Lear
d. Better to be feared than loved
e. All of these writers used vernacular, writing
books in their common language
4.
5.
German Painter Albrecht Dürer spread Renaissance
style
Rembrandt
Reformation
I. Pre-Reformation
a)
Christian humanism: people wanted to reform
Catholic Church
b) Erasmus: criticized abuses in church and of Monks
c) 1450-1520- corruption in church
d) Pope’s corrupt with political power and greed
e)
III Martin Luther
a. 1517 German monk
b. rejected church practices
c. posted the 95 theses on Wittenberg church
d. he was against the sale of indulgences
e. Claimed that faith alone will grant salvation
f. Bible is the only source of truth
g. Priests should marry
h. Mass and sacraments done in all languages not just
Latin
IV John Calvin
a. Follower of Luther
b. Believed in predestination
II. Church Abuses
1. 1500’s church needed money
2. Wanted to beautify the churches and pay
Renaissances artists
3. Sold indulgences: instant salvation for money
4. Also raised prices on sacraments: marriage, baptism,
etc.
“Erasmus
i. Asked by Pope Leo X to recant
laid the egg
j. He was soon excommunicated
that Luther
k. German princes protected Luther
hatched”
l. 1555-Peace of Augsburg
m. German Princes chose religion of the state
n. People could choose to be Catholic or Lutheran
o. They could also move to a German state practicing
their religion
c. This was a belief that God had already chosen who
will be saved
d. Set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
V King Henry VIII
a.
b. Wanted a male child, his wife didn’t have any
c. Wanted a divorce but pope wouldn’t allow it
d. He then blasted the pope and set up the Church of
England
VI Effects
a. Loss of religious unity in Europe
b. Thirty Years war 1614-1648 was a Religious conflict
c. 1648 a truce was declared.
d. It was agreed that a few countries including England,
Scotland and Germany would stand as "Protestant"
lands.
e. The rest remained Roman Catholic.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Counter Reformation
I. Effects of the Reformation
1. Loss of religious unity in Europe
2. Paved the way for future revolutions
3. Religious conflicts
II. Religious Wars
1. French wars of religion 1562-1598
2. Huguenots (French Protestants) vs. Catholics
3. 1598- Edict of Nantes
o
o
England
 Henry VIII Wanted a male heir
 He was denied annulment by the pope
 Started the Anglican Protestant Church or Church of
England
 Elizabeth I (Protestant) vs. Mary I (Catholic) Mary I
also known as Bloody Mary
Thirty-Years War
 Last religious war
 1618-1648
 Catholics vs. Protestants in Germany
4.
5.
6.
New denominations: Lutherans, Amish, Quakers.
Many wars occurred
Church lost power
4.
5.
This allowed Protestants to practice in Catholic France
Also granted Protestants certain rights in France
 After Mary’s death Elizabeth makes England
Protestant again
 Anglo-Spanish war 1585-1604
 Spanish Armada 1588 (England wins) Phillip II vs.
Elizabeth I.
 James I declares truce with Spain 1604
 Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which
allowed princes to choose their religion
III. The Counter Reformation
1. 16th century Church reforms
2. Banned the sale of Indulgences
3. Creation of the Society of Jesuits by Ignatius of Loyola
4.
5.
Used to restore faith in the teachings of Christ
Catholics should do good works and have faith
IV The Council of Trent
1. Council of religious leaders that met from 1545-1563
2. The Church condemned Protestantism
3.
Specified Catholic doctrines on salvation, the sacraments and the
Biblical canon.
They also set out to reform the abuses of the Church
4.
V. The Inquisition
i.
Established by Pope Paul III in 1542
ii.
Used to end heresies against the Church
iii.
Created the Index of Forbidden Books
iv.
List comprised of books that go against Church
teachings
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Scientific Revolution
I Pre-Revolution
1. Church was still main authority
2. Geocentric universe (earth-centered)
II Copernican Theory
1. 16th century Copernicus
2. Mathematician challenged geocentric theory
3. Heliocentric model (sun-centered)
III Galileo
1. Proves Copernican theory
2. Writes in Italian to reach bigger audience
3. First to use telescope to document the stars
4. Church summoned him to Rome
IV Revolutionary Scientists
1. Scientific Method: uses observation, hypothesis, and
experimentation
2. Tycho Brahe: built Europe’s most modern
astronomical laboratory to gather data
3. Francis Bacon: inductive logic. This method involved
experimentation, and the collection and analysis of
data.
V Advances in Inventions and Medicine
1. Zacharias Jansen invented the first microscope.
2. Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury
barometer
3. Gabriel Fahrenheit developed the first thermometer
4. Anders Celsius developed another thermometer
using a different
3.
4.
Renaissance and Reformation challenge old views
Many scientists now challenge theories
4.
5.
Church calls it illogical, unbiblical and un-Christian
Publishes book in the year of his death
5.
He faced the Inquisition and Forced to recant his
theories
His writings placed on Index of Forbidden Books
6.
4.
5.
6.
7.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Johannes Kepler: planets revolve around the sun in
elliptical orbits
Rene Descartes: deductive method, whatever could
be doubted must be rejected
“I think, therefore I am”
Isaac Newton: Law of Gravitation, Calculus
Andreas Vesalius studied human anatomy
William Harvey the heart acted like the pump to
circulate the blood
Edward Jenner introduced the first vaccine to
prevent smallpox.
Robert Boyle considered modern father of chemistry
VI Deism
1. Many people rejected god, became atheists
2. god who created and presided over an orderly realm
3. did not interfere in its workings.
4. God was a watchmaker, one who set up the world, gave it natural laws by which to operate, and then let it run itself
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Enlightenment
I. Enlightenment
1. 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
2. Inspired by the Scientific Revolution
3. Age of Reason
4. People applied Logic and Reason to gov’t
5. During the High M.A, Renaissance most monarchs
believed in divine right
6.
7.
8.
9.
God ordained their right to rule
Ex. James I of England 1603-1624
“The king is from god, and law is from king.”
Different than the mandate of heaven
II Enlightenment Theory
A. 17th philosophes believe gov’t was made for the people (no divine right)
Philosophe
Thomas Hobbes
Book
Theory
People are evil by nature
Absolute Monarch should rule
People had natural rights
Life, liberty, and property
Gov’t should represent people
If they didn’t people could overthrow it
All men were equal
Majority rule, Direct democracy
Inspired revolutions (French)
Anti-slavery
Separation of Powers
Checks and balances
Freedom of speech
Religious toleration
Helped spread Enlightenment ideas
John Locke
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Baron de
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Diderot
C. Enlightened Despots
 Frederick II Prussia-religious toleration, provided land and supplies for peasants
 Catherine the Great Russia- improved Russia, education, expansion
 Joseph II Austria- Peasant emperor, religious toleration, free speech
D. Results
o Inspired the French and American revolutions
o Locke inspired Jefferson’s writing
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
European Exploration
I European Exploration and Expansion
o Trade linked through land routes: Persia, Arabia, Asia,
Silk Road
o Europeans had ships trade in Mediterranean Sea and
Indian Ocean
II Motives for Exploration
o Europeans primary motive was economic
o Desire for wealth and foreign goods
III Portugal
o Prince Henry the Navigator supported a navigational
and sailing school
o Started conquering small islands in Atlantic and cities
on Africa’s west coast
o 1488 Bartolomeu Diaz sails to the southern tip of Africa
(Cape of Good Hope)
IV Spain
o 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella financed Christopher
Columbus
o Columbus sailed west and discovered the Americas
V The Dutch
o Dutch Gain independence from Spain
o Begin to seize Portuguese lands
o Set up Dutch East India Trading Company
o Also explored and settled North America
VI New Technology
o Late 15th century new maps
o Lateen sails: sail in all directions, good for
monsoons
o Astrolabe: Navigational device determines latitude
o
o
o
Wanted direct route to the east, rather than
middlemen
Atlantic Ocean was vastly unknown
Wanted to sell foreign goods for profit
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1497- Vasco de Gama was first European to reach India
by sea
Profit was 60 times more than the investment
Ferdinand Magellan-Led the first successful expedition
to circumnavigate the globe
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
Pope granted Spain all of North and South America
Portugal received Brazil, Africa and India
Henry Hudson sailed and claimed what is now New
York
Bought island of Manhattan
o
o
o
Magnetic Compass: Borrowed from China, used to
tell direction
Three-Masted Caravels: large ship, with larger sails
Gun powder
Conquistadors
I. Cortes
 Cortes was a conquistador
 Wanted to conquer Mexico for gold
 Helped by Malinche
 Believed to be Quetzalcoatl
 Arrived receiving gifts eventually turned on the Aztecs
II. Pizzaro
 Wanted to conquer the Incas
 He also wanted gold and riches
 Captured ruler of Inca
III. Treatment of the Indians
 Bartolomé de Las Casas
 Defended the Indians


Captured Montezuma
When Montezuma died, Cortes teamed with other
tribes to defeat the Aztecs
He was considered a Hero, became famous and very
rich

 Atahualpa promised 13,420 pounds of gold and 26,000
pounds of silver
 Pizzaro killed him anyway
 Incan Empire fell

Bartolomé de Las Casas: accounts of the acts that the Spanish
colonists inflicted
This included hanging them, roasting them on spits,
hacking their children into pieces

Triangular trade/ Colonies
I. First Encounters
1. Columbus landed in the Caribbean.
2. Conquistadors or conquerors seized gold
3. They enslaved the Indians and made them slaves
4. Forced Indians to convert to Christianity.
II. Columbian Exchange
1. Columbian Exchange as it was known was the
exchange of peoples, plants, animals, technology, and
disease between the Eastern and Western
hemispheres.
2. New products like corn, potato, sugar, horses, and
other animals shifted
3.
Disease: yellow fever, malaria, smallpox and the
measles to the Americas
Syphilis was brought to Europe
Over 45 million Indians were killed due to harsh
treatment and disease
4.
5.
III. Ruling the new Empire
Government:
1. Created the Council of the Indies to pass laws for the colonies.
2. Viceroys or representatives who ruled in his name in each province
Religion:
1. Catholic Church converted thousands of Native Americans to Christianity.
Economy:
1. New colonies could only export goods to Spain and
only import goods from Spain.
2. Could not trade with any other country or any other
colony.
3. Spanish were granted encomiendas.
New Social Classes:
1. Peninsulares: people who were born in Spain. Highest
positions in gov’t and Church.
2. Creoles, American born descendants of Spanish. Creoles
owned ranches, plantations and mines.
4. This gave the Spanish the right to demand labor or
tribute from the natives.
5. Worker shortages started African slave trade
6. They were immune to tropical diseases and skilled in
farming, mining and metalworking.
3.
4.
5.
Mestizos people of Native American and European
descent
Mulattoes people of African and European descent.
At the bottom of society were the Native Americans
and Africans.
Absolute Monarchies
I. New Government
o Divine Right of Kings: kings ruled because they were chosen by God to be kings.
o Autocracy, or rule by a single person.
o Absolutism: monarch ruled with "absolute" power, that is, unshared power
France
I. Henry IV
 1589-1610
 Converted to Christianity
 Edict of Nantes in 1598
 Gave the Protestants religious tolerance




Ended the Wars of Religion in France
Public works like improving roads
Encouraged education
assassinated in 1610

Ruled France for 72 years, longer than any other monarch in
European history
Rebuilt of culture: theatre, music, architecture, painting,
sculpture, and all the sciences
Palace of Versailles
II. Louis XIII
o Ruled with Cardinal Armand Richelieu
o Richelieu protected and strengthened royal authority
III. Louis XIV
 King at 4
 Cardinal Mazarin helped Louis rule
 known as the Sun King
 Appointed intendants: officials collected taxes and carried out
royal policies
 Made French army strongest in Europe
IV. Negative Effects of Louis XIV’s Rule
1. Wars of Louis XIV were costly
2. Cancelled Edict of Nantes and forced out 100,000
artisans and workers
3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14)


4.
5.
France and Spain would remain separate
Died 1715 leaving France with many problems that
will eventually cause a revolution
Great Britain
II English Absolute Monarchs
A. Elizabeth I
 Elizabethan Age: 1558-1603
 Golden age
 Commercial expansion, exploration, Colonization of New World
B. James I
 Combines thrones of England and Scotland
 Claimed divine right.
C. Charles I
 Took over in 1625
 Signed the Petition of Right
 Limited taxes and forbid unlawful imprisonment.
 Claimed divine right
 Scotland soon invaded England in 1640





Long Parliament 1640-1660
Limited the power of the monarch
Civil war in England.
Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell win
Charles I was executed
D. Oliver Cromwell
 Lord Protector of English Commonwealth

Religious intolerance and violence


Protects people from arrests without due process
Charles II was a closet Catholic and converted on his
deathbed




Signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689
Gave citizens certain rights
Roman Catholics could not be king or queen of England
Limited the power of the monarch
E. Charles II
 Reinstated a limited monarchy
 Known as the Stuart Restoration
 Habeas Corpus Act 1679
F. James II
 James II was openly Catholic
 Claimed divine right and was last Catholic monarch
 Glorious Revolution in 1688
 James II was driven out, William and Mary the Protestant in