Rachel Carson: The Voice of Nature’s Silence
Andrew Huang, Priscilla Wong, Tiffany Zhao
Senior Division
Group Website

Primary Sources:
Books:
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring . New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Print. This primary source is the book that caused it all. This is Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, and is the main focus of our site. The novel itself provided us with a direct experience of Carson's writing and the kind of impetus it became.
Carson, Rachel, and Jeffrey S. Levinton. The Sea around Us . New York: Oxford UP, 1989.
Print. This book, The Sea Around Us , is one of Rachel Carson's earlier works before the publication of her most well-known novel, Silent Spring. It submerges us into Carson's descriptive, sensory writing and gives us a feel of the mysterious and alluring manner of the ocean through Carson's eyes. It demonstrates how Carson viewed the environment and portrayed it in such a captivating way for others to share.
Political Cartoons:
"DDT Is Good for Me-e-e." State of Michigan . N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This cartoon is of farm animals, crops, and a woman singing that "DDT is good for me-e-e". We used the picture to show how people originally embraced DDT and believed it would benefit all of society.
"Never Underestimate the Power of a Woman." Environment and Society Portal. N.p., n.d. Web.
1 Feb. 2015. This cartoon shows Rachel Carson's typewriter destroying industry. It shows how Rachel Carson used her writing to bring the atrocities to light. It shows that a woman's work should never be underestimated.
Newspapers:

Cone, Maria. "Should DDT Be Used to Combat Malaria?" Scientific American . N.p., 4 May
2009. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This primary source newspaper article addresses the current controversy over the use of DDT in South African towns to kill mosquitoes carrying deadly malaria. This gives us a broader view of DDT, showing that the issue still remains relevant today. As a result of Carson's book, DDT was no longer treated as all good; however, this source tells of how DDT, though it can be used, must be used with caution because of this knowledge on its potential risks.
"Millions Join Earth Day Observances Across the Nation." New York Times [New York] 22 Apr.
1970: n. pag. Print. This newspaper article talked about the first Earth Day, with millions joining in to participate. This illustrates the widespread legacy of Rachel Carson, who was one of the primary inspirations for Earth Day. The newspaper showed how Carson influenced the environmental movement.
Milne, Lorus, and Margery Milne. "There's Poison All Around Us Now." Rev. of Silent Spring .
The New York Times 23 Sept. 1962: n. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This newspaper article was a book review of Silent Spring written after its publication in 1962. It gave a relatively objective overview of her book and the immediate effects it had on the government and the public. This account allowed us to see the reaction of people during that time.
Monsanto Corporation. "The Desolate Year." Editorial. Monsanto Magazine Oct. 1962: 4-9.
University of Minnesota . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The brochure published by Monsanto
Corporation, a chemical corporation, is a satirical parody of the opening to Silent Spring.
It sensationalizes a depiction of a world without pesticides.

Rosenberg, Tina. "What the World Needs Now Is DDT." The New York Times . N.p., 11 Apr.
2004. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This New York Times article talks about the current need for
DDT in Africa to stop the spread of malaria by killing the insects that carry them. It considers the dangers of DDT, which are well-known to the public, which deems DDT as only harmful. This article tells of the controversy resulting from the need of DDT in
Africa, not used in the same way as in other countries.
Press Conferences:
Kennedy, John F. JFK's 42nd Press Conference . Rec. 29 Aug. 1962. N.d. JFK Library . Web. 1
Feb. 2015. This is a sound recording of President John F. Kennedy's News Conference of
August 29, 1962, where he publicly answered a question addressing the risks of pesticides and the uproar caused by Rachel Carson's published New Yorker articles of
Silent Spring.
Websites:
United States of America. Office of the Special Assistant to the President for Science and
Technology. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . By President's Science
Advisory Committee. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The publication by the committee commissioned by JFK is a detailed description of the state of the environment that was published after Silent Spring was published. The report also included recommendations for further investigation.
Digital Media:

Andrew W. Mellon Hall . Digital image. University of Pittsburgh Library . Newman-Schmidt
Studio, 1940. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. Pictured in this image is the Andrew W. Mellon Hall of
Chatham College, which Rachel Carson attended.
Carson as a Child, Reading to Her Dog Candy . N.d. New York Times . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This picture shows Rachel Carson as a child reading to her dog. This demonstrates how Carson was exposed to nature and also to writing.
Carson at Her Study . N.d. Huffington Post . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Rachel Carson at her study.
Carson Looking into a Microscope . N.d. USA Today . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015.
This is a picture of Rachel Carson looking into a microscope, showing her interest in field research of biology.
CBS Reporter Eric Severeid Interviews Carson for CBS Reports . 1963. Environment and Society .
N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. This photograph shows Rachel Carson being interviewed for CBS. It shows how Carson began to have a widespread public impact following the publication of Silent Spring.
Climate Rally . N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Inside Climate News . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of a climate rally that we used to show the modern environmentalist movement.
Dahlberg, Walter. DDT Spray. Digital image. Minneapolis Park History . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This picture depicts Elm trees along a boulevard of homes being sprayed with DDT to stop infestation of canker worms, which demonstrates the normality of widespread spraying of DDT during the time.
The Desolate Year by Monsanto Magazine . 1962. International Society for Environmental
Ethics . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. This picture shows Monsanto, a

chemical company, and its response to Silent Spring. It shows the widespread reaction the book got after publication, especially from chemical companies.
Frech, Howard. Under the Sea-Wind . 1941. Book. Silent Spring . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.
This is the coverart of Under the Sea Wind, Rachel Carson's first book, which was based on an essay she had wrote previously that was published in a brochure.
Helicopter Spraying DDT at a Hotel, Old Forge, New York . 1948. Museum Syndicate. Web. 20
Jan. 2015. This picture is of a helicopter spraying DDT. It shows how widely used DDT was and how the citizens all accepted the harmful pesticide.
JFK Closeup at Press Conference . N.d. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a closeup of President JFK at a press conference on the environment.
JFK Giving a Press Conference . N.d. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of President JFK giving a press conference on the environment as a result of Carson's work, showing her importance.
Johns Hopkins. Digital image. Baltimore Maryland . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. Pictured here is
Johns Hopkins, which Rachel Carson attended for graduate school and conducted a lot of research.
Near Total DDT Ban Announced . N.d. New Orleans News . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This article instructs how there was a "Near Total DDT Ban Announced" in 1972. This was a direct result of Carson's efforts and activism, and shows how much of a legacy she left even after her death.

The New Yorker . N.d. The New Yorker. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. This picture is of the New Yorker magazine in which Silent Spring was published. It shows us how Silent Spring was initially published as a series of articles.
Nixon Signs EPA . N.d. Eden Keeper . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Richard Nixon, the president at the time, signing the EPA into law. It shows the extent of Carson's influence.
Rachel Carson Activism . N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of
Rachel Carson meeting with a legislator, showing her activism after the publication of her book.
Rachel Carson and Candy. Digital image. The New York Times . Rachel Carson Council, 21 Sept.
2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. In this primary image, Carson as a child reads to her dog Candy.
This was taken from the Carsons family photographs and portrayed Rachel Carson's love for reading at an early age.
Rachel Carson at Her Typewriter.
N.d. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Rachel Carson at her typewriter. It shows her dedication to writing and promoting her works.
Rachel Carson Conducting Research . N.d. Marine Biological Laboratory . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a photograph of Rachel Carson doing marine research. It shows how involved she was in her work and how she actually conducted field studies to learn.
Rachel Carson Filling Birdfeeder . N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Good Earth Natural Foods . Web.
15 Jan. 2015. Rachel Carson is shown filling a bird feeder. It shows how she was an active biologist before the publication of Silent Spring.

Rachel Carson in an Advisory Conference . N.d. Rachel Carson Council . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Rachel Carson advising the government at a conference. It shows how she was an expert on the field.
Rachel Carson . N.d. Ohio State University . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Rachel Carson, which we used on the timeline for 1964, the year of her death.
Rachel Carson Receives Award . 1962. NASA. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. This picture shows Rachel
Carson receiving an award from Interior Stuart Udall. It shows how important the publication Silent Spring was and its far reaching impacts.
Rachel Carson Research. Digital image. Chesapeake Boating . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. In this picture, Rachel Carson is depicted on a field and on a boat for her research studies.
Rachel Carson Stands in Her Library in Silver Springs, Maryland . 1963. Public Affairs
Television . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. This is a picture of Rachel Carson standing in her study at home, holding Silent Spring.
Rachel Carson Talks to Children . N.d. Minnesota Historical Society. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Rachel Carson talking to children, which demonstrates how she wished to teach society about the environment. She was able to inform the public about pesticides.
Rachel Carson Testifying before the Senate Government Operations Subcommittee . 1963.
Environment and Society. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. This picture shows Rachel Carson testifying before Congress. It shows how Rachel Carson promoted her book, Silent
Spring, and how she exercised activism to get DDT banned.
Rachel Carson with Moppet . N.d. Pix Unlimited . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a photograph of Rachel Carson at her study with her cat, Moppet.

Roosevelt visits Muir in Yosemite. Digital image. National Park Service . Sierra Club, 1903.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This picture shows John Muir and Roosevelt together. They were two important people of the conservation movement, representing the environmental movement before Carson's time.
The Sea Around Us. Digital image. Submerged . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is the coverart of The Sea Around Us, Rachel Carson's second book that attracted much attention.
Silent Spring Is Now Noisy Summer . N.d. OpEd News . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This newspaper article's title showed the impact that Silent Spring had on the nation. We used the picture on our website to show how the book left a lasting legacy.
Silent Spring . N.d. Oregon State University . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Silent Spring, the actual first edition, which was very interesting.
Silent Spring . N.d. University of Washington . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This picture was of Silent Spring, which was the main book that Rachel Carson published that left a lasting legacy on the environmental movement.
Silk, George. Ibis Eggs That Failed to Hatch as a Result of DDT . N.d. Indian National Centre for
Ocean Information Services. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. This picture is of ibis eggs that failed to hatch because of DDT. It shows how harmful DDT is to the birds and how it can potentially lead to extinction of species.
Smog covering Empire State Building. Digital image. Life Magazine . N.p., 1953. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This image illustrates the pollution in cities after the rapid industrialization of the
1900's. This picture was used to show this neglect for the environment before the environmental movement.

Spraying DDT in Africa . N.d. American Enterprise Institute . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 25 Jan.
2015. This picture shows a worker spraying a hut with DDT in Africa. It shows how
DDT is used today to prevent malaria.
Spraying DDT Today . N.d. Environmental Health News . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This is a picture of a worker spraying DDT today, which we used for a picture hyperlink. This one is in Peru.
Under the Sea Wind . N.d. Huffington Post . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This picture is of Under the Sea Wind, which was one of the books that Rachel Carson published before Silent Spring.
Unknown. Bob Hines and Rachel Carson Search for Marine Specimens. Digital image. Pop
History Dig . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The image shows Carson and a coworker conducting research for the US Fish and Wildlife Services. Hines' work would also appear in Carson's "The Edge of the Sea."
Unknown. Spraying workers with DDT (a chemical pesticide) before they entered the U.S.
Digital image. The Bracero Program . University of Texas, n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The photograph shows the prevalence of DDT use and the close contact humans had with it.
Works of Rachel Carson . N.d. Pop History Dig. Web. 21 Jan. 2015. This image is of the works of Rachel Carson. The website that it was on contained multiple works of Rachel Carson, which allowed us to see the progression of her writing.

Secondary Sources:
Interviews:
Goodwin, Neil. "Interview with Neil Goodwin." Telephone interview. 21 Jan. 2015. Mr. Neil
Goodwin was the director of the PBS documentary on Rachel Carson, Rachel Carson's
Silent Spring : The American Experience. With a different perspective on the environmental movement as a filmmaker, Mr. Goodwin was able to explain to us the legacy of Rachel Carson. With his extensive research on the field and as a relatively impartial third party, Mr. Goodwin was able to explain to us Rachel Carson's legacy.
Hamilton, Bruce. "Interview with Bruce Hamilton." Online interview. 23 Jan. 2015. Mr. Bruce
H. Hamilton is the Deputy Executive Director of the Sierra Club, an organization dedicated towards environmental protection and conservation. The club was co-founded by John Muir in 1892, but still lives on today as one of the leading organizations that is lobbying for more protection of the environment. As the executive deputy director, Mr.
Hamilton was able to inform us on how the modern environmental protection movement has been influenced by the work and leadership of Rachel Carson. He was able to explain how Carson was one of the first people to stand up to big corporate chemical companies and the government to bring about revolutionary change. He was able to use his experience in the field to instruct on the leadership and legacy of Rachel Carson and the influence of Silent Spring.
Madison, Mark. "Interview with Mark Madison." Online interview. 19 Jan. 2015. Mr. Mark
Madison is the Historian of the Fish and Wildlife Service. The Service was greatly influenced by the work of Rachel Carson, especially the publication of Silent Spring in
1962. As the Historian of the service, Mr. Madison was able to inform us on the impact

of Rachel Carson on the environmentalist movement, the public beliefs, and legislation.
He was able to instruct us with in-depth information from his research and experience, that cannot be found online or through books. His experience with the Fish and Wildlife
Service makes him an invaluable primary resource.
Musil, Robert. "Interview with Robert Musil." E-mail interview. 21 Jan. 2015. Dr. Robert Musil is the President and CEO of the Rachel Carson Council, an environmental organization with a focus on protecting the global community. His outlook on environmentalism was able to give us a fuller understanding of how Rachel Carson, the eponymous figure of the organization, was able to use her influence as one of the leading scientific authors of the time to bring the abuse of pesticide into the public light. He was able to inform us on her significant impact in broadening the environmental movement to encompass protecting the world from pollution of pesticides and other toxins.
Parke, Beth. "Interview with Beth Parke." E-mail interview. 21 Jan. 2015. Ms. Beth Parke is the
Executive Director of Society of Environmental Journalists, an organization that is focused on aiding the environmental movement through the publication of works of literature. As a writer herself, Ms. Parke was able to explain the significance of Rachel
Carson's work, and how she was able to use her literary skills to bring the scientific pesticide abuses to the public eye. We were able to understand how it took a writer and a scientist to be able to convey the scenario to the public and captivate the nation's attention.
Shire, Gavin. "Interview with Gavin Shire." E-mail interview. 29 Jan. 2015. Mr. Gavin Shire is the Chief of Public Affairs of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Our email interview with
Gavin Shire was able to give us a different understanding of how Rachel Carson

influenced the public opinion of the environmentalist movement. With his many years of experience in the field, Mr. Shire was able to enlighten us with his professional outlook on the field.
Souder, William. "Interview with William Souder." Online interview. 9 Feb. 2015. Mr. William
Souder is a noted biographer of Rachel Carson and the author of On a Farther Shore: The
Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson. As a biographer of Carson, Mr. Souder was able to provide us with an enlightening point of view on Rachel Carson's works. We were able to interview him following the bulk of our research, and thus he was able to answer some of the questions that we had after learning of the controversy of Silent Spring today. He was able to provide us with a greater understanding of the national and global influence of
Carson's works.
Sutton, Robert. "Interview with Robert Sutton." E-mail interview. 26 Jan. 2015. Dr. Robert
Sutton is the Chief Historian of the National Park Service. With decades of experience in the historical field of environmental studies, Dr. Sutton was able to instruct us on the everlasting legacy of Rachel Carson on the environmentalist movement. As a government employee of one of the largest environmental organizations, Dr. Sutton was able to use his professional experience to assist us in our understanding of Rachel Carson's significance.
Woodley, Sherri. "Interview with Sherri Woodley." E-mail interview. 17 Jan. 2015. Ms. Sherri
Woodley is an established author of environmentalist works, such as Quick Fall of Light.
As a close friend and associate of Rachel Carson biographer Linda Lear, Ms. Woodley was able to use her experience and reference her friend's expertise in responding to our

Books: questions. She was able to provide a different insight on the topic, giving us a fuller understanding of Rachel Carson's leadership and legacy.
Byrnes, Patricia. Environmental Pioneers . Minneapolis, MN: Oliver, 1998. Print. This book summarized and profiled the achievements of several environmental pioneers, including
Carson. This provided us with some context as to other environmentalists of the time.
Jezer, Marty. Rachel Carson: Biologist and Author . New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Print. This book contained many pictures from the time period to help illustrate the importance of
Rachel Carson to the environmental movement. It was able to use these graphics to visually illustrate concepts and ideas.
Kudlinski, Kathleen V., and Ted Lewin. Rachel Carson: Pioneer of Ecology . New York, NY,
U.S.A.: Viking Kestrel, 1988. Print. This small book skimmed over Rachel Carson's life, telling it like a story, giving us a brief summary of what she did.
Leuzzi, Linda. Life Connections: Pioneers in Ecology . New York: Franklin Watts, 2000. Print.
This book put Rachel Carson in context with other biologists and ecologists. The book allowed us to see how Carson influenced the ongoing environmental movement that was started by other ecologists.
Levine, Ellen. Rachel Carson: A Twentieth-century Life . New York: Viking, 2007. Print. This book told of Rachel Carson's personal life and related achievements in a storylike way. It also contained several images.
"Linda Lear." Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature. . N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. This book is by noted biographer Linda Lear, who we reached out to regarding Rachel Carson. The

biography of hers is an extremely detailed novel regarding Rachel Carson's rise to fame, leadership in the environmental movement, and subsequent legacy even after her death. It was able to portray a wide image and legacy of Rachel Carson.
Lytle, Mark H. The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Rise of the
Environmental Movement . New York: Oxford UP, 2007. Print. This brief biography on
Rachel Carson talked about how Silent Spring brought the rise of the environmental movement. It talked about her legacy in bringing about legislation and other changes in society.
Musil, Robert K. Rachel Carson and Her Sisters: Extraordinary Women Who Have Shaped
America's Environment . N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book talks about the achievements and legacy of environmentalist Rachel Carson and relates her to several other female activists and writers. This book is also written by the president of the Rachel Carson Council.
Presnall, Judith Janda. Rachel Carson . San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1995. Print. This biography of
Rachel Carson was able to convey to us how Rachel Carson led the environmental movement back in her day. Full with illustrations, the novel was able to help us understand her wide-reaching legacy.
Ravage, Barbara. Rachel Carson: Protecting Our Environment . Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-
Vaughn, 1997. Print. This book described Rachel Carson and how her legacy helped protect the environment. The book was full of colored graphics that helped illustrate the point, through the inclusion of diagrams and pictures.
Souder, William. On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson . New York:
Crown, 2012. Print. This biographical book provides a different perspective on Rachel

Carson and her work. It conveyed her life, her legacy, and her importance in a coherent, understandable, lyrical way.
Stein, Karen F. Rachel Carson: Challenging Authors . Rotterdam: Sense, 2012. Print. This book provided a great overview on Rachel Carson's life and impact. Within this book are many great primary documents from Carson's time that we used to gain a better understanding of these historical events.
Stwertka, Eva. "Rachel Carson." Rachel Carson: Eve Stwertka: 9780531200209: Books . N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. This book provided a short story of Carson's early life and how she became interested in the sea and later, nature.
Venezia, Mike. Rachel Carson: Clearing the Way for Environmental Protection . New York:
Children's, 2010. Print. This illustrated novel was able to give us a brief overview of
Rachel Carson's influence on the modern environmental movement. We used some quotes from this illustrated novel because they were concise and to the point.
Wadsworth, Ginger. Rachel Carson, Voice for the Earth . Minneapolis: Lerner Publications,
1992. Print. This biographical work allowed us to understand Rachel Carson's leadership and legacy through its illustration and concise details. We were able to understand how
Songs: her work led to a myriad of legislation, and how her work still influences us today.
Katsaris, Cyprien, perf. By Camille Saint-Saens and Leopold Godowsky. Le Cygne. N.d.
Youtube. Web. 2 Feb. 2015. This piece of music serves as the introduction music for our site. It was originally composed by Camile Saint-Saen in 1886 by a small orchestra and rearranged for the piano by Leopold Godowsky, Saint-Saen's student, in 1927. Leopold
Godowsky was a Polish-American composer and pianist who was well-known and well-

regarded in the United States in the 1900's, which fits nicely with Rachel Carson's time period. This piece, called Le Cygne, or The Swan, was popular, and is suitable for the mood of our site, evoking a sense of peacefulness progressing into slight dynamism and maintaining a feeling of hope in the listener.
Journal Articles:
Darby, William J. "Silence, Miss Carson." Chemical & Engineering News (1962): 62-63. Web. 1
Feb. 2015. The journal article is an example of the chemical industry's response to Silent
Spring. Dr. Darby criticizes Carson for over-exaggerating the severity of the effects of chemicals and accuses Carson of scientific inaccuracy.
Lear, Linda J. "Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"" Environmental History Review 17.2 (1993): 23-
48. JSTOR . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The journal article provided a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the impact Silent Spring had on the community. It included numerous examples of positive and negative responses that the industry and the public had to
Carson and her work.
Leisher, Craig. "What Rachel Carson Knew about Marine Protected Areas." BioScience 58.6
(2008): 478-79. JSTOR . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The article explains Rachel Carson's dedication to marine conservation and biodiversity, an area that did not receive much attention. Leisher describes how another one of Carson's bestsellers, The Sea Around Us, raised awareness for government protection of the seas.
Lutts, Ralph H. "Chemical Fallout: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, Radioactive Fallout, and the
Environmental Movement." Environmental Review: ER 9.3 (1985): 210-25. JSTOR .

Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The article describes the publicity, both positive and negative, that
Silent Spring received and the increased focus on the dangers of radiation contamination.
Meiners, Roger E., and Andrew P. Morriss. "Silent Spring at 50: Reflections on an Environmental
Classic." Property and Environmental Research Council Policy Series 51 (2012): 1-28. The Property and Environmental Research Council . PERC—the Property and Environment Research Center. Web.
1 Feb. 2015. This journal article provided a clear, unbiased, and thorough overview of the inaccuracies in Silent Spring. The authors used numerous facts to support their arguments.
Paull, J. "The Rachel Carson Letters and the Making of Silent Spring." SAGE Open 3.3 (2013): n. pag. OrganicPrints . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is journal article addressing Carson's
Silent Spring, the content during which it was written, and Carson's contribution to the cause of preventing the widespread, unmitigated use of DDT without awareness of the danger. Its thorough description gave us a lot of background knowledge on the fight against DDT and industry.
"Rachel Carson and DDT." Bill Moyers Journal (2007): n. pag. 21 Sept. 2007. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This is an article detailing Rachel Carson and her relationship with DDT. This gave us more background knowledge on DDT itself as well as clearly determined Carson's role in changing the history of the pesticide.
Seager, Toni. "Rachel Carson Died of Breast Cancer: The Coming of Age of Feminist
Environmentalism." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28.3 (2003): 945-
72. JSTOR . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The article portrays Rachel Carson as a pioneer of
"ecofeminism," feminist environmentalism and activism. It explains Carson's philosophy of "forecaring," taking precautionary action against carcinogens, something that affected
Carson herself.

Smith, Michael B. ""Silence, Miss Carson!": Science, Gender, and the Reception of Silent
Spring." Feminist Studies 27.3 (2001): 733-52. JSTOR . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The articles
Videos: analyzes how Rachel Carson's role as a woman in the environmental movement at the time resulted in skepticism and intellectual criticism reserved only for women.
Cronon, Kristen. "High School Student Creates Rachel Carson Documentary." U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service . Department of the Interior, 18 May 2007. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. By including a variety of writings, speeches, and televised interviews, this documentary provided an excellent visual interpretation of Carson's work. The documentary covered Carson's role as a pioneer in the environmental movement.
Dixon, Mark, and Patricia DeMarco. "The Power of One Voice - Rachel Carson - Trailer."
YouTube . N.p., 13 Jan. 2015. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. This source was a trailer video that provided a taste of the profound impact Rachel Carson had on the environmental movement. It featured video interviews of various people to whom we also reached out.
The fact that this film was produced very recently also shows how Carson's legacy remains today.
The Legacy Of "Silent Spring" Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. This is a short video on the legacy of Silent Spring. It details the history and impact of the work, which helped us grasp a good overview of the book and its legacy.
Pesticides - DDT - Rachel Carson - Silent Spring . Imperial College of London, n.d. This video illustrated the progression from the use of DDT to Rachel Carson's publication of Silent
Spring. We used clips of this video in our website to illustrate how widespread DDT was, as well as for the reaction of industry to Silent Spring. This video was instrumental in our

understanding of how Rachel Carson influenced others and left a lasting legacy in the world.
The Price Of Progress . Public Broadcasting Service, 2007. This video is about Rachel Carson and how modern technology and use of pesticides were harming the environment. It detailed Rachel Carson and her view that DDT was endangering the environment, which helped us understand our topic better.
Rachel Carson, Dying to Be Heard . Michigan State University, n.d. This video instructed how
Rachel Carson influenced many others in the field of environmentalism, especially those in
Michigan State University, such as Dr. George Wallace. It showed her legacy in the world today.
Remembering Rachel Carson . Public Broadcasting Service, 2007. This video commemorated
Rachel Carson. It allowed us to see how her work left a lasting legacy on the world today and on the modern environmental movement. It illustrated her leadership in the field.
Thomashow, Mitchell. "Rachel Carson's Legacy: The Silent Spring Series - Exploring Ethics."
University of California Television (UCTV) . Web. 2 Jan. 2015. This is a speech regarding
Rachel Carson's legacy. The speech connected Rachel Carson's works with the climate and world today, which really helped us understand her legacy and how she influences us today.
Newspapers:
Alfred, Randy. "Feb. 3, 1958: Silent Spring Seeks Its Voice." WIRED . Wired Magazine, 3 Feb.
2011. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. Alfred describes the steps that Rachel Carson took before writing Silent Spring. The article explains Carson's qualifications, previous experience, and research for Silent Spring.

Brinkley, Douglas. "Rachel Carson and JFK, an Environmental Tag Team." Aubudon Magazine .
Aubudon Magazine, May 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The article provided a modern perspective on how Rachel Carson's work with President John F. Kennedy led to environmental legislation after publication of Silent Spring. It described the government's following investigation of pesticides and increased environmental awareness.
DiPaola, Michael. "JFK Fought DDT in Rachel Carson's Environmental Crusade."
BloombergBusiness . Bloomberg L.P., 18 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. Di Paola describes President JFK's role in carrying out the environmental movement, sparked by
Rachel Carson, through legislation. The article also explains how JFK's committee defended Silent Spring's assertions from criticism from the chemical industry.
Griswold, Eliza. "How ‘Silent Spring’ Ignited the Environmental Movement."
The New York
Times . N.p., 21 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This newspaper article provided a modern outlook on Rachel Carson's legacy and effect on the environmental movement. It gave a good overview on the impact of Silent Spring.
Hamill, Sean. "Was Rachel Carson Right?" Pittsburgh Quarterly . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette., 2012.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This newspaper article provides a good overview on the modern controversy of DDT to prevent malaria, presenting both sides of the argument for and against the DDT ban and the use of DDT. The article, from an unbiased perspective, quotes several accounts on both sides, which were useful for us to understand the debate.
McKie, Robin. "Rachel Carson and the Legacy of Silent Spring." The Guardian . N.p., 26 May
2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This article was published in honor of Rachel Carson's Silent
Spring 50 year anniversary, summarizing in a short description Carson, Silent Spring, and its effect on DDT.

Websites:
"About Rachel Carson." Rachel Carson Council Inc.
Rachel Carson Council, n.d. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. The article described Rachel Carson's life, from her childhood to her death, as well as the people involved in her life. We learned how her family members and adopted son impacted Carson's life.
"American Experience: TV's Most-watched History Series." Timeline: The Modern
Environmental Movement . PBS, n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. This website, by PBS, instructed us on the timeline of the environmental movement. It was instrumental in our understanding of how the modern movement was influenced by the work of Rachel
Carson.
"The Consequences of Silent Spring." America's Story from America's Library . Library of
Congress, n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The timeline showed the context of Carson's work. It also gave a brief summary of the response to Silent Spring.
Engelsiepen, Linda. "Ecology Heroes: Rachel Carson." Ecology . Ecology Global Network, 28
May 2010. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This website provided insight into Rachel Carson's early life and the events in her life that led her to write Silent Spring. It also showed the magnitude of the effect that Silent Spring had on the environmental movement.
"Environmental History Timeline." Environmental History . N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. This website provided us with an overview of the environmental history of the United States.
It started with the conservationist movement, and we were able to learn how the United
States was originally focused on protecting specific plots of land and not the environment as a whole.

"EPA." DDT - A Brief History and Status . Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 23 Jan.
2015. This website, by the EPA, was able to instruct us on the history and influence of
DDT. It talked about the history of DDT, and the discovery of DDT's danger. It instructed us on how Rachel Carson was able to induce a ban on DDT.
"40 Years of the EPA." Washington Post . The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. This was an interactive timeline detailing the EPA. The website allowed us to visualize the chronological order of the environmental incidents following the publication of Silent
Spring. It allowed us to see what happened afterwards and how the book influenced the movement.
"A HISTORY OF AIR POLLUTION EVENTS." (n.d.): n. pag. High School And Middle School
Air Quality Education Program . Delaware Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. This document by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control instructed us on the chronological history of air pollution. It allowed us to see how Rachel Carson influenced legislation following her publication of Silent Spring. We took quotes from the document to illustrate how she influenced the reduction of pollution.
Jacobs, Adam. "Timeline | History of Pesticides." Pesticides . University of Oregon, n.d. Web. 28
Jan. 2015. This website was vital in allowing us to understand more about the environmental incidents leading up to Silent Spring. It was organized in a timeline, which helped us grasp the chronological order.
Lear, Linda. "Chronology of Rachel Carson's Life and Work." The Life and Legacy of Rachel
Carson . Linda Lear Center for Special Collections & Archives, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2015.
This was a timeline dedicated to Rachel Carson's works. It allowed us to see the

chronological order of her contributions to the environmental movement, which assisted us in getting a better understanding of our topic.
Lear, Linda. "Notes for Rachel Carson's Silent Spring." Virginia Tech, n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2015.
These were Linda Lear's, a noted biographer of Rachel Carson, notes on Carson's life.
Through Lear's research, we were able to see how a professional biographer viewed
Carson and her contributions to the environmental movement. They were critical in our understanding of how Carson led the environmental movement.
"Legacy of Rachel Carsons Silent Spring." Chemistry for Life . National Historic Chemical
Landmark - American Chemical Society, 26 Oct. 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. This detailed
Rachel Carson, her life, Silent Spring, and her legacy. This article aimed to designate
Silent Spring as a National Historic Chemical Landmark at Chatham University in
Pittsburgh, which Carson had attended early in her life.
"Rachel Was Wrong." Rachel Was Wrong | About Us . Competitive Enterprise Institute, n.d.
Web. 01 Feb. 2015. This website gives us a different side of the argument for DDT and against Rachel Carson. The site offers critiques on the views in Silent Spring and supports using DDT to fight malaria in Africa, claiming that Silent Spring was a direct cause of the ban of the pesticide.
Stoll, Mark. "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring." Environment & Society Portal . Rachel Carson
Center, 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This article described and analyzed the effect Silent
Spring had on the American public and how the media responded to its publication at the time.
Stoll, Mark. "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring: The Book That Changed the World." Legacy of
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring . Environment and Society Portal, 2012. Web. 01 Feb.

2015. This is a website that is an online virtual exhibit detailing Carson, her story, and her legacy. This extensive secondary source website included many primary sources and first-hand accounts and quotes. It was thorough and gave us many details that enhanced our understanding of Carson and the history surrounding her.
"The Story of Silent Spring." Silent Spring Summary . Natural Resources Defense Council, n.d.
Web. 01 Feb. 2015. This website provided a good overview on Rachel Carson's achievements, activism, and impact. Not only did this tell of Carson's life and novel, it also summarized the reaction following her book.
"The Truth About DDT and Silent Spring." The New Atlantis, n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. This website describes the manipulation behind Rachel Carson and how some of her data was wrong. It provides statistics and expert quotes to debunk some of Carson's ideas in Silent
Spring, and to prove that she may have manipulated data in her favor.
United States of America. Environmental Protection Agency. Birth of the EPA . By Jack Lewis.
Environmental Protection Agency, Nov. 1985. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This article from the
EPA journal summarizes how the Environmental Protection Agency gained the support it needed to be formed, and how Silent Spring helped raise awareness.
United States of America. Environmental Protection Agency. Rachel Carson . By Frank Graham.
Environmental Protection Agency, Nov. 1978. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The article from the
EPA Journal about Rachel Carson's life described Carson's approach to writing over the course of her career as marine biologist. It focused on how Carson's life experiences shaped her writing.
Walls, David. "Environmental Movement." Professor Emeritus of Sociology . Sonoma State
University, 9 Nov. 2014. Web. 31 Jan. 2015. This website was able to inform us on the

American environmentalist movement, starting from the conservation attitude of John
Muir and other environmentalists. It allowed us to see how Carson influenced a change in attitude of the movement to protect the environment as a whole.
Digital Media:
Bald Eagle . N.d. Tacoma World . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of a bald eagle flying, which is a species Carson helped save with Silent Spring.
Brooks Studio. Rachel Carson at microscope, 1951. Digital image. Rachel Carson Council . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. The image shows Carson, as a marine biologist, studying a specimen under a microscope.
Earth Day . N.d. Miami Dade College . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Earth Day today, which is April 22.
Endangered Species List 40th Anniversary . N.d. Wolves of Douglas County Wisconsin . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a collage commemorating the 40th year after the passing of the Endangered Species Act, which Carson influenced.
EPA Building . N.d. Watchdog Organization . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of the EPA building, which we used for a picture hyperlink.
Forest in the Winter . N.d. Flickr . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. We used this picture of a forest for a picture hyperlink.
Green Earth . N.d. Universidad Virtual Hispanica De Mexico . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1
Feb. 2015. This is a photograph of the green Earth, which we used to show the now ecofriendly attitude the world has.
Logo of Audubon Society . N.d. Audubon Society . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. This is a logo of the Audubon Society, an environmental protection organization.

Logo of Defenders of Wildlife . N.d. National Academies of Science . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web.
15 Jan. 2015. This is a logo of Defenders of Wildlife, an environmental protection organization.
Logo of Fish and Wildlife Service . N.d. Fish and Wildlife Service . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1
Feb. 2015. This is a logo of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the government agency Carson worked at and influenced.
Logo of National Parks Service . N.d. National Parks Service . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This is a logo of the National Parks Service, which we used under the interviews page because we interviewed Dr. Robert Sutton, Chief Historian of the NPS.
Logo of Rachel Carson Council . N.d. Rachel Carson Council . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1
Feb. 2015. This is a picture of the logo of Rachel Carson Council that we used for interviews.
Logo of Society of Environmental Journalists . N.d. Society of Environmental Journalists . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a logo of the Society of Environmental
Journalists, which we used under the interviews page.
Logo of the EPA . N.d. Environmental Protection Agency . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This is the logo of the EPA, which Carson's legacy helped create.
Logo of the Nature Conservancy . N.d. Nature Conservancy . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This is the logo of Nature Conservancy, an environmental organization.
Logo of the Sierra Club . N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Sierra Club . Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is the logo of the Sierra Club, a conservation organization.
Logo of the Wilderness Society . N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Wilderness Society . Web. 1 Feb.
2015. This is a logo of the Wilderness Society, an environmental protection organization.

Malaria Distribution . N.d. CNN . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a map showing how malaria is distributed across the globe. The regions with the most malaria often use DDT.
National Park Service Logo. Digital image. National Park Service . National Park Service, n.d.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is the logo of the National Park Service, a U.S. government agency that manages all American national parks and is essential to the conservation and environmental movement. We also interviewed through email Robert Sutton, the chief historian of the National Park Service.
Natural Scenery . N.d. State of California . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of scenery from nature, which we used for the background of our timeline.
On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson . N.d. Random House . N.p.: n.p., n.d.
N. pag. Web. 9 Apr. 2015. This is a picture of William Souder's book, On a Farther
Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson. We read the book and interviewed Mr.
Souder to obtain a deeper understanding of our topic.
PBS Documentary of Rachel Carson . N.d. Amazon . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015.
This is a picture of the documentary the Mr. Neil Goodwin produced for PBS on Rachel
Carson. We included this under interviews because we interviewed him.
Pesticide Application . N.d. Technology Times . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This graphic shows how bugs grow resistance to pesticides. It shows why rampant DDT use may actually become ineffective.
Quick Fall of Light coverart. Digital image. Sherri Woodley . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of the coverart of Quick Fall of Light, a book by Sherri Woodley, who we interviewed through email. She is an environmental writer herself who was influenced by

Rachel Carson's writing, and is acquainted with Linda Lear, a leading biographer of
Rachel Carson.
Rachel Carson Council logo. Digital image. Rachel Carson Council . Rachel Carson Council, n.d.
Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This image is the logo of the Rachel Carson Council, an association created as a direct effect of Carson's impact that addresses the environmental risks of pesticides and industrial products to wildlife and human health. We also interviewed by email Robert K. Musil, the President and CEO of Rachel Carson Council.
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring: The American Experience. Digital image. PBS . PBS, n.d. Web. 1
Feb. 2015. This is the coverart of the DVD version of the original Silent Spring documentary created by PBS in 1993, which depicted Rachel Carson and impact of her novel. We also interviewed the director of this documentary and Peace River Films, his production.
Rachel was wrong. Digital image. RachelWasWrong . Competitive Enterprise Institute, n.d. Web.
2 Feb. 2015. This picture is the logo of RachelWasWrong, a site aimed to use DDT to prevent malaria. It criticized Carson's negative views on DDT in Silent Spring.
Sierra Club logo. Digital image. Sierra Club . Sierra Club, n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is the logo of the Sierra Club, founded by John Muir, an environmental organization focused on activism regarding protection and preservation. We also personally interviewed Bruce
Hamilton, the current Director of the Sierra Club.
Silent Spring Today . N.d. The Atlantic . N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This is a picture of Silent Spring today, which we used for a picture hyperlink.
Society of Environmental Journalists logo. Digital image. Society of Environmental Journalists .
Society of Environmental Journalists, n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This image is the logo of

the Society of Environmental Journalists, founded in 1990, which is an organization of journalists who report about environmental issues in the news. This was created after and as a indirect effect of Rachel Carson, one of the first and foremost environmental writers.
We also interviewed Beth Parke, the Executive Director of the Society of Environmental
Journalists.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service logo. Digital image. Fish and Wildlife Service . Fish and Wildlife
Service, n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2015. This picture is the logo of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, a government agency aimed at conserving, protecting and enhancing wildlife for the benefits of Americans. Carson attained her first full-time job at this agency and was vital to developing the agency into what it is today. We also interviewed the current historian of this agency, Mark Madison.