Ms. Cannistraci Name:________________________________ Date:_____ 1. Which event is most closely associated with the French Revolution? (1) Council of Trent (2) Thirty Years’ War (3) Reign of Terror (4) Paris Peace Conference 2. Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins are best known for (1) instituting the Reign of Terror (2) protecting freedom of religion (3) supporting the reign of King Louis XVI (4) sending French troops to fight in the American Revolution Ms. Cannistraci Name:________________________________ Date:_________ Document 1: In 1796, Napoleon, then a young officer of 27 years of age, was given command of the French army in Italy. In the Italian campaign, he demonstrated his genius for propaganda (information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view) and psychological warfare, as the following selections from his proclamation to his troops makes clear. A [March 27, 1796] Soldiers, you are naked, ill fed! The Government owes you much; it can give you nothing. Your patience, the courage you display in the midst of these rocks, are admirable; but they procure you no glory, no fame is reflected upon you. I seek to lead you into the most fertile plains in the world. Rich provinces, great cities will be in your power. There you will find honor, glory, and riches. Soldiers of Italy, would you be lacking in courage or constancy? B [April 26, 1796] In a fortnight you have won six victories, taken twenty-one standards, fifty-five pieces plains in the world. Rich provinces, great of artillery, several strong positions, and conquered the richest part of Piedmont [a region in northern Italy]; you have captured 15,000 prisoners and killed or wounded more than 10,000 men. . . . You have won battles without cannon, crossed rivers without bridges, made forced marches without shoes, and camped without brandy and often without bread. Soldiers of liberty, only republican phalanxes [infantry troops] could have endured what you have endured. Soldiers, you have our thanks! The grateful Patrie [nation] will owe its prosperity to you. . . . The two armies which but recently attacked you with audacity are fleeing before you in terror; the wicked men who laughed at your misery and rejoiced at the thought of the triumphs of your enemies are confounded and trembling. But, soldiers, as yet you have done nothing compared with what remains to be done. ... ___________________________________________________________________ _____________ . . . Undoubtedly the greatest obstacles have been overcome; but you still have battles to fight, cities to capture, rivers to cross. Is there one among you whose courage is abating? No. . . . All of you are consumed with a desire to extend the glory of the French people; all of you long to humiliate those arrogant kings who dare to contemplate placing us in fetters; all of you desire to dictate a glorious peace, one which will indemnify the Patrie for the immense sacrifices it has made; all of you wish to be able to say with pride as you return to your villages, "I was with the victorious army of Italy!" Friends, I promise you this conquest; but there is one condition you must swear to fulfill—to respect the people whom you liberate, to repress the horrible pillaging committed by scoundrels incited by our enemies. Otherwise you would not be the liberators of the people; you would be their scourge. . . . Plunderers will be shot without mercy; already, several have been. . . . Peoples of Italy, the French army comes to break your chains; the French people is the friend of all peoples; approach it with confidence; your property, your religion, and your customs will be respected. We are waging war as generous enemies, and we wish only to crush the tyrants who enslave you. [Source: unknown.] Choose one of the following questions to answer. According to the text how does Napoleon use propaganda to motive his troops? OR How does this text help us to understand why Napoleon was very popular among the French people? Document Map of Napoleon’s Empire Based on this map, state one political impact of Napoleon’s conquests in Europe. Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________________ Date:________ Document 3: Code of Napoleon The Napoleonic Code The Civil Code of the French People was enacted in 1804 across all the regions France then controlled: France, Belgium, Luxembourg, chunks of Germany and Italy, and was later spread further across Europe. In 1807 it became known as the Code Napoleon. It was supposed to be written fresh, and based on the idea that a law based on common sense and equality should replace one based on custom, societal division and the rule of kings. The moral justification for its existence was not that it came from God or a monarch (or in this case an emperor), but because it was rational and just. To this end, all male citizens were supposed to be equal, with nobility, class, position of birth all wiped away, but in practical terms much of the revolution’s liberalism and freedom was lost and France turned back to Roman law. The code did not extend to emancipating women, who were subjugated (bring under domination or control) to fathers and husbands. Freedom and the right of private property were key, but branding, easy imprisonment and limitless hard labor returned. Non-whites suffered, and slavery was allowed in French colonies. In many ways, the Code was a compromise of the old and new, favoring conservatism and traditional morality. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________ The Code contributed greatly to Napoleon’s achievement of helping France turn away from the past. It cemented the ideas of freedom of person and of contract (including the right to enter any occupation), equality of all Frenchmen, and freedom of civil society from ecclesiastical [religious] control. As the first truly modern code of laws, the Code Napoléon for the first time in modern history gave a nation a unified system of law applicable to all citizens without distinction. By providing uniformity of laws it further promoted the national unity fostered by the Revolution. Its entire outlook gave a further impulse to the rise of the bourgeoisie (middle class). A threatened disintegration of the family under the Convention and Directory was sharply halted, and the family once again became the most important social institution. . . . Based on this document, identify two changes brought about by the Code Napoléon. Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________________ Date:________ Document 4: Napoleon’s Defeat Napoleon conquered much of Europe and the free nations as well as the conquered nations were concerned about the future of Europe. In 1812, however, there fears were illuminated. Napoleon's Grand Army entered Russia will a goal of conquering the nation. The ravages of the deadly Russian winter, however, decimated his army. Meanwhile, affairs in France began to look unstable. Napoleon rushed back to Paris and raised a new army, only to be defeated by a coalition of European forces at Leipzig in 1814. Napoleon was then exiled to the isle of Elba, where he plotted his return. With the great powers of Europe deep in negotiations over how to revive the continent, Napoleon escaped from Elba, sneaked into France, and raised a new army in the period known as the Hundred Days. In June 1815, the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Napoleon was again exiled, this time to distant Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821. Could Napoleon have prevented his defeat? Cite evidence from today’s research.