World War I
American History
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Chapter 11
AMERICA AND THE WORLD
Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific
Section 2: War with Spain
Section 3: Expansion in Latin America
Section 4: Conflict with Mexico
2
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific
Objectives:
 What major factors drove imperialism?
 How did the United States acquire Hawaii?
 What was the U.S. role in China?
 How did Japan become a world power?
3
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific
Factors that drove imperialism
 the need for
markets
 the need for raw
materials
 the desire for
power
 the desire for
prestige
4
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific
Acquisition of Hawaii
 American missionaries arrived in the 1820s and by the
1870s, Americans controlled most of the land and trade.
 In 1875, Hawaiian sugar was exempted from U.S. tariffs,
but in 1876, the U.S. demanded Pearl Harbor in exchange
for tax-free status.
 In 1887, King Kalakaua was forced to sign the Bayonet
Constitution.
 In 1893, supporters of annexation overthrew the Hawaiian
monarchy and proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. protectorate.
 U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898.
5
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific
U.S. role in China
 promoted the Open Door policy
 helped other foreign countries put down the Boxer
Rebellion
 pressured foreign powers to observe open trade
throughout China and preserve China’s right to
rule its own territory
6
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific
Steps that led Japan to become a world
power
 agreed to Western demands for trade
 industrialized rapidly
 built up its army and navy
 attacked Russia in 1904
 negotiated a peace treaty with Russia
7
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: War with Spain
Objectives:
 How did Spain respond to the revolt in Cuba?
 What were the major causes of the SpanishAmerican War?
 What were the major battles of the SpanishAmerican War?
 What happened to the Philippines after the
Spanish-American War?
8
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: War with Spain
Spanish response to the Cuban revolt
 exiled many leaders of the independence
movement
 sent soldiers to fight rebels
 sent General Valeriano Weyler to put down the
revolt
9
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: War with Spain
Causes of the Spanish-American War
 imperialist ambition
 humanitarian sympathy for the rebels
 yellow journalism
 the destruction of the USS Maine
10
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: War with Spain
Major battles of the Spanish-American
War






11
U.S. naval bombardment of Manila Bay in the Philippines
battle for Manila
battle for El Caney
battle for San Juan Hill in Cuba
battle between U.S. and Spanish navies off the coast of Cuba
battle between U.S. and Spanish forces in Puerto Rico
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: War with Spain
The Philippines after the SpanishAmerican War
 Emilio Aquinaldo set up a provisional
government.
 U.S. annexed the Philippines.
 Filipino independence fighters battled U.S. troops
for control and lost in 1902.
 Philippines gained independence in 1946.
12
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: Expansion in Latin America
Objectives:
 How did the United States govern Cuba and
Puerto Rico?
 What were the major obstacles to building the
Panama Canal?
 What was U.S. policy toward Latin America
during the late 1800s and early 1900s?
13
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: Expansion in Latin America
Government of Cuba
 The Platt Amendment made Cuba a protectorate.
 In 1934 the United States renounced the right to
interfere in Cuban affairs.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: Expansion in Latin America
Government of Puerto Rico
 The Foraker Act established a territorial
government in Puerto Rico.
 The Jones Act granted Puerto Ricans U.S.
citizenship and the right to elect both houses of the
legislature.
 In 1952 Puerto Rico became a self-governing
commonwealth.
15
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: Expansion in Latin America
Major obstacles to the Panama Canal
 harsh working conditions
 shortages of labor and materials
 outbreak of yellow fever
16
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: Expansion in Latin America
U.S. policy toward Latin America, late
1800s—early 1900s
 The Roosevelt Corollary claimed police powers
for the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere.
 Taft favored dollar diplomacy—the investment of
U.S. capital in Latin America to replace European
investments.
 Wilson wanted to establish constitutional
democracies in Latin America.
17
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: Conflict with Mexico
Objectives:
 What were the major events of the Mexican
Revolution?
 What were the causes of U.S. intervention in
Mexico?
 What were the outcomes of the Mexican
Revolution?
18
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: Conflict with Mexico
Major events of the Mexican Revolution
 Porfirio Díaz used force and fraud to win an eighth
term as president of Mexico.
 Emiliano Zapata led a rebel army demanding land
for the mostly American Indian peasant population.
 Francisco Madero unified the opposition groups
and won the presidency after Diaz’s overthrow.
 Victoriano Huerta seized control of the government
and restored calm.
19
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: Conflict with Mexico
Causes of U.S. intervention in Mexico
 Madero’s murder outraged Wilson.
 Wilson used the arrest of some U.S. sailors as
justification for using armed force.
20
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: Conflict with Mexico
Outcomes of the Mexican Revolution
 For a while, Pancho Villa controlled much of Mexico, but
when he lost power he launched a raid of revenge on the U.S.
 Pershing led U.S. forces into Chihuahua, and the U.S.
stationed National Guardsmen along the Mexican border.
 The U.S. went too far, the Mexicans fought back, and U.S.
troops withdrew.
 Venustiano Carranza put a new constitution into effect in
1917.
21
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
World War I
American History
Table of Contents
•
•
•
•
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: World War I Breaks Out
Objectives:
 What were the major causes of unrest in Europe?
 What were the results of the early fighting in the war?
 Why did the war settle into a stalemate?
24
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: World War I Breaks Out
Causes of unrest in Europe
 nationalism and territorial rivalries
 strong spirit of militarism
 system of alliances that could turn a local conflict
into a global war
25
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Nationalism and Territorial rivalries
• The region was
called the
Powder Keg of
Europe
• Bulgarians
Montenegrins
Serbs all wanted
their own nation
• Tension were
immanent.
26
Nationalism and Territorial rivalries
27
Alliances
• Alliances also
cause problems.
• Why?
• Look at the
graphic to the
left.
28
Militarism and Alliances
 Militarism –
Glorification of
military
strength.
 Countries next
to each other
that have
militarism cause
what?
 Arms Races
29
Militarism and Alliances
 Arms Race
 When countries
compete to see
who can have
the bigger
military.
30
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: World War I Breaks Out
Results of early fighting
 France was defeated quickly.
 Great Britain was isolated.
 A war of attrition began.
31
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
War of Attrition
 What is a war of
Attrition
32
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 1: World War I Breaks Out
Reasons for stalemate
World War I settled into a stalemate because trench
warfare, a new type of fighting involving massive
artillery barrages followed by infantry charges,
emerged.
33
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Stale Mate
 What happens
when you can’t
defeat your
enemy.
34
Stale Mate
 What happens when
you can’t defeat
your enemy.
35
You build bigger Gun
Stale Mate
 What happens when
you can’t defeat
your enemy.
36
You build bigger bigger
Gun
Stale Mate
 What happens when
you can’t defeat
your enemy.
37
You build bigger bigger
bigger Gun
Stale Mate
 What happens when
you can’t defeat
your enemy.
38
You build bigger bigger
bigger bigger Gun
Stale Mate
 What happens when
you can’t defeat
your enemy.
39
You build bigger bigger
bigger bigger bigger
Gun
Stale Mate
 What happens when
you can’t defeat
your enemy.
40
You build bigger bigger
bigger bigger bigger
bigger Gun
New Weapons
 Planes
 Gas
 Tanks
 Ships
 U-boats
 Machine
guns
41
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: The United States Goes to War
Objectives:
 What challenges did the United States face while
trying to remain neutral?
 What events led to U.S. entry into World War I?
 How did the United States prepare its military
for war?
 What types of experiences did Americans have
while serving in Europe?
42
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: The United States Goes to War
Difficulties of neutrality
 conflicting sympathies and opinions
 British propaganda campaign
 British navy blockade
 German submarine attacks
43
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
U.S. Sympathies
• Germans
• Italians
• British
• Eastern
Europeans
• Asian
44
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: The United States Goes to War
Events leading to U.S. entry into WWI
 the German attack on the Sussex in 1916
 German resumption of full-scale U-boat warfare
in 1917
 publication of the Zimmerman Note
45
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: The United States Goes to War
U.S. military preparations
 Congress passed the Selective Service Act.
 Congress established a massive soldier-training
program.
46
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 2: The United States Goes to War
American experiences in Europe
 Pershing insisted that the Americans fight as a group.
 The troops sailed to Europe using the convoy system.
 The Americans marched through Paris, stopping at
Lafayette’s tomb.
 Army engineers built military and support facilities
and communications networks.
 American women served as nurses and volunteers.
47
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: The War at Home
Objectives:
 How did the U.S. government prepare the nation
for war?
 How did organized labor and volunteers contribute
to the war effort?
 Why did African Americans move north?
 How did the government create support for, and
limit opposition to, the war?
48
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: The War at Home
U.S. preparation for war
 The government established programs to finance
the war.
 Programs established to conserve scare resources.
 Industry and labor redirected toward wartime
production.
 Wilson launched a propaganda campaign.
49
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: The War at Home
Organized labor
 filled posts to replace soldiers
 went on strike to demand higher wages and benefits
 improved working conditions during the war
50
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: The War at Home
Volunteers
 conserved energy and recycled essential materials
 grew vegetables in victory gardens
 purchased liberty bonds
 founded support organizations
51
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: The War at Home
Reasons for African Americans to
move north
 job opportunities
 prospect of higher wages
 recruitment efforts
 better living conditions
52
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 3: The War at Home
Government management of support
 Committee on Public Information issued
propaganda.
 Dissent on war issues was suppressed.
53
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: The War’s End and Aftermath
Objectives:
 What were the final events of World War I?
 What were the goals of President Wilson’s
Fourteen Points?
 What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
 Why did the U.S. Senate reject the Treaty of
Versailles?
 What was the global impact of World War I?
54
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: The War’s End and Aftermath
Final events of World War I
 Germans fail to capture Paris in 1918.
 Allies push forward in the Argonne offensive.
 Mutinies break out in the German army and navy,
and civilians riot over food.
 Armistice signed on November 11, 1918.
55
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: The War’s End and Aftermath
Goals of the Fourteen Points
 provide self-determination
 resolution of territorial disputes
 end secret diplomacy and the arms race
 stop violations of freedom of the seas
 end trade barriers
56
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: The War’s End and Aftermath
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
 divided Germany’s colonies and the Ottoman
Empire among Allied nations
 established a mandate system
 created new nations
57
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: The War’s End and Aftermath
Reasons for Senate rejection of Treaty
of Versailles
 Some senators rejected the League of Nations
completely.
 Some senators rejected Article 10 in the League
Covenant because it might force the U.S. into an
unwanted war.
58
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
The American Nation
IN THE MODERN ERA
Section 4: The War’s End and Aftermath
Global impact of World War I
 heavy human cost
 heavy economic cost
 growing chaos in Germany
 territorial disputes in Europe and the Middle East
59
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON