Why to Cite
 By citing outside sources, academics are able to converse with each
other through their writing.
 Citing appropriate sources shows your reader that you are aware of
and engaged with the ongoing conversation about your topic.
Knowing What to Cite
When in doubt, cite your source. You should include citations for
 Direct quotes
 Paraphrases
 Summarized ideas that aren’t your own
 Statistics
 Visuals like pictures, graphs, diagrams, or tables
Understanding Plagiarism
The University of North Texas considers plagiarism as the use of
another ’s thoughts or words without proper attribution in any academic
exercise, regardless of the student’s intent, including but not limited to:
 The knowing or negligent use by paraphrase or direct quotation of the
published or unpublished work of another person without full and
clear acknowledgement or citation.
 The knowing or negligent unacknowledged use of materials prepared
by another person or by an agency engaged in selling term papers or
other academic materials.
American Psychological Association Style (APA) is one of the top
three citation styles used by editors, professors, and publishers as
an aid to preparing manuscripts in English. APA style is used in
academic writing in
 Computer science and information management
 Education
 Environmental and physical sciences
 Human, behavioral, social, and political sciences
 Linguistics
Resources for APA
 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , Sixth
Edition. ISBN: 978-1-4338-0561-5
 www.apastyle.org
 http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how -to-cite-something-youfound-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html
Contents of the APA Publication Manual
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Manuscript Structure and Content
Writing Clearly and Concisely
The Mechanics of Style
Displaying Results
Crediting Sources
Reference Examples
The Publication Process
Helpful Pages in the APA Manual
 41-59: Sample papers
 177: Table depicting how to set up parenthetical citations for
references with different numbers of authors
 193-98: Index of guidelines and examples for reference page entries
for different types of sources
 Table of Contents and Index: Use to locate the answers to all of your
questions
Setting Up Your Paper in APA Format
Papers written in APA format may include the following sections as well
as other subsections
 Title page
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 Appendices
Sample APA Title
Page
Writing an Abstract
An abstract
 Runs about 150-250 words long
 Gives the reader a brief overview of your paper
 Includes your main idea and key points
 Includes keywords
 Remember that the abstract is a preview. It exists outside of your
paper. It does not replace your introduction!
Using the APA In-Text Author-Date
Citation
Direct quotation:
Fowler (2012) contends that problem -based learning is an approach that “teachers
can use to engage their students in the process of discovery” (p. 6).
Problem-based learning is an approach that “teachers can use to engage their
students in the process of discovery” (Fowler, 2012, p. 6).
Paraphrase:
Fowler (2012) argues that problem -based learning should be the primary method of
classroom instruction (p. 11).
Summary:
Problem-based learning is the most effective method of classroom instruction
(Fowler, 2012; Smith, 2014; Turner, 2006).
Setting Off Longer Quotes
If you are using a quotation that is forty or more words, set it off from the rest of
the text as a block quote by tabbing over once, like this:
When you tab over for this longer quote, you do not use quotation marks.
Setting off the quote by tabbing the text indicates that you have just quoted
something. In a block quote, the end punctuation comes before the
parenthetical citation. (Fowler, 2012, p. 123)
Continue the paragraph by commenting on, interpreting, or connecting the quote
to your ideas here.
Changes from the Source Requiring No
Explanation
 The first letter of the first word in a quotation may be changed to an
uppercase or a lowercase letter.
 The punctuation mark at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit
the syntax.
 Single quotation marks may be changed to double quotation marks
and vice versa.
Changes From the Source Requiring Explanation
 Omitting Material: Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) within a
sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original
source. Use four points to indicate any omission between two
sentences.
 “The study found significant differences between the two groups . . . as expected”
(Hanisch, 1992, p. 30).
 Inserting Material: Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose
material such as addition or explanation inserted into a quotation.
 “when [his own or others’] behaviors were studied” ( Hanisch, 1992, p. 24)
Sample APA References Page
Sample APA References Entries
Book w ith One Author
Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency . London, England: Taylor &
Francis.
Article w ith a DOI from an Online Database
Herbst-Damm , K.L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of
terminall y ill patients. Health Psychology , 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278 -6133.24.2.225
Article w ithout a DOI from an Online Database
Sillick , T. J. &, Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self -esteem mediate between perceived
early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology , 2(2), 38-48.
Retrieved from http:// ojs .lib.s win.edu.au /index.php /ejap
Article from a Website
Smith, J. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally) [Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://freakonomics .blogs .nyti mes .com /2010/10/29/e -zpass -is -a-life -saver-literally/
The Chicago Manual of Style is used in academic writing in
 Business
 History
 Humanities
 Political science
Resources for CMS
 The Chicago Manual of Style, Sixteenth Edition. ISBN: 978 0226104201
 Chicago Manual of Style Online available through Willis Library
Contents of the CMS Publication Manual
 Part One: The Publishing Process
 Part Two: Style and Usage
 Part Three: Documentation
Helpful Sections in the CMS Manual
 14.14: Notes and bibliography—an overview
 14.18: Notes and bibliography—examples and variations
 Online: Chicago-Style Quick Citation Guide (linked on the main page
of The Chicago Manual of Style Online).
CMS Citation
 Unlike other citation styles, CMS requires the citation for each source
to appear in two locations:
 Notes: Each time a source is cited in the text, it is followed by a superscript number
that connects to either a footnote, an endnote, or both. The note includes a citation
for the source in the note format. The notes are listed in the order that the sources
are cited in the text.
 Bibliography: The bibliography, which comes at the end of the paper, includes a
slightly differently formatted citation for each source. These citations are listed in
alphabetical order.
Sample CMS Title Page
Sample CMS Paper Page with
Notes
Sample CMS Bibliography
Page
CMS Notes vs. Bibliography Entries
 Book with Single Author or Editor
First Note:
1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of
Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100.
Subsequent Note:
18. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.
Bibliography Entry:
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four
Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.
MLA style is used in academic writing in
 Cultural studies
 Humanities
 Languages
 Literature & literary criticism
 Media studies
Resource for MLA
 MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition.
ISBN: 860-1200663914
Contents of the MLA Manual
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Research and Writing
Plagiarism and Academic Integrity
The Mechanics of Writing
The Format of a Research Paper
Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited
Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text
Abbreviations
Helpful Pages in the MLA Manual
 117: Sample heading and title
 123-25: Index of works cited entry examples for different types of
sources
 Table of Contents and Index: Use to locate the answers to all of your
questions
Setting Up the First Page
in MLA Style
Using Parenthetical/ In-Text Citations in MLA
Format
Include the author and page number of the quote or paraphrase in a
parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence.
One of Amy's chief desires is "to pass in and out . . . unnoticed and
elsewhere to be overlooked and forgotten" (Dickens 290).
If the author of the citation is mentioned in the sentence, include only the
page number in the parenthetical citation.
“He was obeyed,” writes Joseph Conrad of the company manager in
Heart of Darkness, “yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even
respect” (87).
Using a Short Quote from a Poem
 If you are quoting three or fewer lines of a poem and do not want to
put special emphasis on the way the poem is set up on the page, put
it in quotation marks within your text.
 Use a slash with a space on each side to separate the lines.
 In the parenthetical citation, include the line numbers instead of the
page numbers.
Reflecting on the “incident” in Baltimore, Cullen concludes, “Of all the
things that happened there / That’s all that I remember” (11 -12).
Using a Long Quote from a Poem
 Verse quotations of more than three lines should begin on a new line.
 Unless the quotation involves unusual spacing, indent each line one inch from the left margin
and double -space between lines, adding no quotation marks that do not appear in the
original.
Elizabeth Bishop’s “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail:
It was winter. It got dark
early. The waiting room
was full of grown -up people,
arctics and overcoats,
lamps and magazines. (6 -10)
Sample MLA
Works Cited Page
Writing an MLA Works Cited Page
Book with a Single Author
Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2003. Print.
Book with Two or More Authors
Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P,
2003. Print.
A Work in an Anthology
Bordo, Susan. “The Moral Content of Nabokov’s Lolita.” Aesthetic Subjects. Ed. Pamela R. Matthews and David
McWhirter. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2003. 125-52. Print.
Article in a Scholarly Journal (Print)
Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print
Article in a Scholarly Journal (Web)
Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Academic
Search Complete. Web. 10. Feb. 2015.
When in Doubt…
 Consult the manual for your citation style! These manuals are
incredibly detailed and contain the answers to almost any question
you might have.