Unit 1: American Beginnings
Chapter 1
Three Worlds Meet
•PEOPLE MIGRATED TO NORTH AMERICA
•EUROPEANS EXPLORED
•SPAIN
•ENGLAND
•FRANCE
•HOLLAND
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LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH
AMERICA AND ASIA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
HAS BEEN DISCOVERED
THAT SHOWS THE SEA
LEVELS WERE LOWER AND
EXPOSED A LAND BRIDGE
CALLED BERINGIA BETWEEN
THE TWO CONTINENTS
ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO
EXPERTS POSTULATE
DIFFERENT EXACT ARRIVAL
DATES FOR HUMANS BUT
THE EVIDENCE INDICATES
THAT HUMANS LIVED
THROUGHOUT NORTH AND
SOUTH AMERICA BY 10,000
B.C.E.
LAND BRIDGE
ASIA
NORTH
AMERICA
PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT TO THE 1700s ON THE
NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT
GEOGRAPHY HELPED SHAPE
CULTURES AMONG THE
DIVERSE NATIVE AMERICAN
PEOPLES
IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NORTH
AMERICA, TRIBES TENDED TO
SETTLE IN ONE PLACE AND
PRACTICE AGRICULTURE
IN THE GREAT PLAINS, TRIBES
HUNTED LARGE GAME LIKE
BUFFALO AS WELL AS
CULTIVATING FOOD
IN THE EAST, TRIBES USED THE
VARIOUS WATER SOURCES FOR
TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND
FISHING AS WELL AS RAISING
CROPS
1. Olmec
2. Aztec
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3. Mayan
4. Inca
5. Hohokam &
Anasazi
6. Adena,
Hopewell,
Mississippian
Indigenous Peoples of South America
Olmecs—1st Empire in the Americas (southern Mexico)
Maya—Yucatan Peninsula. Developed a written language and a
calendar.
Aztec—Central Mexico, Present day Mexico City. Built great
cities, pyramids, and irrigation systems.
Inca—Western coast of South America. Created a highway
system.
Hohokam & Anasazi—introduced crops into the deserts of
the southwest US.
Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian—Great lakes to gulf of
Mexico. Excelled in trade and architecture. Built huge
burial mounds as big as pyramids.
IN THE MIDDLE AGES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
EXPANDED BEYOND THEIR BORDERS
AFTER THE CRUSADES
INTRODUCED EUROPE
TO THE SPICES AND
RICHES OF AFRICA AND
ASIA SEVERAL
COUNTRIES DESIRED A
MORE DIRECT ROUTE
SINCE THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE CONTROLLED
THE TRADE ROUTES AND
PRICES. SPAIN,
PORTUGAL, ENGLAND,
FRANCE, AND THE
NETHERLANDS BEGAN
SEARCHING FOR NEW
ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN.
SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT
MORE
WEALTH
EXPLORE
THE WORLD
SPREAD
CHRISTIANITY
REASONS FOR
EUROPEAN EXPANSION
EXPAND
TRADE
MORE
TERRITORY
MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION
HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO
WHAT CHANGED?
NEW TECHNOLOGY:
1543 GLOBE
COMPASS
GLOBE
RUDDER
IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN
QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE
LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)
MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES
MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS
MAP OF ROUTES
TAKEN BY
EUROPEAN
EXPLORERS
SPANISH EXPLORATION
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS,
AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR,
CONVINCED THE KING AND
QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND
AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A
WESTERN ROUTE TO THE
RICHES OF ASIA.
THE PORTUGUESE HAD
SAILED THE ROUTE
AROUND AFRICA AND
THEREFORE DOMINATED
THE EASTERN ROUTE.
AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE
WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE
THE AMERICAS.
COLUMBUS AND HIS CREW ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD”,
PROBABLY IN THE BAHAMAS. IT WAS CALLED THAT BECAUSE AT
THE TIME NO MODERN EUROPEAN NATION WAS AWARE OF THE
CONTINENT’S EXISTENCE. VIKINGS HAD EXPLORED PARTS OF
NORTH AMERICA IN THE 1000s BUT THEY DID NOT STAY.
Columbus—His discovery sparked the Age of Exploration and caused
these three worlds to come together.
Native Americans—Many cultures were destroyed by war, disease, and
genocide.
Africans—Their lives were changed forever as they began hundreds of
years of slavery.
EUROPE
RECEIVED
COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
AMERICAS
RECEIVED
FOOD
FOOD
CORN, WHITE POTATOES,
PUMPKINS, TOMATOES,
CACAO, STRAWBERRIES,
QUININE, TOBACCO
SUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS
FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE,
BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY,
OATS, WINE GRAPES
ANIMALS
ANIMALS
TURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,
RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO,
RACCOONS
HORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS,
COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS,
OXEN
DISEASES
DISEASES
SYPHILIS
SMALLPOX, MEASLES,
INFLUENZA
RELIGION
CHRISTIANITY
WEAPONS AND TOOLS
GUNS AND IRON TOOLS
Who got the better end of the deal?
SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND
COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF
MEXICO
FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF
PERU
THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO
ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR
GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT
NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING
OF MISSIONS THROUGHOUT NORTH, CENTRAL, AND
SOUTH AMERICA AS WELL AS SEVERAL CARIBBEAN
ISLANDS
GUNS, HORSES AND STEEL WERE MAJOR
CONTRIBUTORS TO SPAIN’S SUCCESS AS THEY
MADE THE SPANISH UNSTOPPABLE
Conquistadors
• Spanish word for
conqueror.
• Cortez defeated the
Aztecs with superior
weaponry, disease,
and psychology.
SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL
AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF
NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE
WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN
TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE
RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO
STAKE A CLAIM.
DISEASE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE
COLONIZER’S SUCCESS
PRIOR TO EUROPEAN ARRIVAL IT IS
ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 50
MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THE
AMERICAS
ALTHOUGH SMALLPOX, MEASLES,
AND INFLUENZA WERE WIDESPREAD
THROUGHOUT EUROPE, THE DISEASE
HAD NEVER INFESTED NORTH AND
SOUTH AMERICA
NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NO
IMMUNITY TO THESE NEW DISEASES
IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS MANY AS 90
PERCENT OF THE POPULATION WAS
WIPED OUT WITHIN 75 YEARS OF
CONTACT
ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY
INSTANCES WHERE NATIVE
AMERICANS RESISTED EUROPEAN
COLONIZATION, DISEASE
CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO
EUROPEAN DOMINANCE
AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS
EUROPEANS, IN THEIR
PUSH FOR WEALTH,
FORCED NATIVE
AMERICANS TO WORK AS
SLAVES IN MINES AND IN
SUGAR CANE FIELDS
AS THE NATIVE
POPULATION FLED AND
DIED FROM DISEASES THE
SPANIARDS LOOKED TO
AFRICA AS A LABOR
SOURCE
MOST OF THE AFRICANS
WERE FROM THE WEST
COAST OF AFRICA
SLAVES WERE TAKEN
FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN
AND SOUTH AMERICA
EVENTUALLY SLAVERY
WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH
AMERICA
MAP OF THE REGION
IN AFRICA WHERE
MOST PEOPLE WERE
TAKEN FROM
TALLY SHEET FROM AN
ACTUAL CARGO OF
SLAVES
AFRICANS
CRAMMED
ONTO A SHIP
FOR
TRANSPORT
TO BECOME
SLAVES
SLAVERY WAS AN
OLD INSTITUTION
•IT HAD BEEN PRACTICED FOR
MANY CENTURIES IN MOST
SOCIETIES THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD
•GENERALLY SLAVES WERE WAR
PRISONERS, NON-BELIEVERS OF
THE RELIGION OF THEIR
CONQUERORS, AND POOR PEOPLE
WHO INDENTURED THEMSELVES
TO GET OUT OF DEBT
•SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS
DIFFERED IN THAT EARLIER
FORMS OF SLAVERY WERE NOT
PERMANENT, INVOLVING
MULTIPLE GENERATIONS,
DENYING EDUCATION, MARRIAGE,
PARENTHOOD, AND DID NOT
DEGRADE SLAVES TO SUB-HUMAN
STATUS. IT ALSO HAD NOT BEEN
PRIMARILY RACE-BASED.
TENSION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SPAIN
ESCALATED
ENGLAND HAD TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO
COMPETE WITH THE SPANISH EMPIRE
THROUGHOUT THE 1500s
PIRACY ON THE PART OF THE ENGLISH YIELDED
GREAT PROFITS AND FRANCIS DRAKE (LATER
KNIGHTED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH I) FAMOUSLY
PLUNDERED MUCH FROM SPANISH SHIPS IN
1580
PHILIP II OF SPAIN TOOK THE “INVINCIBLE
ARMADA”, ABOUT 130 SHIPS, TO INVADE
ENGLAND IN 1588 AND WAS DEFEATED. THIS
LED TO ENGLISH DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND THE ABILITY TO EASILY
NAVIGATE THE VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA
THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW
WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY
Why did Europeans risk
everything they had to come to
the new world?
This engraving promised immigrants leisurely hunting
and fishing and abundant food in Virginia.
JAMESTOWN AND THE VIRGINIA COLONY
THE VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON RECEIVED A
CHARTER FROM KING JAMES I OF ENGLAND TO
SETTLE IN THE “NEW WORLD”. THIS MEANT THAT
THEY FUNDED THE EXPEDITION IN HOPES OF
FINDING WEALTH. THE SITE CHOSEN, ON THE
BANKS OF THE JAMES RIVER CONSISTED OF HARSH
WEATHER AND DISEASES. HUNDREDS OF THE
ORIGINAL INHABITANTS DIED FROM STARVATION,
DISEASE, AND NATIVE AMERICAN ATTACKS.
Jamestown - 1607
• King James I of
England commissioned
the Virginia Company
to explore the new
land.
Jamestown - 1607
• Lead by John Smith,
the Jamestown colony
did not fair well at first.
Jamestown - 1607
• Settlers were not
prepared for the
conditions.
• John Rolfe- cross
breed or Brazilian
tobacco and native
weeds.
• Help and hurt from the
natives
HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME
SO POPULATED SINCE CONDITIONS WERE SO
TOUGH IN VIRGINIA?
ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL FACTORS
TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF
THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN
EUROPE
LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS
THE FIRST ELECTED REPRESENTATIVE BODY IN A COLONY
WAS CREATED, THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES
RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS
LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT
COLONIES
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN
BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES
INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH
THE FRENCH
IN 1524 GIOVANNI Da VERRAZANO EXPLORED THE
ATLANTIC COAST BETWEEN FLORIDA AND
NEWFOUNDLAND AND ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS
WITH NATIVE AMERICAN FUR-TRAPPING TRIBES
IN 1534 JACQUES CARTIER SAILED THE LAWRENCE
RIVER, SOLIDIFIED THOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND
CREATED NEW ONES WITH OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN
TRIBES
ALTHOUGH THE FRENCH TRIED TO SETTLE IN
FLORIDA THEY WERE STOPPED BY THE SPANISH
INITIALLY THE FRENCH FISHED IN THE ATLANTIC
FOR COD AND SALMON BUT FUR TRADING YIELDED
BIGGER PROFITS
THE FUR TRADE NECESSITATED FEW SETTLERS AT
FIRST BUT BY THE MID 1600s THE FRENCH
CONTROLLED THE INTERIOR OF NORTH AMERICA
LOUISIANA TERRITORY
CONTROLLED BY THE FRENCH
THE DUTCH
IN 1624 THE DUTCH PURCHASED WHAT TODAY IS
THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN NEW YORK FROM
LOCAL INDIANS FOR THE EQUIVALENT OF $24. THE
DUTCH NAMED THE AREA “NEW AMSTERDAM”.
THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY ESTABLISHED
THE COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WHEN 30
FAMILIES SETTLED ALONG THE DELAWARE AND
HUDSON RIVERS AND GOVERNOR’S ISLAND.
THE DUTCH CONTROLLED THIS AREA UNTIL 1664
WHEN THE GOVERNOR SURRENDERED THE
TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH.
Slavery and the Americas
• Known as the “Middle Passage”
• Eventually slaves largely outnumbered
white colonists.
• Anthony Johnson – first slave holder in
the new world.
Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676
• Gov. Berkeley
monopolized trade with
the Native Americans
• Tensions between
Native Americans and
indentured servants hits
boiling point
– Berkeley refuses to
retaliate against natives.
Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676
• Nathaniel Bacon leads 1,000
Virginians in rebellion to
protest the poor treatment of
indentured servants.
• Rebels attacked all Native
Americans
• Burned Jamestown and
plundered city.
• Shows the strength of the
indentured servants
– Land owners begin searching
for a group of workers that
wouldn’t rebel – slaves.
The New England Colonies
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Colonies: The four original New England Colonies were :
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
People: The people who settled and lived in the New England Colonies were
from England.
Economies: Farming in the New England Colonies was difficult due to the poor
soil, cold climate and short growing season. Families in New England grew
enough food to feed their families but had to rely on manufacturing and trade to
earn livings.
Climate: The Climate in the New England colonies was colder than the other
two regions due to the northern location.
Geography: The geography of New England was mostly hills and rocky soil.
Natural Resources: The natural resources of New England were fish, whales,
trees, and furs.
Religion: The established religion of the New England Colonies was Puritan.
Religious freedom did not exist in New England.
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The
Middle
Colonies
Colonies: The Middle Colonies consisted of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and New York.
People: The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously
diverse of the thirteen original colonies because of the influence of their
Polish, English, Dutch, French and German origins.
Climate: The climate in the Middle Colonies was relatively hot. This
allowed for a longer growing season. It was warmer than its northern
counterpart New England but cooler than the Southern colonies
Geography: The geography of the middle colonies was made up of hills
and flat lands with good soil.
Natural Resources: The natural resources of the middle colonies were iron
ore and good soil.
Religion: The Middle colonists were a mixture of religions, including
Quakers (led by William Penn), Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, and others.
The Southern Colonies
• Colonies: In contrast to the New England and middle colonies were
the rural southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North and South
Carolina, and Georgia.
• People: The populations in the southern colonies were diverse and
consisted of many European nationalities.
• Climate: The climate in the southern colonies was the warmest of
the three regions and boasted the longest growing season.
• Geography: The geography of the Southern Colonies which had a
broad, coastal plain that was hilly and covered with forests.
• Natural Resources: The natural resources found in the south were
the rich farm lands, forests, and fish.
• Religion: Religion did not have a large influence on the daily lives
of southern colonists. The Southern colonists had a mixture of
religions including Baptists and Anglicans.
Escaping for religious freedom
Pilgrims
Puritans
Pilgrims - Separatists
• Wanted to completely
leave the Church
– Did not like having to
share the church with
the “damned”
Plymouth Colony
• Settled by the Pilgrims
escaping religious
persecution.
• Formed a “covenant
community” based on
their religious beliefs
– Led by William Bradford
Puritans – Mass. Bay Colony
• Wanted to ‘purify’ the
church
• Grew impatient with the
slow reformation back
in England
• Led by John Winthrop
– City Upon a Hill –
speech given on the
Mayflower – city will be a
role model for the rest of
civilization
Puritans – Political Characteristics
• No democracy
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– Only adult males owning
land and going to church
could vote. (40%)
– Church and state close
Laws criminalized
drunkenness, swearing, theft
and idleness
Taxes paid to the church
Used town hall meetings as
forms of government
Mayflower Compact - 1620
Mayflower Compact
• Social contract in
which everyone
agreed to work in
order to survive
– How is the dif. from the
southern colonies?
Salem Witch Trials
• February 1692, started
with a few Salem girls
accusing a Native
American of practicing
witchcraft
• People started accusing
each other and it led to
hysteria
• Women who were said to
be “too independent” were
accused
Great Awakening
• Attempt to revive the
declining membership
of religious faith
• Occurred first in Europe
then spread to N.A.
• Led to rapid growth of
evangelical religion like
Methodists and Baptists
Economic Characteristics
• Economies based on
shipbuilding, smallscale farming, and
trading
• NYC, Philly port towns
Government
• Proprietary Coloniesfree to govern w/o
English monarchyProprietor- owner
• Representative
Governments
– Leads to more profits
New Hampshire
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Colony: New Hampshire Colony was founded in 1623 by Captain John Mason. New
Hampshire was a planned colony. The land was granted to Mason who lived in
Hampshire County, England. He sent settlers to the new land to establish a fishing
colony.
People: The people who settled and lived in the New Hampshire Colony were from
England. The population was homogenous meaning there were not people from
other nations or religions living in New Hampshire.
Economy: The economic and social life in New Hampshire revolved around
sawmills, shipyards, merchant's warehouses, and established village and town
centers. Lumber, Fish, Masts for the Royal Navy, and Turpentine were the main
exports of the colony.
Natural Resources: The major natural resource of New Hampshire was the forests.
The timer in the region was used for masts and shipbuilding.
Religion: The dominate religion of the New England colonies was Puritan. There was
no religious freedom or tolerance.
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Massachusetts
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Massachusetts (settled in 1630)
· Great Migration: Largest single movement of people in the 17th century; tens of
thousands of Puritans
moved from England.
· John Winthrop: colony’s first governor
· “A City Upon a Hill”: Puritans hope of building a Christian society that would be a
model for the rest of the
world
· Puritan General Court
Colony was subject to English laws, but company charter provided more
independence than royal
charter in Virginia
Politics and religion tied closely together (theocracy).
Connecticut
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Connecticut (settled in 1636)
· Colony led by Thomas Hooker
o Left Massachusetts Bay because he believed governor and other officials had too
much power
o Wanted to set up colony with strict limits on government (“the father of American
democracy”)
· Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): Plan of government similar to that of
Massachusetts; two
differences:
o Gave the vote to all men who were property owners and church members; and,
o Limited the governor’s power (government more representative – more voters)
· Connecticut became a separate colony from Massachusetts
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island (settled in 1636)
· Led by Roger Williams:
o Separation of church and state: Williams believed the Puritan church in Massachusetts had too
much power and that the business of church and state would be completely separate (Puritan
leaders should not be allowed to force people to attend religious services)
o Religious Tolerance: a willingness to let others practice their own beliefs (in Massachusetts,
nonPuritans
were not allowed to worship freely)
o In 1635, General Court banished Williams from the colony
o Williams purchased land from the Native Americans for a settlement
· In Rhode Island, complete freedom of religion allowed for all Protestants, Catholics, and Jews
(Touro Synagogue, first Jewish house of worship in North America)
· Anne Hutchinson
o Brought to trial in Massachusetts for conducting church discussions in her home that challenged
church authority
o In 1638, Hutchinson went to Rhode Island along with her family and some friends
Delaware
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Delaware (founded in 1638 as New
Sweden)
· Originally founded as New Sweden, then
became English territory
· Landlocked Pennsylvania
o Duke of York gave Pennsylvania land for
access to the Atlantic Ocean and shipping to
England
· Trouble among settlers
o Trying to unite Pennsylvania with the lower
counties caused trouble among the settlers
o Eventually colony broke away and formed a
separate colony – Delaware.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (founded in 1681)
· Led by William Penn
o William Penn founded Pennsylvania as home to his religious
community – the Quakers.
o William Penn was personal friend of King Charles II until he
joined the Quakers, one of the most
despised religious groups in England.
o Although jailed several times, Penn’s wealth allowed him to
create a haven for other Quakers in
America.
· Quakers
o Group who was persecuted because their beliefs angered
English authorities.
o Beliefs included:
§ All people—wealthy or poor—were equal in the sight of God
§ Refused to take oaths
§ Women allowed to speak in meetinghouses
§ Opposed war
§ Refused to pay taxes
§ First group against slavery
· “Holy Experiment”: Penn wanted colony to be a model of
Christian living, religious freedom, and peace.
· Colony grew
o Colony attracted other settlers German
farmers
New Jersey
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New Jersey (founded in 1664)
· New York divided among friends
o Duke of York decided New York was too
big to govern easily, so he gave some of the
land to friends
· New Jersey established as proprietary
colony (colony in which king gave land to
one or more people who
were free to divide the land and rent it to
others).
· New Jersey became a royal colony (1702)
(colony under the direct control of the
English king).
New York
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I. New York (founded as New Netherland in 1624)
· Originally founded as New Netherland (Dutch)
o New Amsterdam: center of the new colony (New York City
today)
o Colony grew very slowly (compared to the New England
colonies)
§ Most Dutch people had no real reason to migrate to the
colony because their country
(Netherlands) was prosperous and tolerant of different religions
o Patroons:
§ Wealthy families who were granted large amounts of land by
Dutch officials
§ Promised to bring 50 new settlers to farm on the land
§ Powerful; they ran their large estates as they wished; they
could charge whatever rents they
pleased; people on the land had little voice in government.
· New Netherland became New York (1664)
o By 1664, rivalry between England and Netherlands for trade
and colonies reached its height; British
warships entered New Amsterdam’s harbor; New Netherland
surrendered to the British without firing
a shot
· New Amsterdam (and the colony) were renamed New York in
honor of the king’s brother, the Duke of York.
Virginia
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Virginia (founded in 1607)
· Colony founded to gain wealth and expand trade
· Colony led by John Smith
· House of Burgesses: Government of Jamestown in which male representatives
(burgesses) were elected to
make laws; marked the beginning of representative government in the English
colonies.
Maryland
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Maryland (founded in 1632)
· Colony founded for religious freedom and to profit from selling land
· Founded by English Catholics as a proprietary colony
o Lord Baltimore’s land plan: Generous land plan to attract settlers (proprietors);
settlers would receive
land for themselves + extra acres for each child and each servant with them.
· Successful colony
o Warm climate and good soil for farming
o Tobacco most profitable crop
o Potomac River made it easy to ship goods to and from England
· Conflict between Catholics and Protestants
o Although Catholics founded Maryland, a growing number of Protestants began
moving there in the
1640s. Religious conflicts between the two groups arose.
o Toleration Act (1649): Lord Baltimore issued the Toleration Act (Act Concerning
Religion) to reduce
tensions and protect both groups; guaranteed all Christians the right to worship
North Carolina
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North Carolina and South Carolina (Carolina founded as a single colony in
1663, separated in 1712)
· Carolina grew slowly
o Humid climate
o Swampy coastal land caused fever and malaria
· Roanoke Island: first attempt to colonize in America by the English; colony
disappeared
· North and South Carolina differences:
o North Carolina was settled mostly by people from Virginia looking for new farmland
to grow tobacco.
o South Carolina attracted settlers from the West Indies, England, and other parts of
Europe.
· Indigo grown: plant that produces a blue dye
· African slaves used on plantations to grow rice.
South Carolina
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Colony: The South Carolina Colony was founded in 1663 by English Colonists. The
colony was originally part of the Carolina Colony. A single government ruled the
Carolina’s until 1712 when there was a separate government established in the north.
In 1719 the Crown purchased the South Carolina territory from the absent
proprietors.
People: The population of the South Carolina Colony was diverse.
Economy: The South Carolina Colonial economy was based on Plantation
Agriculture that produced indigo, rice, tobacco, cotton, and cattle.
Religion: The diverse population of the colony brought diverse religious beliefs and
practices to the colony.
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Georgia
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Georgia (founded in 1732)
· Last North American colony established by the British
· James Oglethorpe’s mission
o James Oglethorpe started colony to give London’s men, women, and
children prisoners (owing
debts) a second chance.
· King George II
o Oglethorpe received charter from King George II for land; King wanted
buffer between South
Carolina and Spanish troops in Florida.
· Olgethorpe wanted colony to be different
o Oglethorpe did not want Georgia to have large plantations ruled by a few
wealthy individuals, so he:
§ Outlawed slavery in Georgia
§ Limited the size of land grants in Georgia