LAST WEEK for AP World Test registration! Did YOU sign up?? Checking C 25 today C 26 ques/SPICE/terms/ outline DUE Th 2/26 Unit IV timeline/chart Due M 3/9 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Kangxi 1661-1722 Qianlong 1736-1795 C 25: Africa and the Atlantic World Key Geographic Features? Pre-15th Century? Sub-Saharan Africa Swahili Coast Kingdom of Benin Mali Empire Great Zimbabwe TRADE ITEMS?? Changes/ Continuities? Pre- contact with Europeans….. • Built states based on kinship groups (Bantu speakers) • Matrilineal (Queen Nzinga r. 1623-1663, Ndongo (Angola) • Traded with Muslim merchants (in N Africa and SW Asia) • Maintained local traditional religious practices With increasingly greater contact with Europeans….. • Regional kingdoms replaced imperial states of west Africa, such as the Songhay empire (Sunni Ali) WHY did the imperial states fall? Has to do with trade……. • Swahili City states fell under Portuguese control • Extension of trade networks led to formation of regional kingdoms in central Africa and south Africa • Slave trade : GENDER RATIOS? (Portuguese traders brought textiles, weapons, advisors and artisans to Kongo: Portuguese merchants took copper, ivory and slaves-1441- first slaves to Europe (12) By 1460 = 500 slaves/ year to Azores, Canary Is, Lisbon Diet = 1518 – first shipment of slaves directly west to Caribbean Manioc led to population surge (34 South Africa: Dutch Boers million- 60 million) (Afrikaners) 1652/ wars w Zulu tribe: establish apartheid system Kingdom of Kongo Songhay Empire (Sunni Ali- Muslims) (Navy- slavery?) Ndongo (Queen Nzinga) King Afonso I of the Kongo READ giving audience to the Dutch Queen Nzinga of Ndongo with Portuguese governors Ndongo grew from small chiefdom to kingdom due to direct trade •Interest in Christianity (King Alfonso of Kongo: Letter to Portugal?) ( Dona Beatriz of Kongo? St. AnthonyPortuguese patron saint) ) and Islam increased Compare and Contrast: Slavery in Africa and Muslim World/Europe BEFORE Atlantic Slave Trade AFRICA MUSLIM WORLD/ EUROPE Compare and Contrast: Slavery in Africa and Muslim World/Europe AFRICA Slaves were war captives, criminals or expelled from clans Slaves were form of personal investment, heritable property, means of acquiring wealth- often purchased to enlarge their family (Songhay did not trust nobility- preferred slaves in positions of authority) Wealth came not from private ownership of land, but of ownership of labor to make the land productive Slaves were often assimilated into kin groups- purchased to enlarge their families No chattal slavery MUSLIM WORLD/ EUROPE Islamic slave trade well established pre 15th Century (between 8-12th C as many as 10 million Africans sold into Islamic slave trade) Portuguese learned they could steal slaves rather than purchase them beginning 1441…) Slaves as pure commodities = Triangular (Atlantic) Slave Trade Factors Factories The Middle Passage The Biggest Change: The African Slave Trade 1500-1800 The African Diaspora? (cash crops/plantations) African slave trade mostly supplied tropical Caribbean 5% went to North America Most trans-Atlantic voyages took 5 weeks Early on: 50% of cargo died As slavery became more profitable mortality fell to 5% Overall ¼ of all saves died en route Coffin Position “Tight Packers” Vs. “Loose Packers” Brazilian Sugar Mill: “Engenhos” Compare and Contrast: Slavery in Caribbean,North America and Latin America CARIBBEAN NORTH AMERICA Slaves unable to sustain their numbers by natural means (diseases/ yellow fever/ malaria/ low standard of nutrition and health Strong support here (S) for slave families (especially when the price of a new slave from Africa rose dramatically) Imported female slaves as well as male Mostly male slaves ½ of imported African slaves went to Caribbean (1/3 to Brazil) ALL: Experienced slave revolts (passive/ insurrection) specialized in some form of agricultural crop in demand which required intensive labor Motivated by profit LATIN AMERICA (according to Catholic church) owners not allowed to work their slaves on Sunday Catholic slaves were married in the church Slaves were encouraged to read and write Enjoyed a relatively higher level of esteem In the Americas… IMPACT of Slave Trade: involuntary migration of 12 million/ 4 million died en route Pre 17th Century = 2000 slaves left Africa annually 17th Century = 20,000 annually 18th Century = 55,000 annually 1780s = 88,000 annually, sometimes 100,000 The African Effects of Slave Trade in Africa? Diaspora? Economic (cash crops/plantations) Political African slave trade mostly supplied Social (Syncretic Religion?) tropical Caribbean 5% went to North America Slave Resistance? Spread of African culture/language/music Passive Resistance Revolts/Maroons End of the Slave Trade Role of Enlightenment/ American Abolition of Slave Trade= Revolution/ Abolitionists? ABOLITION 1803 Denmark (Saint Dominique 1793) th by early 17 c 1807 Great Britain (Gabriel Prosser 1800) Great Britain 1808 United States (Denmark Vesey 1822) 1845 France 1814 France 1865 United States (Nat Turner 1831) 1817 Netherlands Olaudah Equiano 1960 Angola 1835 Spain Last documented Atlantic Slave ship = 1867 to Cuba End of the Slave Trade WHY ABOLITION? ABOLITION by early 17th c Great Britain 1845 France 1865 United States 1960 Angola Abolition of Slave Trade= 1803 Denmark 1807 Great Britain 1808 United States 1814 France 1817 Netherlands 1835 Spain Last documented Atlantic Slave ship = 1867 to Cuba The slave trade ended because: 1. American and French Revolutions/ Enlightenment Ideals = suggestion of universal human right to freedom and equality 2. Frequent slave revolts = not profitable/ dangerous 3. Olaudah Equiano 4. Supply and demand = supply of sugar prices price of slaves 5. Europeans shifted focus from cash crops to manufacturing industries 6. Made more sense to leave Africans in Africa to harvest raw materials Olaudah Equiano 1745-1797) Seeking More Than Apologies for Slavery: Activists Hope Firms' Disclosure of Ties Will Lead to Reparations Wachovia revealed on June 1 2005 that one of the banks put hundreds of slaves to work on railroads and another accepted more than 100 more as collateral on defaulted loans in the 1800s. Wachovia, one of the nation's largest banks, was required by the city of Chicago to investigate its past to participate in the redevelopment of a housing project on the city's South Side. Do We Apologize for Slavery?? North Carolina Senate Passes Slavery Apology In a still chamber, North Carolina senators Thursday approved a resolution apologizing for slavery as one after another discussed how a conflict central to the American experience reverberates in their lives. (2007) Reparations?? The slavery era was a tragic time in U.S. history and in our company's history," J.P. Morgan said in a statement. The company apologized to the African-American community, to the descendants of slaves and to the public. It also announced the creation of a $5 million scholarship program for black students from Louisiana to attend college in their home state. (2004) In July 2008, the U.S. House of Representatives issued an unprecedented apology to black Americans for the institution of slavery, and the subsequent Jim Crow laws that for years discriminated against blacks as second-class citizens in American society. July 12, 2009 Post- 15th Century Trade Routes? European Contact beginning in the 15th century?