Core 2: Body in Motion
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Critical Questions
1.How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body
influence and respond to movement?
2. What is the relationship between physical fitness, training and
movement efficiency?
3. How do biomechanical principles influence movement?
Heading: How do the musculoskeletal and cardio respiratory
systems of the body influence and respond to movement.
Sub: Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: is the study of the structures of the body and their
relationships.
In anatomy, descriptions of the body assume that the body is in a specific
position, called the anatomical position.
Physiology: is the study of how the body works.
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems (Collectively known as musculoskeletal
system.)
Cont..
The body can also be divided into 3 planes:
·
>Sagittal plane – vertical plane that divides the body into left
and right
·
>Frontal plane – vertical plane that divides the body into front
and back
·
>Transverse plane – horizontal plane that divides the body into
top and bottom.
Sub: Directional Terms
When referencing the anatomy, directional terms are used to identify the location of bones.
1. Superior — towards the head; for example, the chest is superior to the hips
2. Inferior — towards the feet; for example, the foot is inferior to the leg
3. Anterior — towards the front; for example, the breast is on the anterior chest wall
4. Posterior — towards the back; for example, the backbone is posterior to the heart
5. Medial — towards the midline of the body; for example, the big toe is on the medial side of the foot
6. Lateral — towards the side of the body; for example, the little toe is on the lateral side of the foot
7. Proximal — towards the body’s mass; for example, the shoulder is proximal to the elbow
8. Distal — away from the body’s mass; for example, the elbow is distal to the
shoulder.
Heading: Functions of the Skeletal System
Support
Movement
Protection
Mineral Storage
Blood Production
Cont..
The human skeleton has 206 bones.
The arrangement of these bones enables five main functions including:
1. Support for the body, giving it shape, form and posture
2. Protection of vital organs and soft tissue
3. Assistance in body movement by providing the attachment for muscles
and being able to serve as levers
4. Manufacture of blood cells in the marrow cavities
5. Provision of a storehouse for essential minerals such as calcium and
phosphorus.
Sub: Bone make up
Bones are made up of:
·Compact bone – contains few spaces and forms the external layer of all
bones
·Spongy bone – contains marrow, which produces blood cells.
Sub: Types of Bones
There are five principal types of bones based on shape –
·long
·Short
·Flat
·Irregular
·Sesamoid
Long bones – have greater length than width and consist of a shaft; (e.g. femur, tibia,
fibula, phalanges, humerus, radius and ulna)
Short bones – are somewhat cube shaped and nearly equal in length
and width; (e.g. carpals and tarsals)
Flat bones – are generally thin and composed of two thin plates of compact
bone(e.g. cranial bones, sternum, ribs and scapula)
Irregular bones – have complex shapes; they also vary in the amount of spongy and
compact bone (e.g. vertebrae and some facial bones).
Sesamoid Bones - small bones wrapped in tendons, e.g. Patella
Sub: Axial and Apendicular Skeleton
(Highlighted in Blue) The bones of the axial skeleton lie around the axis: skull
bones, breastbone, ribs and bones of the backbone.
The appendicular skeleton contains the bones of the upper and lower limbs
plus the girdles that connect the extremities to the axial skeleton.
Bones Name: See Worksheet
Heading: Joints
·A joint is a junction of two or more bones and is commonly referred to as
an articulation. Joints allow movement to occur.
·There are three types of joints — fibrous, cartilaginous and
synovial.
Sub: Fibrous
·A joint where no movement is possible.
·Examples of this type of joint include the bones of the cranium, which
are fused in lines called sutures.
Sub: Cartilaginous
·There is no joint cavity and the bones are held together by
cartilage allowing limited movement.
Sub: Synovial
·This joint allows maximum movement.
·Most joints in the body are synovial joints; for example, the knee joint.
Cont....
The most important structures in synovial joints are;
·Joint capsule – encloses joint
·Cartilage – covers ends connecting bones
·Meniscus - inward growing cartilage that absorbs shock
·Synovial fluid – lubricates & nourishes joint
·Bursa – small sacs located at friction points
·Tendons - attach muscle to bone
·Ligaments- attach bone to bone
Sub: Types of Synovial Joints
Paste in sheet provided
Carpals, Tarsals,
Vertebrae
Wrist
Heading: Joint Actions
Actions Cont...
Video Overview
Click Picture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-67ImpqAaUA