Oracle 9i
Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Start and exit SQL Plus (General)
Start and exit SQL Plus (Tah 1006)
Syntax
Create a new user
Create a new table
Enter data into a new table
Export & import data
Start and Exit SQL Plus
• Start SQL Plus
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Start
Select Program
Select Oracle-ORACLE_9i
Select Application Development
Select SQL Plus
Enter your name for User Name (system)
Enter Enter your password for Password (manager)
• Exit SQL Plus
– Type exit at SQL prompt
Start and Exit SQL Plus (Tah 1006)
• Start Database
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Start the computer
Wait for couple minutes
Select Oracle-XP_SP1
Press Enter for password (no password is needed)
Double clicks the SQL Plus icon
Enter your name for User Name (system)
Enter your password for Password (manager)
• Exit SQL Plus
– Type exit at SQL prompt
– Close the database window
Syntax - General
• Use semicolon (;) to terminate a statement
• SQL is not case-sensitive
• SQL statement can be entered into several
lines
• Use comma (,) to separate attributes
• Use a pair of single quotes (‘) for any
character string
• Use a pair of double quotes (‘’) for a single
‘ character string
Syntax - General
• Use percentage sign (%) for a group of wildcard
characters
• Use underscore (_) for one wildcard character
• Escape character
– Select…from….where city like ‘%s/_f%’ escape ‘/’;
– Underscore _ after / will be interpreted as a regular
meaning
• Subquery must be enclosed in a pair of
parentheses
Syntax - Name
• Table name or attribute name limited to 30
characters (characters, number, special
symbols $, _, and #)
• Name has to begin with a character
• No blank
• Not case sensitive
• No reserved word
Syntax - Data Types
• Characters
–
–
–
–
Varchar2(n): max 4,000 characters (ASCII, 8-digit)
Char(n): max 2,000 characters (ASCII, 8-digit)
Nvarchar2(n): as char (Unicode, 16-digit)
Nchar(n): as char (Unicode, 16-digit)
• Numbers
– Integer: number(n)
– Fixed-point: number(5,2), 999.99
– Floating-point: number
Syntax - Data Types
• Date
– Date:DD-MMM-YY HH:MI:SS
– Timestamp(fractional seconds precision) with 6
as default value
• Large object (LOB): max 4 gigabytes for
digitized sounds, images, and binary files
(BLOB, CLOB, BFILE, NCLOB)
Syntax - Editor
• L or LIST - displays most current SQL
statements from buffer
• Line number - changes the current line
number to the entered line number and
shows the listed line number
• LIST line number or nn nn - show the
indicated line number text or between the
nn and nn
Syntax - Editor
• A or APPEND text - adds the entered text to the
end of the current line
• I or INPUT text – create a new line after the
current line
• C or CHANG/old text/new text/ - replaces an
existing text string (old text) in the line with a new
text string (new text)
• DEL or DELETE - deletes the current line
• START filename – execute the contents of the
SQL Plus command file
Syntax - Editor
• SAVE file name - saves the most current
SQL statements to a file (filename.sql)
• GET file name - retrieves SQL statements
from the file name (filename.sql)
• R or / - runs the most current statements
• SPOOL file name - saves SQL statements,
its query, and other results to a file
• SPOOL OFF - terminates SPOOL
Spool File - Menu
• SPOOL file
–
–
–
–
–
–
Select File
Select Spool
Select Spool file
Type drive (such as a:)
Type file name (such as f1)
Select spool file (*.lst)
• SPOOL off
– File
– Spool
– Spool off
Save File Menu
• Select File
• Select Save
– Select Create to create a *.sql file
– Select Replace to replace a *.sql file
– Select Append to append a *.sql file
Syntax - View Table Structure
• View all of the tables
– SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES;
– SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM ALL_TABLES;
• View field definitions of a table
– DESCRIBE table name
– DESCRIBE student;
• View all the constraints of a table
–
SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME, TABLE_NAME,
CONSTRAINT_TYPE
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS;
– SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME, CONSTRAINT_TYPE
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = ‘student’;
Oracle Constraint Type Identifier
•
•
•
•
•
Primary key: p
Foreign key: r
Check condition: c
Not null: n
Unique: u
Error Message
• Type http://otn.oracle.com for the Internet
address
• Click ‘Search’
• Check ‘Oracle Technology Network
Documentation’ box
• Type ‘ORA-error messages’ in the search
field
• Click ‘Search icon’
Create A New Table
• CREATE TABLE student
(stuid char(5) NOT NULL,
stuname char(10),
major char(10),
credit number(3),
CONSTRAINT pkstudent PRIMARY KEY
(stuid));
Create A New Table
• CREATE TABLE faculty
(facid char(5) NOT NULL,
facname char(10),
dept char(10),
rank char(10)
check (rank in (‘F’,’Aso’, ‘Ast’)),
CONSTRAINT pkfaculty PRIMARY
KEY (facid));
Create A New Table
• CREATE TABLE class
(course# char(5) NOT NULL,
facid char(5),
sched char(10),
room char(10),
CONSTRAINT pkclass PRIMARY KEY
(course#),
CONSTRAINT fkclassfaculty
FOREIGN KEY (facid)
REFERENCES faculty
(facid));
Create A New Table
• CREATE TABLE enrollment
(course# char(5) NOT NULL,
stuid char(5) NOT NULL,
grade char(10),
CONSTRAINT pkenroll PRIMARY KEY
(course#, stuid),
CONSTRAINT fkenrollclass
FOREIGN KEY (course#)
REFERENCES class (course#),
CONSTRAINT fkenrollstudent
FOREIGN KEY (stuid)
REFERENCES student (stuid));
Create A New User
• CREATE USER username IDENTIFIED BY
password
– CREATE USER tsai IDENTIFIED BY tsai
• GRANT privilege1, privilege2,…TO username or
role name
– GRANT CREATE USER, CREATE TABLE, DROP
TABLE TO tsai (current user’s schema – user level)
• GRANT role name TO username
– GRANT DBA TO tsai (any user’s schema –DBA level)
Delete An User
• REVOKE privilege FROM role name
– REVOKE CREATE USER form tsai
• REVOKE role name FROM username
– REVOKE DBA from tsai
Input Data Into A Table
• The ampersand (&) signal the SQL compiler to
prompt the user for a value that is then substituted
into the query
• &prompt_variable is the name of the attribute for
which the user is prompted to specify a value
• Example
INSERT INTO student VALUES
(&stuid, &stuname, &major, &credit);
Load Data Into A Table
•
Tsaitest.dat file contains
11111,Ching,MIS,100
22222,Anderson,MIS,200
33333,Martin,ACT,300
•
Tsaitest.ctl contains
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
LOAD DATA
INFILE ‘tsaitest.dat’
APPEND
INTO TABLE student
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ‘,’
(stuid, stuname, major, credit)
The following command should be issued in command line
– SQLLDR USERID=tsai/tsai CONTROL= tsaitest.ctl LOG=tsaitest.LOG
•
Tsaitest.dat, tsaitest.ctl, and tsaitest.log have to be in the same directory such
as C:
Export Data
• Program
• MS-DOS Prompt
• Type exp user name/password (such as exp
nancy/nancy)
• Specify export file (such as a:extf1.dmp
where a: is the drive)
• Answer the questions to execute the expert
program
Import Data
• Program
• MS-DOS Prompt
• Type imp user name/password (such as imp
nancy/nancy)
• Specify Import file name (such as
a:extf1.dmp)
• Answer the questions to execute the import
program
Process for Oracle Homework
• Use notepad to prepare the sql codes for creating
tables, data, problems, and control files
• Save each control file in an individual file
• Save each table data in an individual file
• Use copy and paste to move the sql codes of create
table from notepad to oracle then press / to run
• Copy 4 data files and control files in the root of C
drive
Process for Oracle Homework
• Type four sqlldr statements at C:> to load the data
into the tables (one at the time)
• Use copy and paste to move the sql codes of
problem from notepad to oracle then press / to run
• Use save command to store the solution
• Use spool to save every problem together
• Use get command to get the saved solution and
press / to run
• Use spool off to turn off the spooling
• Use Word to print the saved spool file
Process for Oracle Homework
• Use Imp and exp to import and export
records and tables