Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Preview
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Objectives
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature
Relationship
• The Combined Gas Law
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Objectives
• Use the kinetic-molecular theory to explain the
relationships between gas volume, temperature and
pressure.
• Use Boyle’s law to calculate volume-pressure changes
at constant temperature.
• Use Charles’s law to calculate volume-temperature
changes at constant pressure.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Objectives, continued
• Use Gay-Lussac’s law to calculate pressuretemperature changes at constant volume.
• Use the combined gas law to calculate volumetemperature-pressure changes.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
• Robert Boyle discovered that doubling the pressure
on a sample of gas at constant temperature reduces
its volume by one-half.
• This is explained by the kinetic-molecular theory:
• The pressure of a gas is caused by moving molecules
hitting the container walls.
• If the volume of a gas is decreased, more collisions will
occur, and the pressure will therefore increase.
• Likewise, if the volume of a gas is increased, less
collisions will occur, and the pressure will decrease.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
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•Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
• Boyle’s Law states that
the volume of a fixed
mass of gas varies
inversely with the
pressure at constant
temperature.
• Plotting the values of
volume versus pressure
for a gas at constant
temperature gives a
curve like that shown at
right.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
• Mathematically, Boyle’s law can be expressed as:
PV = k
• P is the pressure, V is the volume, and k is a
constant. Since P and V vary inversely, their product
is a constant.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship,
continued
• Because two quantities that are equal to the same
thing are equal to each other, Boyle’s law can also
be expressed as:
P1V1 = P2V2
• P1 and V1 represent initial conditions, and P2 and
V2 represent another set of conditions.
• Given three of the four values P1, V1, P2, and V2,
you can use this equation to calculate the fourth
value for a system at constant temperature.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Equation for Boyle’s Law
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Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship,
continued
Sample Problem C
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.0 mL
when its pressure is 0.947 atm.
What will the volume of the gas be at a pressure of
0.987 atm if the temperature remains constant?
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship,
continued
Sample Problem C Solution
Given:V1 of O2 = 150.0 mL
P1 of O2 = 0.947 atm
P2 of O2 = 0.987 atm
Unknown: V2 of O2 in mL
Solution:
Rearrange the equation for Boyle’s law (P1V1 = P2V2) to obtain V2.
PV
V2  1 1
P2
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship,
continued
Sample Problem C Solution, continued
Substitute the given values of P1, V1, and P2 into the equation to
obtain the final volume, V2:
PV
(0.947 atm)(150.0 mL O2 )
1 1
V2 

 144 mL O2
P2
0.987 atm
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
• If pressure is constant, gases expand when heated.
• When the temperature increases, the volume of a
fixed number of gas molecules must increase if
the pressure is to stay constant.
• At the higher temperature, the gas molecules
move faster. They collide with the walls of the
container more frequently and with more
force.
• The volume of a flexible container must then
increase in order for the pressure to remain
the same.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law
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•Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
• The quantitative relationship between volume and
temperature was discovered by the French scientist
Jacques Charles in 1787.
• Charles found that the volume changes by 1/273 of the
original volume for each Celsius degree, at constant
pressure and at an initial temperature of 0°C.
• The temperature –273.15°C is referred to as absolute
zero, and is given a value of zero in the Kelvin
temperature scale. The relationship between the two
temperature scales is K = 273.15 + °C.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Absolute Zero
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Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship,
continued
• Charles’s law states
that the volume of a fixed
mass of gas at constant
pressure varies directly
with the Kelvin
temperature.
• Gas volume and Kelvin
temperature are directly
proportional to each other
at constant pressure, as
shown at right.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
• Mathematically, Charles’s law can be expressed as:
V
V  kT or
k
T
• V is the volume, T is the Kelvin temperature, and
k is a constant. The ratio V/T for any set of volumetemperature values always equals the same k.
• This equation reflects the fact that volume and
temperature are directly proportional to each other
at constant pressure.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
• The form of Charles’s law that can be applied directly
to most volume-temperature gas problems is:
V1 V2

T1 T2
• V1 and T1 represent initial conditions, and V2 and T2
represent another set of conditions.
• Given three of the four values V1, T1, V2, and T2, you
can use this equation to calculate the fourth value for
a system at constant pressure.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Equation for Charles’s Law
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Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
Sample Problem D
A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 752 mL at
25°C. What volume will the gas occupy at 50°C if the
pressure remains constant?
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
Sample Problem D Solution
Given: V1 of Ne = 752 mL
T1 of Ne = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 of Ne = 50°C + 273 = 323 K
Unknown: V2 of Ne in mL
Solution:
Rearrange the equation for Charles’s law  V1
V1T2
V2 
T1
V2  to obtain V2.
  
 T1 T2 
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
Sample Problem D Solution, continued
Substitute the given values of V1, T1, and T2 into the equation to
obtain the final volume, V2:
V1T2 (752 mL Ne)(323 K)
V2 

 815 mL Ne
T1
298 K
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature
Relationship
• At constant volume, the pressure of a gas increases
with increasing temperature.
• Gas pressure is the result of collisions of
molecules with container walls.
• The energy and frequency of collisions depend
on the average kinetic energy of molecules.
• Because the Kelvin temperature depends directly
on average kinetic energy, pressure is directly
proportional to Kelvin temperature.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law
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•Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature
Relationship, continued
• Gay-Lussac’s law
states that the pressure
of a fixed mass of gas at
constant volume varies
directly with the Kelvin
temperature.
• This law is named after
Joseph Gay-Lussac,
who discovered it in
1802.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature
Relationship, continued
• Mathematically, Gay-Lussac’s law can be expressed
as:
P  kT or
P
k
T
• P is the pressure, T is the Kelvin temperature, and
k is a constant. The ratio P/T for any set of volumetemperature values always equals the same k.
• This equation reflects the fact that pressure and
temperature are directly proportional to each other
at constant volume.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure-Temperature
Relationship, continued
• The form of Gay-Lussac’s law that can be applied
directly to most pressure-temperature gas problems is:
P1 P2

T1 T2
• P1 and T1 represent initial conditions, and P2 and T2
represent another set of conditions.
• Given three of the four values P1, T1, P2, and T2, you
can use this equation to calculate the fourth value for
a system at constant pressure.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
Sample Problem E
The gas in a container is at a pressure of 3.00 atm at
25°C. Directions on the container warn the user not to
keep it in a place where the temperature exceeds 52°C.
What would the gas pressure in the container be at
52°C?
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
Sample Problem E Solution
Given: P1 of gas = 3.00 atm
T1 of gas = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 of gas = 52°C + 273 = 325 K
Unknown: P2 of gas in atm
Solution:

Rearrange the equation for Gay-Lussac’s law P1

to obtain V2.
T
PT
P2  1 2
T1

1
P2 
 
T2 
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Volume-Temperature
Relationship, continued
Sample Problem E Solution, continued
Substitute the given values of P1, T1, and T2 into the
equation to obtain the final volume, P2:
V1T2 (3.00 atm)(325 K)
V2 

 3.27 atm
T1
298 K
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Summary of the Basic Gas Laws
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
The Combined Gas Law
• Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law can
be combined into a single equation that can be used
for situations in which temperature, pressure, and
volume, all vary at the same time.
• The combined gas law expresses the relationship
between pressure, volume, and temperature of a
fixed amount of gas. It can be expressed as follows:
PV
k
T
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Equation for the Combined Gas Law
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Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
The Combined Gas Law, continued
• The combined gas law can also be written as follows.
PV
P2V2
1 1

T1
T2
• The subscripts 1 and 2 represent two different sets of
conditions. As in Charles’s law and Gay-Lussac’s law,
T represents Kelvin temperature.
• Each of the gas laws can be obtained from the
combined gas law when the proper variable is
kept constant.
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
Combined Gas Law
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•Visual Concept
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
The Combined Gas Law, continued
Sample Problem F
A helium-filled balloon has a volume of 50.0 L at 25°C
and 1.08 atm. What volume will it have at 0.855 atm and
10.0°C?
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
The Combined Gas Law, continued
Sample Problem F Solution
Given: V1 of He = 50.0 L
T1 of He = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 of He = 10°C + 273 = 283 K
P1 of He = 1.08 atm
P2 of He = 0.855 atm
Unknown: V2 of He in L
Chapter 11
Section 2 The Gas Laws
The Combined Gas Law, continued
Sample Problem F Solution, continued
Solution:
Rearrange the equation for the combined gas law
to obtain V2.
 PV
P2V2 
PV
1 1
1 1T2
V2 



P2T1
T
T
 1
2 
Substitute the given values of P1, T1, and T2 into the equation to
obtain the final volume, P2:
V2 
PV
(1.08 atm)(50.0 L He)(283 K)
1 1T2

 60.0 L He
P2T1
(0.855 atm)(298 K)