Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.1
Reproduction and
Development of the Human
Reproductive Systems
Fetal development
• SRY gene is present
– 7th week of development male sex organs begin to
development
• No SRY gene
– 8th week of development female sex organs begin
development
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.2
Male Reproductive
System Anatomy
and Physiology
Male Reproductive Anatomy
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Male Reproductive Anatomy
• scrotum and testes
– sperm production
• mature in epididymis
• penis
– delivers sperm
– contains erectile tissue
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Male Reproductive Anatomy
• ducts
– ductus deferens
– ejaculatory duct
• accessory glands and semen
– seminal glands
– prostate gland
– bulbourethral glands
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Male Reproductive Physiology
• sperm formation
– spermatogenesis
– begins at puberty, ends…@DEATH
• sexual response
– Erection-erectile tissue filled with blood
– Ejaculation- propulsion of semen
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Sperm Cell
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.3
Female Reproductive
System Anatomy and
Physiology
Female Reproductive System Anatomy
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Female Reproductive System Anatomy
• ovaries
– oocyte
• egg cell
– ovulation
• release of egg from ovary
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Female Reproductive System Anatomy
• ducts
– uterine tubes
• connect ovary to uterus
• uterus–womb
– endometrium
– cervix
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Female Reproductive System Anatomy
• vagina
– birth canal
• external genitalia
– labia
– clitoris
• mammary glands
– lactation
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Oogenesis
•
•
•
•
oocyte production process
begins before birth
primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
– polar bodies
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The Female Sexual Cycle
• menstrual cycle
• ovarian cycle
– maturation and release of oocyte
– Days 1-14
• uterine cycle
– uterus readies for implantation
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The Ovarian Cycle
• Follicular phase
• primary follicle
– pituitary gland releases FSH and LH
– ovulation
• Luteal phase
– Secretes LH
– Corpus Luteum
– disintegrates after
10 days (if no
fertilization)
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The Uterine Cycle
• menstrual phase
– days 1-5; endometrium breaks down and sheds
• proliferative phase
– days leading to ovulation; endometrium grows back
• secretory phase
– Ovulationendometrium prepares to nourish embryo
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.4
Fertilization,
Pregnancy, and
Birth
Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth
1.
2.
3.
4.
fertilization of oocyte
pregnancy
childbirth
lactation
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Fertilization of the Oocyte
• journey of sperm
– vagina, uterus, uterine tube
– capacitation can take 10 hours
• sperm penetration
– zona pellucida
– acrosomal enzymes
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Fertilization of the Oocyte
• only 1 sperm is required for
fertilization
– more than 1 = death of oocyte
– chemistry of zona pellucida
changes after sperm entry
• Sperm entry, completion of
meiosis and fertilization
– Contact with ZP activates
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Acrosomal enzymes
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Pregnancy
• lasts approximately 265 days
– (if by last period, 9 months-1 week or 280 days)
• from fertilization to implantation
• development of placenta, embryo, and fetus
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From Fertilization to Implantation
• cell stages
– Zygote- fertilized egg, less than 16 cells
– Morula- solid ball,16 cells
– Blastocyst- sheds zona pellucida, enters uterine
cavity, fluid-filled cavity, develops trophoblast
• implantation
– Day 15 of uterine cycle; blastocyst binds to
endometrium
– High hCG retains endometrium
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From Fertilization to Implantation
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Development of Placenta, Embryo,
and Fetus
• Embryo
– Implantation-8 weeks
• Fetus
– 8+ weeks of
development
• Placenta
– supplies nutrients to
embryo and fetus
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Childbirth
• Parturition = birth; prostaglandins from placenta
stimulate contractions
– Contractions last1 min every 2-3 minutes
• oxytocin
• stages of labor
– Dilation- full is 10 cm
– Expulsion- full dilation  delivery
– delivery of placenta
• Detaches from uterine wall
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Lactation
• production of breast milk
• activation of milk-producing cells
– prolactin
• delivery of milk through ducts to nipple
– oxytocin
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.5
Disorders and Diseases of
the Reproductive System
Infertility
• male infertility
– low sperm count
– erectile dysfunction
• female infertility
– failure to ovulate
– inability of egg to reach uterine tube
– lack of implantation
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Infertility
• treatment for infertility
– lifestyle changes
– drugs to induce ovulation
– surgery to correct anatomical issues
• in vitro fertilization
– oocyte and sperm combined outside mother’s body
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Cancers of the Reproductive System
• prostate cancer
– PSA test
• cancers of the female reproductive tract
–
–
–
–
uterine cancer
ovarian cancer
cervical cancer
breast cancer
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