HOLT
World History
CHAPTER 1
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Emergence of Civilization
Section 1: Prehistoric Peoples
Section 2: The Foundations of Civilization
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Prehistoric Peoples
Objectives:
 How do anthropologists, historians, and
geographers study prehistory?
 What were the achievements of Neanderthal and
Cro-Magnon peoples?
 What important changes did the Neolithic
agricultural revolution cause?
2
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Prehistoric Peoples
Exploring Prehistory
 Scientific methods – ex. hominids
 Studying artifacts – culture
 Limited evidence – educated guesses
 Major discoveries – Johanson and Leakey
 Stone Age
3
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Prehistoric Peoples
Early Humans
 The first people – Hunted, migrated; 100,000 to 400,000
years ago Homo sapiens appeared
 The Ice Age – Periods of very cold weather occurred over
many years
 Neanderthals – Homo sapiens who buried their dead,
believed in afterlife
 Cro-Magnons – Made tools and art, lived in many areas
4
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Prehistoric Peoples
The Agricultural Revolution
 Middle Stone Age
 New Stone Age
 Nomads began to settle, developed agricultural,
domestication of animals
 Societies changed from hunter-gatherers, social
roles changed, cities developed
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of Civilization
Objectives:
 What three main characteristics are shared by
civilizations?
 What two other characteristics may be shared by
civilizations?
 What other characteristics and achievements
marked the first river valley civilizations?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of Civilization
Characteristics of a Civilization
 Surplus food and irrigation
 Cities and government
 Division of labor – artisans, merchants, traders
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of Civilization
Other Characteristics
 Developing a calendar
 Inventing writing – around 3000 B.C.
8
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of Civilization
The River Valley Civilizations
 The use of metals – copper, tin, bronze, iron
 Family and religion
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON