Chapter 3: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity
You’re one of a kind
‘had to be
there.
Evolve
Designer Genes
Cats ‘n Dogs
100
1. Identical twins develop from:
•
•
•
•
A) a single egg and two sperms.
B) two eggs and a single sperm.
C) a single egg and a single sperm.
D) two eggs and two sperms.
2. A spiraling, complex molecule
containing genes is called:
•
•
•
•
A) DNA.
B) a chromosome.
C) a genome.
D) a gene complex.
3. In adoption studies, scientists
have found:
• A) adopted children have personalities closer
to the parents who raised them.
• B) adopted children have personalities closer
to the other children they were raised with.
• C) adopted children have personalities shaped
predominantly from their environments.
• D) adopted children have personalities
closer to their biological parents.
4. Mitch was extremely emotionally
inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and
at age 6 continued to be very shy. This
illustrates the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) parenting styles.
B) temperament.
C) chromosomal matching.
D) early trauma on later behavior.
5. Based on research about human
behavior, the conclusion your text
makes is:
• A) heredity is much more important.
• B) the environment is much more
important.
• C) the interaction of heredity and
environment is more accurate.
• D) our personalities are determined
before birth.
6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut
successfully:
• A) cloned a sheep that lived to
adulthood.
• B) mapped the human genome.
• C) domesticated wild foxes by selective
mating.
• D) created the first “hybrid” of a plant
and an animal combination.
7. According to Richard Lewontin, a
noted geneticist, if there was a world
catastrophe and only Kenyans survived:
• A) there would be an irretrievable loss of
human diversity.
• B) there would be a trivial reduction in
human diversity.
• C) the human race would evolve to a very
unusual form.
• D) future humans would be unable to
deal with colder climates.
8. “Nature selects behaviors
that increase the likelihood of sending
one’s genes into the future,” would be a
fundamental statement made by:
•
•
•
•
A) evolutionary psychology.
B) fundamental psychology.
C) functional psychology.
D) environmental psychology.
9. A major criticism of scientists
against evolutionary psychology is:
• A) people did not evolve from monkeys.
• B) the bible gives the true origin of
humans.
• C) interpretations are “far-fetched”.
• D) their theories start with an effect and
work backwards to propose an
explanation.
10. In studying worldwide mating
preferences, researchers have
found that, in 37 countries:
• A) men prefer thinner women.
• B) women prefer mates with wealth and
status.
• C) mating preferences differed
according to cultural norms.
• D) women are marrying younger than
ever before.
11. Rats raised in more stimulating
environments resulted in:
• A) “talented” rats who could count
to ten.
• B) happier and more sociable rats.
• C) larger brains and more synaptic
connections.
• D) increased sexual activity.
12. Shared environmental
influences account for ___ of
children’s personality differences.
•
•
•
•
A) less than 10 percent.
B) about 50 percent.
C) about 25 percent.
D) more than 50 percent.
13. Environmental influences in
childhood are more likely to affect
___ in adoptive children.
•
•
•
•
A) temperament
B) political attitudes
C) sexual preference
D) extraversion
14. When asked about her son’s
shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh,
he will grow out of it.” You know that:
• A) she is probably right.
• B) shyness is a lasting trait of
temperament.
• C) he was probably traumatized.
• D) he probably learned this from
modeling one of his parents.
15. Children who grow up hearing one
accent of speech at home and a different
one from their peers:
• A) do not develop accents.
• B) develop accents similar to their
parents.
• C) develop accents similar to their
peers.
• D) has no relation to their own
speech.
16. Each cultural group evolves its
own rules for expected and
accepted behavior called:
•
•
•
•
A) folkways.
B) unspoken rules.
C) etiquette.
D) norms.
17. Of all the cultures listed, choose
the one below that prefers the
greatest amount of personal space.
•
•
•
•
A) Arabs
B) British
C) French
D) Mexican
18. Frank was born with birth defects
because his mother used drugs while
she was pregnant with him. This
illustrates the harmful influence of:
•
•
•
•
A) genetic coding.
B) natural selection.
C) prenatal environments.
D) inadequate parenting.
19. Identical twins can differ in their
development before they are born in
cases of:
•
•
•
•
A) genetic mutations.
B) two placentas.
C) different fathers.
D) alcohol abuse.
20. If a teenager is beginning to use
drugs, it is most likely the result of:
•
•
•
•
A) misinformation.
B) poor parenting.
C) peer pressure.
D) cultural influences.
21. Boys usually play ____ and girls
usually play ____.
•
•
•
•
A) socially; aggressively
B) aggressively; competitively
C) with one friend; in large groups
D) large groups with an activity;
with one friend
22. When dealing with stress, women
are more often likely to:
•
•
•
•
A) have emotional breakdowns.
B) turn to others for support.
C) become aggressive.
D) run away.
23. When a female fetus is exposed
to too much testosterone, the result
is most often:
• A) she will be more “tomboyish” until
puberty.
• B) she will grow up to be a lesbian.
• C) she will think of herself as a boy
trapped in a girl’s body.
• D) all of the above.
24: A set of expectations about the way
men and women should behave are:
•
•
•
•
A) cultural norms.
B) gender identity.
C) male-female constructs.
D) gender roles.
25. According to ___, children learn
gender-linked behaviors by observing
and imitating or by being reinforced.
•
•
•
•
A) behavioral theory
B) gender schema theory
C) social learning theory
D) cultural determinism theory
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. Identical twins develop from:
•
•
•
•
A) a single egg and two sperms.
B) two eggs and a single sperm.
C) a single egg and a single sperm.
D) two eggs and two sperms.
97
2. A spiraling, complex molecule
containing genes is called:
•
•
•
•
A) DNA.
B) a chromosome.
C) a genome.
D) a gene complex.
96
3. In adoption studies, scientists
have found:
• A) adopted children have personalities closer
to the parents who raised them.
• B) adopted children have personalities closer
to the other children they were raised with.
• C) adopted children have personalities shaped
predominantly from their environments.
• D) adopted children have personalities
closer to their biological parents.
100
4. Mitch was extremely emotionally
inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and
at age 6 continued to be very shy. This
illustrates the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) parenting styles.
B) temperament.
C) chromosomal matching.
D) early trauma on later behavior.
102
5. Based on research about human
behavior, the conclusion your text
makes is:
• A) heredity is much more important.
• B) the environment is much more
important.
• C) the interaction of heredity and
environment is more accurate.
• D) our personalities are determined
before birth.
105
6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut
successfully:
• A) cloned a sheep that lived to
adulthood.
• B) mapped the human genome.
• C) domesticated wild foxes by
selective mating.
• D) created the first “hybrid” of a plant
and an animal combination.
108
7. According to Richard Lewontin, a
noted geneticist, if there was a world
catastrophe and only Kenyans survived:
• A) there would be an irretrievable loss of
human diversity.
• B) there would be a trivial reduction in
human diversity.
• C) the human race would evolve to a very
unusual form.
• D) future humans would be unable to
deal with colder climates.
109
8. “Nature selects behaviors
that increase the likelihood of
sending one’s genes into the future,”
would be a fundamental statement
made by:
•
•
•
•
A) evolutionary psychology.
B) fundamental psychology.
C) functional psychology.
D) environmental psychology.
111
9. A major criticism of scientists
against evolutionary psychology is:
• A) people did not evolve from monkeys.
• B) the bible gives the true origin of
humans.
• C) interpretations are “far-fetched”.
• D) their theories start with an effect
and work backwards to propose an
explanation.
112
10. In studying worldwide mating
preferences, researchers have
found that, in 37 countries:
• A) men prefer thinner women.
• B) women prefer mates with wealth
and status.
• C) mating preferences differed
according to cultural norms.
• D) women are marrying younger than
ever before.
111
11. Rats raised in more stimulating
environments resulted in:
• A) “talented” rats who could count
to ten.
• B) happier and more sociable rats.
• C) larger brains and more
synaptic connections.
• D) increased sexual activity.
115
12. Shared environmental
influences account for ___ of
children’s personality differences.
•
•
•
•
A) less than 10 percent.
B) about 50 percent.
C) about 25 percent.
D) more than 50 percent.
117
13. Environmental influences in
childhood are more likely to affect
___ in adoptive children.
•
•
•
•
A) temperament
B) political attitudes
C) sexual preference
D) extraversion
117
14. When asked about her son’s
shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh,
he will grow out of it.” You know that:
• A) she is probably right.
• B) shyness is a lasting trait of
temperament.
• C) he was probably traumatized.
• D) he probably learned this from
modeling one of his parents.
102
15. Children who grow up hearing one
accent of speech at home and a different
one from their peers:
• A) do not develop accents.
• B) develop accents similar to their
parents.
• C) develop accents similar to their
peers.
• D) has no relation to their own
speech.
117
16. Each cultural group evolves its
own rules for expected and accepted
behavior called:
•
•
•
•
A) folkways.
B) unspoken rules.
C) etiquette.
D) norms.
120
17. Of all the cultures listed, choose the
one below that prefers the greatest
amount of personal space.
•
•
•
•
A) Arabs
B) British
C) French
D) Mexican
120
18. Frank was born with birth defects
because his mother used drugs while
she was pregnant with him. This
illustrates the harmful influence of:
•
•
•
•
A) genetic coding.
B) natural selection.
C) prenatal environments.
D) inadequate parenting.
114
19. Identical twins can differ in their
development before they are born in
cases of:
•
•
•
•
A) genetic mutations.
B) two placentas.
C) different fathers.
D) alcohol abuse.
114
20. If a teenager is beginning to use
drugs, it is most likely the result of:
•
•
•
•
A) misinformation.
B) poor parenting.
C) peer pressure.
D) cultural influences.
118
21. Boys usually play ____ and girls
usually play ____.
•
•
•
•
A) socially; aggressively
B) aggressively; competitively
C) with one friend; in large groups
D) large groups with an activity;
with one friend
128
22. When dealing with stress, women
are more often likely to:
•
•
•
•
A) have emotional breakdowns.
B) turn to others for support.
C) become aggressive.
D) run away.
129
23. When a female fetus is exposed to
too much testosterone, the result is
most often:
• A) she will be more “tomboyish” until
puberty.
• B) she will grow up to be a lesbian.
• C) she will think of herself as a boy
trapped in a girl’s body.
• D) all of the above.
130
24: A set of expectations about the way
men and women should behave are:
•
•
•
•
A) cultural norms.
B) gender identity.
C) male-female constructs.
D) gender roles.
131
25. According to ___, children learn
gender-linked behaviors by observing
and imitating or by being reinforced.
•
•
•
•
A) behavioral theory
B) gender schema theory
C) social learning theory
D) cultural determinism theory
132
Answers
1.
C
9.
D
17.
B
2.
A
10.
B
18.
C
3.
D
11.
C
19.
B
4.
B
12.
A
20.
C
5.
C
13.
B
21.
D
6.
C
14.
B
22.
B
7.
B
15.
C
23.
A
8.
A
16.
D
24.
D
25.
C