ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The RYA thank the publishers of the Macmillan Almanac and the United
Kingdom Hydrographic Office for their kind permission to reprint some
tables and diagrams contained in these slides.
Slides compiled by
Jan & Michael Collings of Longbow Sail Training and Alison Noice.
COPYRIGHT
The information contained in slides 29, 30, 31 and 79 of this product is
reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery
Office and the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office.
It may not be sold, either whole or in part, reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without prior permission of the Crown.
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
RYA NATIONAL CRUISING SCHEME
TEACHING SLIDES FOR THEORY COURSES
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
RYA NATIONAL CRUISING SCHEME
• Competent Crew
• Day Skipper
• Coastal Skipper
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
RYA NATIONAL CRUISING SCHEME
•
•
•
•
•
Competent Crew
Day Skipper Theory
Day Skipper
Coastal Skipper/Yachtmaster Offshore Theory
Coastal Skipper
• Yachtmaster Ocean Theory
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
RYA NATIONAL CRUISING SCHEME
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Competent Crew
Day Skipper Theory
Day Skipper
Coastal Skipper/Yachtmaster Offshore Theory
Coastal Skipper
Coastal Skipper Exam
Yachtmaster Offshore Exam
Yachtmaster Ocean Theory
Yachtmaster Ocean Exam
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
SAILS AND RIGGING
Backstay
Boom
Forestay
Inner
Forestay
Genoa
Working
Jib
Mainsail
Storm Jib
Head
Cap
Shroud
Luff
Spreader
Leech
Lower
Shroud
Tack
Foot
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Clew
Slide
‹#›
SAILS AND RIGGING
Wind Indicator
Topping Lift
°
°
Reefing Cringle
°
°
°
°
Reefing
Pennant
°
° Clew Outhaul
Furling
Drum
Mainsheet
Furling Line
©
Batten
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Boom
Kicking Strap
Slide
‹#›
POINTS OF SAIL
STARBOARD
TACK
WIND
In Stays
(In Irons)
PORT
TACK
Close Hauled
(Beating)
45º
Beam Reach
No Go
Zone
45º
Fine or
Close Reach
90º
90º
Running by
The Lee
Broad Reach
Dead Run
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
TYPES OF ROPE
Kevlar
Polyester
Polypropylene
Nylon
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
SECURING TO A CLEAT
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
SECURING A COIL TO A CLEAT
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COILING A ROPE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
KNOTS, BENDS & HITCHES
Sheet
Bend
Double
Sheet Bend
Bowline
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Figure of
Eight
Slide
‹#›
KNOTS, BENDS & HITCHES
Clove
Hitch
Reef Knot
Rolling
Hitch
Round Turn and
2 Half Hitches
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
MOTOR CRUISER
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
CRUISING YACHT
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
ANCHOR TERMINOLOGY
Eye
for tripping
line
Fid
(to secure stock)
Shank
Stock
Fluke
Crown
Shank
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
Fisherman
& Can stow flat
& Good on rock
& Few moving parts
& Poor power/weight ratio
& Upstanding fluke can foul
chain
& Stock pin needs wire
mousing
Grapnel
& Easily folded
& Best in weed
& Useful in small
& Poor power/weight ratio
& Clumsy to handle
& Can pinch fingers
craft
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
CQR
& Good power/weight ratio
& Plough digs into most types of ground
& Forged steel very strong
& Difficult to stow
& Can capsize (but usually resets)
Danforth
& Can stow flat
& Good holding
in soft ground
©
&
&
&
&
Shingle can jam or trip
Not good on rock
Hard to break out of mud
Can catch fingers
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
Bruce
& Excellent power/weight ratio
& No moving parts to jam
& Easy to break out
& Difficult to stow except on bow roller
& Not good on weedy or hard ground
& Smaller sizes may not dig in easily
Delta
&
&
&
&
Sets fast and digs deep
Excellent power/weight ratio
Does not capsize
Can self-launch/free-fall from bow roller
& Difficult to stow except on bow roller
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
ANCHORING
Anchors in tandem
Running Moor
Strongest
stream
Heaviest
anchor
Scope
Chain - 4 x depth
Warp - 6 x depth
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
40°
Slide
‹#›
ANCHORING
! Be clear of
Fairways
Dangers
Other anchored craft
! Depth
Now
LW
HW
! Shelter
Now
Later
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
! Tidal Stream
Direction
Speed
Turn
! Wind
Direction
Speed
! Can you get away?
In a crisis
At night
! Type of Holding
Slide
‹#›
MOORING ALONGSIDE
Bow Ropes
Back
Spring
Bow
Shoreline
Fore
Spring
Stern Rope
Stern
Shoreline
Fore spring stops the boat going forwards
Back spring stops the boat going backwards
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
Northern Hemisphere
Meridian
x
Latitude
Latitude
Equator
Longitude
Southern Hemisphere
Longitude (from Greenwich)
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
CHART PROJECTIONS
Mercator
Transverse Mercator
Latitude
N
E
W
S
Longitude Used for Large Scale charts
where meridians appear parallel
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
CHART PROJECTIONS
Gnomonic
Gnomonic
Latitude
Longitude
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
RHUMB LINE SAILING
Gnomonic
Projection
Great
Circle
Rhumb
Line
Great
Circle
Rhumb
Line
Mercator
Projection
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
CHART DESCRIPTION
ENGLAND - SOUTH COAST
MANACLE POINT TO BOLT HEAD
DEPTHS IN METRES
SCALE 1:150,000 at Lat 50 00´
Depths are in metres and are reduced to Chart Datum, which is approximately the
level of Lowest Astronomical Tide.
Heights are in metres. Underlined figures are drying heights above Chart Datum;
all other heights are above Mean High Water Springs.
Positions are referred to European Datum (1950).
Navigational marks: IALA Maritime Buoyage System - Region A (Red to port).
Projection: Mercator.
Sources: The origin, scale, date and limits of the hydrographic information used to
compile the chart are shown in the Source Data diagram.
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COMPASS ROSE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
TIDAL DIAMONDS & DATUMS
C
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
50°16’.90 N
4 34.80 W
Slide
‹#›
TIDAL STREAM ATLAS
Thickness and
length of arrow
indicate rate of
tidal stream
15,31
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
Mean Range
DOVER
COMPUTATION OF RATES
TIDAL STREAM RATE (in tenths of a knot)
10
7m
20
30
40
50
60
70
6m
Springs
Springs
5m
4m
Neaps
Neaps
3m
2m
Tenths of a Knot
©
10
20
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
30
40
50
60
70
Slide
‹#›
HOURS RELATED TO HIGH WATER
HW - 2½ hrs
0930
HW - 1½ hrs
1030
HW - ½ hr
1130
HW + ½ hr
1230
HW + 1½ hrs
1330
HW + 2½ hrs
1430
HW - 2
HW - 1
1200
HW
HW + 1
HW + 2
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
DEAD RECKONING (DR)
DR Deduced from
Log and Compass
Fix
0800
25.1M
©
Distance
Run 6.2M
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
DR
0900
31.3M
Slide
‹#›
DEAD RECKONING (DR)
DR Deduced from
Log and Compass
Fix
0800
25.1M
Distance
Run 6.2M
DR
0900
31.3M
Tidal Stream
.
Estimated
Position
(No leeway)
0900
31.3M
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
DEAD RECKONING (DR)
DR Deduced from
Log and Compass
Fix
0800
25.1M
Distance
Run 6.2M
DR
0900
31.3M
Tidal Stream
.
Ground Track 090° (T)
Distance Made
Good 7.2M
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Estimated
Position
(No leeway)
0900
31.3M
Slide
‹#›
LEEWAY
Wind
Water Track 075°(T)
Course Plotted
Leeway 5°
Water Track = Heading + or - LEEWAY
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
ESTIMATED POSITION WITH LEEWAY
Wind
Tidal Stream
5°
090°(T)
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COURSE TO STEER (CTS)
Tidal Stream
150°(T)
EP
0800
25.1M
.
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Wind
Ground Track
Slide
‹#›
COURSE TO STEER (CTS)
Tidal Stream
150°(T)
EP
0800
25.1M
.
Wind
Ground Track
Tidal
Stream
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COURSE TO STEER (CTS)
Tidal Stream
150°(T)
EP
0800
25.1M
.
Wind
Ground Track
Tidal
Stream
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COURSE TO STEER (CTS)
Tidal Stream
150°(T)
EP
0800
25.1M
.
Wind
Ground Track
Tidal
Stream
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL (ETA)
Tidal Stream
150° (T)
0800
25.1M
Ground Track
.
Distance to Destination 4.4M
Distance Capability in 1 Hour 5.1M
Duration of Passage = 4.4 x 60min = 52min
5.1
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
ETA = 0800 + 0052 = 0852
Slide
‹#›
PLOTTING SYMBOLS
1600
DR (Dead reckoning)
1945
EP (Estimated position)
Fix (Observed position)
OR
2006
Position line
OR
2117
2253
Transferred position line
Range / Distance off
Depth contour line
Water track
Ground track
Tidal stream
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
20
Slide
‹#›
VARIATION
Magnetic
North True North
T
Easterly
Variations
M
T
M
T
Westerly
Variations
Magnetic
South
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
MAGNETIC BEARINGS
BEARING
Magnetic
Magnetic Bearing 071°
North
Variation
8°W
True Bearing
063°
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
True
North
Slide
‹#›
MAGNETIC BEARINGS
BEARING
Magnetic
Magnetic Bearing 071°
North
Variation
8°W
True Bearing
063°
True
North
RELATIVE BEARING
Boat's heading
305° (T)
55° W of N
True Bearing
063° (T)
Relative Bearing 118° to Starboard
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
DEVIATION
! Similar in application to variation
! Varies with boat's heading
! Need a current Deviation Chart for each fixed
compass on board
! Not used with handbearing compass
(but need to check for gross errors)
! Need to swing compass annually and check
deviation occasionally
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
EFFECT OF COMPASS DEVIATION
N
W
E
S
N
N
W
E
W
E
S
S
N
W
E
S
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COMPASS DEVIATION TABLE
6
West
4 2
0
East
2
4
000
045
090
135
180
225
270
315
360
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
6
Ship's Head
Compass (C)
Deviation
000
022.5
045
067.5
090
112.5
135
157.5
180
202.5
225
247.5
270
292.5
315
337.5
360
4W
2W
0
2E
4E
5E
6E
5E
4E
2E
0
2W
4W
5W
6W
5W
4W
Ship's Head
Magnetic (M)
356
020.5
045
069.5
094
117.5
141
162.5
184
204.5
225
245.5
266
287.5
309
332.5
356
Slide
‹#›
APPLYING CORRECTIONS
True Direction
apply Variation
Magnetic Direction
apply Deviation
Compass Direction
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
MNEMONICS
“Error West - Compass Best
Error East - Compass Least”
“Cadbury's Dairy Milk Very Tasty + Exciting (- W)”
NB Order and sign of corrections are important
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
DEVIATION CONVERSIONS
Finding Course to Plot
Compass Course Steered
240°(C)
Deviation (from table)
2° W
Magnetic Course
238°(M)
Variation (from chart)
8° W
True Course (to plot on chart) 230°(T)
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Finding Course to Steer
True Course (from chart)
Variation (from chart)
Magnetic Course
Deviation (from table)
Compass Course to Steer
060°(T)
9°W
069°(M)
2°E
067°(C)
Slide
‹#›
DEVIATION CHECK
True
Magnetic North
North
Transit bears:
True
Variation
Magnetic
Compass
DEVIATION
305°
8°W
313°
308°
5°E
N
E
305°(T)
S
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
POSITION AND POSITION LINES
Position:
114°(T) from L/H 5M
OR
52°55'N 05°40'W
Give Position FROM object
114°(T)
Take Fix
TO object
294°(T)
Position Line
52°55'N
5°40'W
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
POSITION FIXING
THE THREE POINT FIX
Perfect fix
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Cocked hat
Slide
‹#›
POTENTIAL FIX INACCURACIES - 1
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
POTENTIAL FIX INACCURACIES - 2
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
TRANSITS
Nearing
transit
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
On
transit
Past
transit
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY BEARING AND SOUNDING
20
Fix
20
1115
Log 1433
1115 Lighthouse bears 346°(T)
Depth 20 Metres
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE
1st Position Line
+DR
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE
1st Position Line
Tidal
Stream
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
+DR
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE
1st Position Line
2nd Position Line
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Tidal
Stream
+DR
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE
1st Position Line
Fix
2nd Position Line
Tidal
Stream
+DR
Transferred
Position Line
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE
1st Position Line
Tidal
. Stream
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
+ DR
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE
1st Position Line
Tidal
Stream
+ DR
2nd Position Line
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY TRANSFERRED POSITION LINE
1st Position Line
RUNNING FIX
Transferred
Position Line
©
Tidal
Fix. Stream
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
+DR
2nd Position Line
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY DIPPING OR RISING LIGHT
Eye Level
2 metres
Geographical Range
Height
of
light
20m
Loom of light well
below horizon
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY DIPPING OR RISING LIGHT
Eye Level
2 metres
Geographical Range
Loom of light well
below horizon
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Height
of
light
20m
Light just below horizon
Slide
‹#›
FIX BY DIPPING OR RISING LIGHT
Eye Level
2 metres
Geographical Range
Loom of light well
below horizon
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Light just below horizon
Height
of
light
20m
Light breaks horizon
(Rising Distance)
Slide
‹#›
DIPPING DISTANCE TABLE
Height of
light
metres
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
©
Height of Eye
metres
1
2
3
4
5
3
7
10
13
16
46
53
59
8.7
9.3
9.9
10.4
10.9
9.5
10.1
10.7
11.2
11.7
10.2
10.8
11.4
11.9
12.4
10.8
11.4
12.0
12.5
13.0
11.3
11.9
12.5
13.0
13.5
66
72
11.4
11.9
12.2
12.7
12.9
13.4
13.5
14.0
14.0
14.5
feet
feet
33
39
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
TIDES
Earth
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Sun
Slide
‹#›
TIDES
Springs
New
Moon
Earth
Full
Moon
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Sun
Springs
Slide
‹#›
TIDES
Last Quarter
Neaps
Earth
Sun
Neaps
First Quarter
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
TIDE TABLE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
TIDAL HEIGHTS - DEFINITIONS
Sea Level
Rise
Low Water
Chart Datum
©
Height of tide
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Charted
Depth
Depth
Drying
Height
Slide
‹#›
TIDAL HEIGHTS - DEFINITIONS
MHWN
Neap Range Rise
Chart Datum
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Depth
Height of tide
Charted
Depth
MLWN
Drying
Height
Slide
‹#›
TIDAL HEIGHTS - DEFINITIONS
Charted Height
of light
MHWS
Rise
MLWS
Chart Datum
Height of tide
Depth
Spring Range
Drying
Height
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
TIDAL CURVE
2
0
4
6
8
MHWS
MHWN
MEAN RANGES
0.9
Springs 5.8m
Neaps 3.6m
0.8
0.7
Springs occur 2 days
after
New and Full Moon
0.6
0.5
Factor
0.4
0.3
0.2
MLWN
MLWS
0
2
©
0.1
4
6
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
LW -4h -3h -2h -1h HW +1h +2h +3h +4h +5h +6h +7hLW
Slide
‹#›
RULE OF TWELFTHS
1st hour 1/12
2nd hour 2/12
3rd hour 3/12
4th hour 3/12
5th hour 2/12
6th hour 1/12
HW
©
+1h
+2h
+3h
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
+4h
+5h
LW
Slide
‹#›
SECONDARY PORTS
National Standard Port
DOVER
Standard Port examples
Portsmouth
Plymouth (Devonport)
Secondary port examples
Fowey
Torquay
Differences on Plymouth HW
Fowey
Torquay
Plymouth
Fowey = Plymouth minus 15mins
Torquay = Plymouth plus 45mins
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
SECONDARY PORTS - TIMES & HEIGHTS
Standard Port PLYMOUTH
Times
High Water
Low Water
0000
0600 0000
0600
1200
1800 1200
1800
Differences FOWEY
- 0010 - 0015 - 0010 - 0005
Heights in Metres
MHWS MHWN MLWN MLWS
5.5
4.4
2.2
0.8
- 0.1
Standard Port PLYMOUTH
Times
High Water
Low Water
0100 0600 0100
0600
1300 1800 1300
1800
Differences TORQUAY
+ 0025 + 0045 + 0010
0000
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
- 0.1
- 0.2
- 0.2
Heights in Metres
MHWS
5.5
MHWN
4.4
MLWN
2.2
MLWS
0.8
- 0.6
- 0.7
- 0.2
- 0.1
Slide
‹#›
INTERPRETING THE 'DIFFERENCES BLOCK'
Standard Port PLYMOUTH
Times
High Water
Low Water
0100 0600 0100
0600
1300 1800 1300
1800
Differences TORQUAY
+ 0025 + 0045 + 0010
0000
Heights in Metres
MHWS
5.5
MHWN
4.4
MLWN
2.2
MLWS
0.8
- 0.6
- 0.7
- 0.2
- 0.1
Time 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Diff
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
INTERPRETING THE 'DIFFERENCES BLOCK'
Standard Port PLYMOUTH
Times
High Water
Low Water
0100 0600 0100
0600
1300 1800 1300
1800
Differences TORQUAY
+ 0025 + 0045 + 0010
0000
Heights in Metres
MHWS
5.5
MHWN
4.4
MLWN
2.2
MLWS
0.8
- 0.6
- 0.7
- 0.2
- 0.1
Time 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Diff +25
+45
+25
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
INTERPRETING THE 'DIFFERENCES BLOCK'
Standard Port PLYMOUTH
Times
High Water
Low Water
0100 0600 0100
0600
1300 1800 1300
1800
Differences TORQUAY
+ 0025 + 0045 + 0010
0000
Heights in Metres
MHWS
5.5
MHWN
4.4
MLWN
2.2
MLWS
0.8
- 0.6
- 0.7
- 0.2
- 0.1
Time 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Diff +25 +29 +33 +37 +41 +45 +42 +39 +36 +34 +31 +28 +25
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
INTERPOLATION
Torquay 30th May
When is HW in the morning?
Standard Port Plymouth (Devonport)
Difference approx +35 mins
HW 0320 UT
HW Torquay 0355
0600
0500
0400
0300
0200
0100
+0025
+0030
+0035
+0040
+0045
Time Differences (min) Torquay
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
CARDINAL MARKS
Continuous
Flashing
Shows
direction of
safe water
9 Flashes
2 Flashes
3 Flashes
6 Short + 1 Long
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
LATERAL AND OTHER BUOYAGE
KEEP TO PORT OR STARBOARD
Starboard Hand
Any G except (2 + 1)
Port Hand
Any R except (2 + 1)
Safe Water
Iso, Occ,
L Fl 10s or Mo(A)
Direction
of
Buoyage
Special Marks
Yellow, any rhythm
except used for
white lights
MARKS CAN BE BUOYS OR ON POSTS
COLOUR DEFINES PURPOSE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
LATERAL AND OTHER BUOYAGE
KEEP TO PORT OR STARBOARD
Port Hand
Any R except (2 + 1)
Starboard Hand
Any G except (2 + 1)
MARKS CAN BE BUOYS OR ON POSTS
COLOUR DEFINES PURPOSE
Safe Water
Iso, Occ,
L Fl 10s or Mo(A)
Special Marks
Yellow, rhythm not
used for white lights
Direction
of
Buoyage
Preferred Channel
to Stbd Fl (2 + 1)R
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Preferred Channel
to Port Fl (2 + 1)G
Slide
‹#›
COURSE SHAPING - WIND STRATEGY
Wind
Cherbourg to Salcombe
Port or Starboard Tack?
Tack on Tide Change
This maximises relative wind
Known as “ Lee-bowing ”
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Tide
Slide
‹#›
COURSE SHAPING
PORT ENTRY - CROSS TIDE
Course to be
made good
Get on any natural transit and steer
into tide to stay on it
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COURSE SHAPING
PORT ENTRY - CROSS TIDE
Course to be
made good
When close enough to see, transfer to more
appropriate transit until out of tide
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
STRATEGY ON APPROACH TO HARBOUR
Wind
Tack when approx. 15°
either side of track to
destination
If wind shifts, you are
never far off course
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
LEADING LINES
Keep lights in line on
192°(T) for transit
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
LEADING LINES AND LIGHTS
As charted
As seen
Leading Lights
in line 215°(T)
Spire and Cone
in line 210°(T)
+
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
BEARINGS
Keep buoy on 228°(T)
until leading lights
are in transit
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
CLEARING BEARINGS
+
+
+
+
+
+
Beacon
Tower
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLANNING
! Define objective
! Constraints on operation
Crew, time available etc
! Assemble navigation equipment
Charts, Pilots, Tide Tables and
Tidal Stream Atlases
! Plan provisions (including emergency stock)
! Personal kit
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLANNING
! Constraints on departure - locks, sills?
If so - departure time is set within these limits Plan FORWARD
! Constraints on arrival - locks, sills?
If so - arrival time is set between these limits Plan BACKWARDS
! Passage constraints - races, strong tides?
If so - transit time is set by the phenomenon
! If more than one constraint
Plan waiting period when appropriate
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLANNING
! Calculate distance and expected passage time
Calculate times between waypoints for high
speed navigation
! Plan for departure/arrival by day/night
! Plan for optimum use of tide
! Plan waypoints
! Is fuel capacity adequate for passage?
If not, plan refuelling stops
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLANNING
! Determine possible visual aids on the route
By day - buoys, headlands etc.
By night - lights, glow from towns etc.
! Prepare pilotage notes for departure, entry and
ports of refuge
! Listen to forecasts over several days to determine
possible wind directions and sea states
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLAN
SALCOMBE TO DARTMOUTH
! Departure constraints?
Bar especially at Spring Ebb & strong
onshore winds
! Arrival constraints?
None - but difficult in strong SE to SW winds
! Transit constraints?
None, but avoid overfalls off Start Point and
drying area on Skerries Bank
! Distance 19 miles, approx..
4 hours @ 5 kn. / 2 hours @ 10 kn.
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLAN
SALCOMBE TO DARTMOUTH
! Departure
Local HW ± 4½ hrs - Take advantage of tidal streams
! Plan waypoints
Salcombe Bar
South of Prawle Point
Overfalls off Start Point
2½ Miles W of Skerries Point LH
Dartmouth Entrance
! Visual aids
Start Point LH, Skerries Point LH
Port Hand Mark NW of Skerries Bank
Churches and Masts on Shore
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLAN
SALCOMBE TO DARTMOUTH
! Ports of refuge
Anchorage N of Start Point for SW Winds
(Avoid overfalls and Skerries Bank)
Anchorage in Holcombe Bay for NW to NE winds
! Crew considerations
Clothing
Experience
Food/drinks en route
MOB Drill
! Weather information
Before start and under way
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLAN
PLYMOUTH TO GUERNSEY
! Departure constraints
None - but beware of Naval activities and ferries
Care in strong South and West winds
Take departure from Eddystone Rock LH
! Arrival constraints?
Sill (Entry/exit up to ± 2½ hours local HW)
! Transit constraints?
Shipping Lanes (Not Separation Scheme)
Through Race of Alderney, Swinge or via Casquets?
Through Little or Big Russel Channels or West of Guernsey?
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLAN
PLYMOUTH TO GUERNSEY
! Distance 58 Miles Approx
12 hours @ 5 knots
3 hours @ 20 knots
! Departure
Time departure to arrive at Race of Alderney
at appropriate time
! Visual aids
Mast on Rame Head
EC 'A' Buoy, Eddystone Rocks LH
Quenard Pt LH, Cap de la Hague LH
Platte Fougère LH, Bec du Nez LH
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PASSAGE PLAN
PLYMOUTH TO GUERNSEY
! Plan waypoints
Plymouth West Breakwater
East of Eddystone Rocks LH
Start and end of shipping lanes
Top of Race of Alderney
West of Banc de la Schôle
Lower Heads South Cardinal
! Ports of refuge
Cherbourg, Braye
! Weather information
Before start and under way
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PILOTAGE
(Navigating Safely in Confined Waters)
USE ALL SIGNPOSTS AVAILABLE
Buoys & lights
Charted landmarks
Transits, clearing bearings
Soundings etc.
PRE-PLAN
Use large scale charts
Pilot books
Local knowledge
As detailed as necessary for the task
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PILOTAGE
DETAIL NEEDED
Start of pilotage
Distance and Course to Steer to next mark
Use 6 minute marks for high speed navigation
Repeat until destination reached
Use transits and clearing bearings to
avoid hazards
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
LOG EXTRACT
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF 'WEATHER'
Hot Air
Rising
Cold Air
Falling
Cold Air
Falling
Cold Air
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Cold Air
Slide
‹#›
SEA BREEZE - EARLY
Returned air falls
to cool sea
Warm air rising
off land creates
LOW PRESSURE
Cool Sea
HIGH PRESSURE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
SEA BREEZE - ESTABLISHED
Returned air falls
to cool sea
Clouds form as damp air
off sea rises and
condenses
Warm air
rising
off land
Cool Sea
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
LAND BREEZE
Cool air descends
as land cools quickly
Air off warm sea
surface rises
Breeze blows from
land to sea
Land Cools
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
WORLD WIDE EFFECTS
Cool area so
Pressure is
HIGH
North Pole
Warm area
so Pressure
is LOW
Cool area so
Pressure is
HIGH
©
South Pole
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
WORLD WIDE EFFECTS
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
ISOBARS
984 992 1000
1008
1016
Low
Pressure
ISOBARS CLOSE TOGETHER
Steep pressure gradient
Strong winds
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
1024
1032
High
Pressure
ISOBARS FAR APART
Gentle pressure gradient
Light winds
Slide
‹#›
WIND ORIGINS
NORTH POLE
Polar Easterlies
High Pressure
Disturbed
Westerlies
North East
Trades
Equator
South East
Trades
Horse Latitudes
Doldrums
Low Pressure
Horse Latitudes
Disturbed
Westerlies
High Pressure
Polar Easterlies
SOUTH POLE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
BUYS BALLOT'S LAW
992 1000 1008
1016
1024
1032
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
Buys Ballot's Law
In the Northern Hemisphere,
if you stand with your back
to the wind, the
LOW PRESSURE
area is to your left
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
High
Low
Slide
‹#›
EFFECT OF SURFACE FRICTION
Gradient or
'Weather Map'
Wind
30º
Initial
direction
Backed wind
(Anticlockwise)
15º
Veered
wind
(Clockwise)
Friction backs gradient wind
by about 30 degrees over
land and 15 degrees over sea
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PRACTICAL EFFECT OF FRICTION
Boat on starboard headed
Wind Aloft
Boat on port frees
15º
30º
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
COMBINED WIND EFFECTS
Wind Aloft
Land and Sea
Winds
Diverge
Light
Wind
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Strong
Wind
Sea and Land
Winds
Converge
Slide
‹#›
WIND EFFECTS ON WEATHER
Polar
Maritime
Arctic
Maritime
Polar
Continental
Polar
Maritime
Tropical
Maritime
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Tropical
Continental
Slide
‹#›
WIND EFFECTS ON WEATHER
Cold & Damp
Polar
Maritime
Arctic Maritime
Polar
Continental
Cold & Wet
Polar
Maritime
Dry
Cold in Winter
Hot in Summer
Tropical
Maritime
Warm and
Wet
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Tropical
Continental
Slide
‹#›
DEPRESSION - BIRTH STAGE
Leading edge of
this cold air is
called
‘The Polar
Front’
Cold
Air
Warm Air
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
DEPRESSION - WAVE
General
Direction
of Depression
L
Warm
Front
Cold
Front
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
DEPRESSION - CLASSIC STAGE
L
Warm
Front
Cold
Front
Cooler
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Warm Sector
Cool
Slide
‹#›
DEPRESSION - MATURE STAGE
L
Secondary
Depression
Occluded Front
Ridge
L
Cool
©
Warm
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Cooler
W
Cool
Slide
‹#›
FRONTAL SYSTEM
General Direction
of Depression
L
Cold
Front
©
F
E
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
D
C
B
A
Warm
Front
Slide
‹#›
FRONTAL SYSTEM
Cirro
Alto
Stratus
Stratus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulus
COLD AIR
F
©
Strato
Cumulus
Heavy Rain
Showers
E
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
WARM
AIR
D
Cirrus
Nimbo Stratus
Stratus
Cumulus
Fog
C
Rain
B
COOL AIR
A
Slide
‹#›
EFFECT OF MULTIPLE SYSTEMS
1)
3)
L
H
H
H
4)
2)
High
L
Low
Col
(Calm)
L
Low
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
High
Slide
‹#›
FOG
Radiation Fog
Clear nights with little wind
Damp warm air radiates off as the ground cools at night
Condensation takes place
Fog forms first over valleys, water and damp vegetation






Ground cools
Thickest around dawn when
air temperature is at its lowest
Heat from sun usually
disperses this type of fog
Ground cools
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FOG
Advection Fog
Tropical Maritime - warm moist wind blowing over cold sea
Air cools and water vapour condenses to form fog
Cool Sea
Cool Sea
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Force 5/6
winds will lift
the fog to form
low stratus
cloud
Sun tends to
thicken the fog
by warming the
air further
Slide
‹#›
WEATHER FORECAST SOURCES
! National Radio
! Navtex
! Local Radio
! Weatherfax/Fax
! TV
! Coastguard
! Marine Call
! Press
! Internet
! Coast Radio Station
! Teletext
! Look
! Met Office
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
SHIPPING FORECAST CONTENTS
! Gale Warnings
! General Synopsis
! Sea Area Forecasts
Wind
Weather
Visibility
! Coastal Station Reports
Wind
Significant Weather
Visibility in miles or metres
Pressure
Tendency
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
GENERAL SYNOPSIS AND TIMING
! General Synopsis
Overall pattern of major systems
! Speed, direction and destination
Slowly
Steadily
Rather rapidly
Rapidly
Very Rapidly
0 - 15 knots
15 - 25 knots
25 - 35 knots
35 - 45 knots
45+ knots
! Timing
Imminent
Soon
Later
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Within 6 hours of issue
6 - 12 hours
12 - 24 hours
Slide
‹#›
VISIBILITY
CRITERIA
Sea
Good
More than 5 miles
Moderate
5 to 2 miles
Poor
2 miles to 1100 yds
Fog
Less than 1100 yds
Land
Less than 200 yds
Dense fog
Less than 50 yds
Mist or Haze 1100 to 2200 yds
200 to 1100 yds
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
PRESSURE AND TENDENCY
Tendency = Change in 3 Hours
©
Steady
Less than 1 mb
Slowly
Less than 3 mb
Quickly
3.5 to 6mb
Very Rapidly
Rising
More than 6 mb
Higher
Falling
Lower
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
USE OF WEATHER FORECASTS
! Determine weather for the day
! Determine where the best shelter is:
Imminently
Soon
Later
! Decide when to sail
! Decide whether it is prudent to:
Sail
Stay at anchor
Run for shelter
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION AIDS
! Position
Latitude & Longitude
Bearing and distance
! Course and speed over
ground
! Sailplan / Routes
! Tracks between waypoints
! Satellites/transmitters
available
! Bearing and distance to ! Transmitter selection
next Waypoint
! Datum & Altitude selection
! Cross track error
! Variation correction
! ETA
! Waypoint entry
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
! Position correction
! Battery voltage
Slide
‹#›
WAYPOINTS AND SAILPLAN
Port of
Refuge
7
Destination
3
Start
6
1
5
4
2
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
WAYPOINTS AND SAILPLAN
Port of
Refuge
7
Destination
3
Start
6
1
5
4
2
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
WAYPOINTS AND SAILPLAN
Port of
Refuge
7
Destination
3
Start
6
1
5
4
2
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
! US Military system
! Based on 24 satellites (21 operational)
! 10,900 mile high orbits
! Planned 24 hour coverage
! Position on a position sphere from one
satellite
! 3 Satellites give 3 dimension fix
! Receiver corrects for 3 dimensional cocked hat
! Receiver 1 millisecond out = 163 mile error
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
POSITION SPHERE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
GPS - FIX ERROR
Position
Spheres
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
GPS - POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS
! Selective Availability
Random error is built into civilian signal
95% of fixes within 100m
Can be corrected with Differential GPS
! Similar errors to visual fix when intersection
much less than 60 degrees
! Shape of earth - need to use correct datum or
can be as much as 150 metres in error
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
VHF MAYDAY
DISTRESS CALL
MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY,
This is Yacht FAIRWIND, FAIRWIND,FAIRWIND
n
DISTRESS MESSAGE
n
Identity
MAYDAY Yacht FAIRWIND
n
Position
Position is 025°(T) from Braye Harbour, 7 miles
n
Situation
Struck submerged object, holed and sinking
n
Assistance Needed
I require immediate assistance
n
Crew
Six persons on board all with lifejackets
n
Other Information
Preparing liferaft and will abandon in 10 minutes
n
Invitation to reply
Over
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
DISTRESS FLARES
INSHORE
5 miles from land
2 red hand flares
2 orange smokes
Visibility :
Red hand held
Parachute
Orange smoke
COASTAL
7 miles from land
2 parachute flares
2 red hand flares
2 orange smokes
OFFSHORE
Over 7 miles from land
4 red parachute flares
4 red hand flares
2 buoyant orange smokes
7 miles on a clear night
28 miles on a clear night
3 miles in daylight
Fire downwind
15° for no cloud
Up to 45° for
low cloud
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
HELICOPTER RESCUE
&
Communicate on VHF
&
Pilot will give exact course under
sail or power (Usually wind on port bow)
&
Brief crew early as too noisy later
&
Weighted Hi-Line lowered
&
Earth in sea or on boat before
handling DO NOT MAKE FAST
&
Pull as directed - stow loosely in bucket
&
Let diver touch boat before you
touch him
Winch
wire
Beware of
down draught
Diver
Hi-line
DO AS YOU ARE TOLD
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
HEAVY WEATHER
! Decide what is heavy weather
for you
! Preplan navigation
! Get ready below decks - stow
gear and prepare food
! Shorten sail early and secure
loose deck gear
! Rig jackstays
! Prepare the crew - good briefing
and kit for foul weather
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
ACTIONS IF CAUGHT IN FOG
!
!
!
!
!
!
Fix or best EP on chart before entering fog
Set radar reflector
Navigation lights on
Lifejackets on
Liferaft ready for launching
Engine on to maintain speed
Turn off occasionally to listen
!
!
!
!
©
Post lookouts
Safe speed
Horn
Head for shallow water
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
FOG NAVIGATION
5
10
20
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
5
10
20
Slide
‹#›
FOG NAVIGATION
5
10
20
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
5
10
20
Slide
‹#›
OFFSHORE FOG NAVIGATION
10
Objective
DR
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Circle of
Uncertainty
Slide
‹#›
OFFSHORE FOG NAVIGATION
10
Objective
DR
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Circle of
Uncertainty
Slide
‹#›
OFFSHORE FOG NAVIGATION
10
Objective
DR
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Circle of
Uncertainty
Slide
‹#›
FIRE PRECAUTIONS
Fire Extinguishers
Gas locker
Site away from heat sources
Drain overboard
Automatic Engine
Minimum of 2
Site inside hatches
Dry Powder or AFFF
Extra extinguisher in cockpit locker
Fire blanket
Hole in engine casing
Woven glass fibre
Extinguisher
Use hand held extinguisher Use in galley or on people
CO2 or BCF/Halon
Cover fire with blanket
Low melting point release capsule
Care not to burn hands
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
‹#›
SAFETY HARNESSES & LIFEJACKETS
WEAR SAFETY HARNESS
•
If the boat is reefed or would be if hard
on the wind
•
If sighting & recovery of YOUR BODY
would be difficult - at night, in fog etc.
•
If about to abandon the vessel
Harness lanyard
Harness lanyard
clipped to strongpoint clipped to jackstay
allows crew to go
in cockpit
forward while
secured
WEAR A LIFEJACKET
•
•
•
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
For dinghy journeys, especially at night
In fog (due to risk of collision)
If about to abandon the vessel
Slide
‹#›
LIFERAFTS - THE LAST RESORT
Do Not Use the Liferaft Unless the Boat is Sinking or is on Fire
1. Crew dress in warm clothes, oilskins & lifejackets
2. Gather stores: Flares, Radio and EPIRB
Water, Food, Torches etc.
3. Secure raft’s static line to strongpoint
4. Throw raft overboard and pull static
line to inflate
5. Strongest person into raft first
6. Rest of crew board quickly - do not rely on
static line as it is designed to tear off raft under heavy load
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
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LIFERAFTS - THE LAST RESORT
ONCE IN THE RAFT
7.
Cut static line with safety knife from raft
8.
Stream the drogue to improve stability and
reduce drift
9.
Bale out excess water
10. Unplug light to save battery if daylight
11. Close canopy and post a lookout
12. All crew take anti- seasickness pills
13. Inflate double floor and tie in the pump
14. Keep up morale
BELIEVE THAT YOU WILL SURVIVE
©
ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION 1998
Slide
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