System Analysis and Design
3rd Lecture
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Systems Development Life
Cycle(SDLC) Phases
Planning: first phase in SDLC
• In these phase, someone identifies the need
for a new or enhanced system.
• The project leader and initial team of system
analyst produce a specific plan for a
proposed system project.
• A detailed plan is also developed for
conducting the remaining phases of the
SDLC for the proposed system.
• Also, feasibility study conducted in this
phase. The most categories studied are:
economic, technical, operational, schedule,
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and political.
Systems Development Life
Cycle(SDLC) Phases
Analysis: the second phase of the SDLC
• In these phase, the current system is studied
and it has several subphases.
• The first is requirements determination which
the system analyst work with users to
determine what the users want from the
proposed system.
• Next the system analyst study the
requirements and structure them according to
their interrelationships.
• Then system analyst generate alternative initial
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design to match the requirements.
Systems Development Life
Cycle(SDLC) Phases
Design: the third phase of the SDLC
• The system analyst convert the description of the
recommended alternative solutions into logical and
then physical system specification.
• You must design all aspects of the system from
input and output screens to reports, database, and
computer processes.
• Logic design: all functional features of the system
chosen for development in analysis are described
independently of any computer platform.
• Physical design: the logical specifications of the
system from logical design are transformed into
technology-specific details from which all
programming and system construction can be
accomplished.
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Systems Development Life
Cycle(SDLC) Phases
Implementation and testing: the forth phase of SDLC
• System analyst turn detailed model or detailed
written specifications to programmer as the first part
of implementation phase.
• Implementation includes coding, testing, and
installation.
• Coding: programmers write the programs that make
up the system.
• Testing: programmers and analysts test individual
programs and the entire system in order to find and
correct the errors.
• Installation: the new system becomes a part of the
daily activities of the organization.
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Systems Development Life
Cycle(SDLC) Phases
Maintenance: the fifth phase of SDLC
• When a system is operate in
organization, users sometimes find
problems with how it works and often
think of better ways to perform its
functions.
• Programmers make the changes that
users ask for and modify the system to
reflect changing business condition.
• So the final phase of SDLC improve
information system.
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Analysis: Determining system
requirements
• During requirements determination, the
analyst gather information on what the
system should do from as many source
as possible: from users of the current
system, from observing users, and
from reports, forms, and procedure.
• All of the system requirements are
carefully documented and made ready
for structuring.
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Traditional Methods for
Determining Requirements
1. Interviewing and listening:
• Individually interview people informed about the
operation and issues to the current system and
needs for system in future organizational activities.
How to plane the interview:
• Prepare interview: appointment, questions, ...
• Listen carefully and take notes(tape record if
permitted).
• Review notes within 48 hours of interview.
• Be neutral.
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Traditional Methods for
Determining Requirements
• Choosing interview questions:
• There are two type of questions:
1. Open-Ended Questions
Questions that have no prespecified answers.
EX: list the three most frequently used menu options?
2 . Closed-Ended Questions
Questions that ask those responding to choose from among a set
of specified responses.
EX: choose one of the following options for the choice File :
A . Open, Save, Print
B . Open, Save, Send
C . New, Open, Close
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Traditional Methods for
Determining Requirements
2 . Questionnaires:
Survey people via questionnaire to
discover issues and requirements.
• Mostly closed-ended questions
• Can be administered over the
phone or in person
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Choosing between interviews and
questionnaires:
Characteristic
Interview
Questionnaire
Information
richness
high
Medium to low
Time required
Can be extensive
Low to moderate
Expense
Can be high
Moderate
Chance for
follow up and
probing
Good: probing and
clarification questions
can be asked by either
interviewer or interviewee
Limited: probing and
follow up done after
original data collection
Confidentiality
Interviewee is known by
interviewer
Respondents can be
unknown
Involvement of
subject
Interviewee is involved
and committed
Respondents are passive,
no clear commitment
Potential
audience
Limited number, but
complete responses from
those interviewed
Can be quite large, but
lack of response from
some can bias result
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Traditional Methods for
Determining Requirements
3 . Interviewing groups:
Interview group of people with diverse needs to find
solution for the contrasts among system
requirements.
4 . Directly observing users:
Observe workers at selected times in the organization
to see how data are handled and what people need
to do their jobs.
5 . Analyze procedure and other documents:
Study business documents to discover reported
issues, policies, rules, and use of information in the
organization.
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participation
• Explain in detail all phases of SDLC?
• What is traditional method for interview?
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