Post-Civil War
 Main
Idea: Northern
leaders had different
ideas for dealing with
the many issues and
challenges of
restoring the
southern states to the
Union.
 The
Civil War was the most costly war in
American history in terms of total
devastation.
 At least 618,000 Americans died in the
Civil War, and some experts say the toll
reached 700,000.
 These casualties exceed the nation's loss
in all its other wars, from the Revolution
through Vietnam.
Destroyed buildings in
Richmond, VA.
1. Millions of freed slaves needed housing,
clothing, food, and jobs.
2. Banks were closed.
3. Confederate money had no value.
4. Railroads, bridges, plantations, and
crops had been destroyed
 Main
Idea – Radical Republicans in
Congress opposed Abraham Lincoln’s
and Andrew Johnson’s plans for
Reconstruction and its own plan to
rebuild the South after the Civil War.
LINCOLN AND JOHNSON


Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan –
• argued that the southern states
had never left the Union because
secession was illegal– one nation
indivisible
• when 10% of voters pledged
allegiance to the U.S. – state could
be readmitted to U.S.
• very lenient – goal was to re-admit
southern states as quick as
possible, not to punish the South
• “with malice towards none, with
charity
for all…to bind up the nation’s
wounds”
• Nothing included about African
Americans
Johnson’s Presidential
Reconstruction – also very lenient
towards the South
RADICAL REPUBLICANS

Radical Republicans
northern members of
Congress, led by Charles
Sumner and Thaddeus
Stevens, who opposed
Lincoln’s Ten Percent plan
and Johnson’s plan
• Wanted to punish the
southern slave owners
• Wanted to give AfricanAmericans the right to vote
 Radical
Republicans took control of
Reconstruction policy in 1866
• 14th Amendment – states were
prohibited from denying equal rights
under the law to any American
- granted citizenship rights to African
Americans
 Reconstruction
Act of
1867– divided former
Confederacy into 5
military districts
(military occupation),
set up new
requirements to gain
re-admission to the
Union
 Johnson’s
impeachment –Radical
Republicans impeached Johnson, but he
was not removed from office
 15th Amendment – voting rights were guaranteed
regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of
servitude”
 Significance - gave African American men the right to
vote
 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=si0QubYTW-Q)

Republican Party in the South
relied on 3 groups:
1. African Americans – right to
vote guaranteed by 15th
Amendment
• Sharecropping – many
African Americans rented land
from plantation owners in
return for a share or
percentage of the total crop
produced
2. Scalawags – Southerners who
became Republicans
3. Carpetbaggers – Northern
Republicans who moved to the
South


•
•
Anti-Black violence
– goal was to prevent
African Americans from
voting
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) –
violent terrorist
organization devoted to
white supremacy
Founded as a social club
for Confederate veterans
Started in Tennessee in
1866, membership
spread rapidly through
the South
 Analyze
the political cartoon and
complete the questions for a daily grade.
Election of 1876:
• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs.
Samuel Tilden (Democrat)
• Tilden won the popular vote, Hayes won
the electoral college
• South upset and disputed the election



Compromise of 1877 – agreement to settle the
disputed election
• Hayes (Republican) = president
• Republicans would end military occupation
of the South
• White Democrats took control of southern
state governments = “Redemption”
• Significance – Reconstruction is ended
White southern Democrats passed “Jim Crow
Laws” – called for segregation of the races
throughout the South
African Americans denied their constitutional
rights
 Main
Idea – The
cattle industry
boomed in the late
1800s, as the culture
of the Plains Indians
declined. Settlers on
the Great Plains
transformed the land
despite great
hardships.
•
Background: Following the Civil
War, the westward movement of
settlers increased in the region
between the Mississippi River and
the Pacific Ocean.
•
Great Plains – def. – the grassy
lands that extend through the
western-central portion of the
United States
• Settlers focused on settling and
farming the Great Plains
•
Significance – multiple conflicts
with Native Americans resulted
• Native American groups were placed
on reservations throughout the Great
Plains

•
•
•
Transcontinental Railroad
Background: Following the Civil
War, railroads became very
important in opening western
lands to settlers and
transporting crops to eastern
markets
Transcontinental Railroad
(est. 1869)– linked eastern and
western markets and led to
increased settlement of
western lands from the
Mississippi River to the Pacific
Ocean
http://www.history.com/topics/americanhistory/videos#transcontinental-railroad
•
Homestead Act (1862)
– offered 160 acres of
land in the West (for
free) to any citizen who
would settle and farm
the land for 5 years
• 600,000 families took
advantage of this
government offer
• Many homesteaders were
southerners – both White
and African-American
• steel-tipped plow –
invented by John Deere,
helped farmers slice
through heavy soil
• mechanical reaper –
invented by Cyrus
McCormick, increased
speed of harvesting
wheat
• Significance – made
farming more efficient
and prosperous
 Overall
– By 1900, the
Great Plains and the
Rocky Mountain
region of the
American West was
no longer a mostly
unsettled frontier, but
instead it became a
region of farms,
ranches and towns

Main Idea – At the end
of the 19th century,
natural resources,
creative ideas, and
growing markets
fueled an industrial
revolution. The
expansion of industry
resulted in the growth
of big business and
prompted laborers to
form labor unions to
better their lives.
 Henry
Bessemer –
developed a new
manufacturing
process to make
steel, which removed
the impurities faster
• Significance - new
steel products used for
building railroads and
skyscrapers
 Thomas
Edison – new
development to serve
as a source for light
• Significance – made
work and play less
dependent on natural
sunlight

http://www.history.com/topics/in
ventions/videos#thomas-edison)
 Thomas
Edison - new
power source for
businesses and
homes
• Significance – electric
power ran industrial
machines that could
be located anywhere
 Alexander
Graham
Bell – revolutionized
communications in
business
• Significance – saved
time and created new
clerical jobs for
women in business
•
Wright Brothers –
allowed for
movement of goods
and eventually
people by air travel
• First flight = Kitty
Hawk, NC in 1903
• Significance– led to
the creation of a U.S.
airmail system by 1920
•
Henry Ford – broke
industrial tasks down
into simpler parts
and improved
efficiency in
production of cars
• Significance – allowed
for increased
efficiency in
production for many
industrial products
• http://www.history.com/topics/inve
ntions/videos#henry-ford-and-themodel-t)
•
Steel Industry
• Scottish immigrant who
rose from “rags to
riches”
• Carnegie Steel
Company – made more
steel than any other
company in US
• Developed a monopoly –
complete control over an
industry’s production,
wages, and prices when
all competitors are
bought out
• (http://www.history.com/topics/inve
ntions/videos#andrew-carnegie)
•
Banking and Finance
• Formed a holding
company –
corporation that did
nothing but buy out
stock of other
companies
• Bought out Carnegie
Steel in 1903 to create
U.S. Steel = world’s
largest business
•
Oil Industry
• Standard Oil Company
– controlled 90% of all
U.S. oil production
• Controlled other
companies by forming
a trust– several
corporations made an
agreement to be run
by one executive
board that ran the trust
like one big company
 Railroads
• Dominated control of
much of the nation’s
railroad lines in the
Northeast and
Midwest
 Carnegie, Morgan,
Rockefeller, and
Vanderbilt were
called “Robber
Barons” by critics
• Critics said they were
making money in a
corrupt manner
•
Sherman Antitrust Act
(1890) – made it illegal to
form a trust that interfered
with or “restrained” free
trade
• Significance - limited impact
at first – corporations were
able to win court cases and
continue consolidation
tactics
•
Unsafe working conditions
and low pay caused
workers/laborers to form
Labor Unions devoted to
improving the lives of
workers
 Knights
of Labor
 American Federation
of Labor (AFL)
 American Railway
Union (ARU)
 Founded
by Uriah
Stephens in 1869
• Open to all workers
regardless of skill
level, race or gender
• Supported an 8 hour
workday
•
Founded by Samuel
Gompers in 1886
• Open to skilled workers
only
• Favored collective
bargaining – negotiation
between management
and representatives of
labor to reach an
agreement on wages,
hours, and working
conditions
• Used strikes when
necessary
 Founded
by Eugene
V. Debs (Socialist)
• Open to all workers
within a specific
industry (railroads)
regardless of skill
level
• Used strikes when
necessary – involved
in the Pullman Strike
 Chicago
1886
• Bomb exploded in a
crowd of policemen,
police fired into
strikers
 The
public started to
turn against labor
unions
 Near
Pittsburgh 1892
• Carnegie Steel plant
went on strike when
wages were cut
• Violence broke out Pennsylvania National
Guard called in to
break up the strike
 Chicago
1894
• Pullman employees
went on strike after
wages were cut
• Violence broke out –
U.S. Army sent in by
President Cleveland to
break up the strike