Turabian Style
Information taken from
Turabian, Kate L. 2007. A Manual for Writers of Research
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th edition.
Chicago and London: The University of Chicago
Press.
Angela Elligson
© 2010 UWF Writing Lab
Referencing Notes in Text
Whenever you refer to or otherwise use material
from a source, you must insert into your text a
superscript number that directs your reader to a note
that gives bibliographical information about that source.
Put a superscript number immediately following the
quotation, whether the quotation is run into the text or
set off as a block quotation. Put reference numbers at
the end of a sentence or clause—after the terminal
punctuation mark, quotation mark, or closing
parenthesis.
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EXAMPLE: George Templeton Strong wrote, “This is
what our tailors can do.”1
Block Quotations
Here is an example of a block quote. As you can see, block quotes
are formatted differently from shorter quotes:
Present a prose quotation of five or more lines as a block
quotation. Single-space a block quotation, and leave a blank
line before and after it. Do not add quotation marks at the
beginning or end, but preserve any quotation marks in the
original. Indent the entire quotation as far as you indent the
first line of a paragraph. 3
When you are finished with your block quote, continue writing
(double-spaced) after leaving a blank line.
Footnotes versus Endnotes
See your instructor for guidance on whether you
should use footnotes or endnotes. If you are not sure,
you should generally choose to use footnotes. However,
choose endnotes when your footnotes are so long or
numerous that they take up too much space on the
page, making your report unattractive and difficult to
read.
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Footnotes are located at the bottom of each page.
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End notes are a collection of the notes at the end of the
paper (and after appendixes) but before the
bibliography.
Numbering and Formatting Notes
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Number notes consecutively, beginning with “1.” If your paper has separate chapters,
restart each chapter with note “1.” Each new note must be indented. Begin each note
with its reference number in regular text (not superscript). Put a period and a space
between the number and the text of the note.
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Footnotes: Begin every footnote on the page on which you reference it. Put a short rule
between the last line of the text and the first footnote on each page. If a footnote runs
over to the next page, break it in midsentence. If you have more than one footnote on a
page, begin each subsequent note on its own line, with a blank line before it.
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Endnotes: List endnotes together after the end of the text and after any appendixes, but
place them before the bibliography. Start each note on a new line, with a blank line
between notes. Label the list Notes. If you restart numbering for each chapter, add
subheadings to distinguish the notes for each chapter: “Chapter 1” and so forth.
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Ibid.: Some writers use ibid. to shorten a citation to a work whose bibliographical data
appear in the immediately previous note.

EXAMPLE:
30. Buchan, Advice to Mothers, 71.
31. Ibid., 95.
32. Ibid.
Why a Bibliography?
The same information appears in both notes and
bibliographies; however, notes and bibliographies have
different purposes.
Notes: let readers quickly check the source for a
reference without disrupting the flow of their reading.
Bibliographies: used to show the extent of your
research, allows others to use your sources in their
own research
In most cases, your bibliography should include
every work you cite in your text.
You may omit the following:
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Newspaper articles
The Bible and other sacred works
Well-known reference works (major dictionaries and
encyclopedias)
Classical, medieval, and early English literary works and (in some
cases) well-known English-language plays
Unpublished interviews and personal communications, weblog
entries and comments, and postings to electronic mailing lists
Many sources in the visual and performing arts (artwork, live
performances, television and other broadcast programs
The U.S. Constitution, legal cases, and some other public
documents
(You still need a footnote though!)
Hanging Indent
Alphabetical Order
Single-spaced, blank line before and after
each entry
2 or more works by the same person:
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arrange by title (ignore a and the)
use a long dash to replace the individual’s name in all entries after
the first
if the name is of an editor or translator,
follow the dash with a comma and the
appropriate abbreviation (ed., trans., etc.)
Some miscellaneous tips…
Capitalize most titles in headline style, but capitalize titles in foreign
languages in sentence style.
Italics
Titles of larger entities (books, journals)
“Quotation Marks”
Titles of smaller entities (chapters, articles)
Titles of unpublished works (such as dissertations, even if they are
book length)
In titles, numbers are either spelled out or given in numerals
exactly as they are in the original. Page numbers that are in roman
numerals in the original are presented in lowercase roman
numerals. All other numbers, such as chapter numbers or figure
numbers, are given in Arabic numerals (even if not in original).
Basic Templates for Notes and Bibliographic Entries
Entries for a bibliography are arranged alphabetically by the last name
of the author, editor, or whoever is first in each entry. The following
templates for note forms include both the note form (N) and the
bibliographic note form (B) of each citation type.
Single Author
N:
Note Number. Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Book:
Subtitle of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of
Publication), XX-XX.
5. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel:The Fates of Human
Societies (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997), 47-48.
B: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of
Book. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of
Publication.
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel:The Fates of Human Societies.
New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997.
Multiple Authors
Two Authors:
N:
Note Number. Author 1’s First and Last Name and Author 2’s First
and Last Name,…
B: Author 1’s Last Name, Author 1’s First Name, and Author 2 First
and Last Name….
Three Authors:
N:
Note Number. Author 1’s First and Last Name, Author 2’s First and
Last Name, and Author 3’s First and Last Name,…
B: Author 1’s Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2’s First and Last
Name, and Author 3’s First and Last Names…
Four or more authors:
N:
Note Number. Author 1’s First and Last Name et al.,…
(cite all authors in the bibliography, with only first name inverted).
Author(s) Plus Editor or Translator
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Author plus editor or translator:
Note: If a book has a translator instead of an editor, substitute the words
trans. and Translated by and the translator’s name for the editor data.
N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle
of Book, ed. Editor’s First and Last Names (Place of Publication:
Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX-XX.
B: Author’s Last name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book.
Edited by Editor’s First and Last Names. Place of Publication:
Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication.
Chapter in a Book
N:
12. John Charles Chasteen, “Neocolonialism,” in
Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America
(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, n.d.), 190-91.
B: Chasteen, John Charles. “Neocolonialism.” In Born in
Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America, 179206. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, n.d.
Journal Articles
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Journal Article in Print:
N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article:
Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication):
XX-XX.
7. Pramod Nayar, “Marvelous Excesses: English Travel Writing and
India, 1680-1727,” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 2 (April 2005): 213.
B: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of
Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication): YY-YY.
Nayar, Pramod K. “Marvelous Excesses: English Travel Writing and India,
1680-1727,” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 2 (April 2005): 213-38.
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Journal Article Online:
N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of
Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date
of Publication), under “Descriptive Locator,” URL (accessed
Date of Access).
10. Daniel A. McFarland, “Resistance as a Social Drama: A
Study of Change-oriented Encounters,” American Journal of
Sociology 109, no. 6 (May 2004), under “Settings,”
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050
199/050199.html (accessed May 3, 2006).
B: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article:
Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date
of Publication). URL (accessed Date of Access).
Web Sites
Include as much as you can: author, title of the page enclosed in
quotation marks, title or owner of the site, URL, and access date.
N:
14. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public
Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston
Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan.html (accessed
October 21, 2010).
B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library
Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston
Public Library. http://epl.org/library/strategic-plan.html (accessed
October 21, 2010).
Because in this case the author is an organization, the only
difference between the footnote and bibliographic forms
is the punctuation (commas vs. periods).
One Source Quoted in Another
Try to avoid using indirect sources. Instead, locate the
original source.
If necessary, however, you may use “quoted in.”
N.
8. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,”
Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie
Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
B. Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification.” Poetry
37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie
Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Interviews and Personal Communications
9. Andrew Macmillan, interview by author, San Diego, CA,
March 2, 2007.
10. Maxine Greene, e-mail message to author, September 29,
2005.
Newspaper Articles
14. Editorial, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, June 2, 1998.
15. Blair Kamin, “Wrigley Building Clearly a Landmark,”
Chicago Tribune, July 3, 2005.
Instead of using a note, you can sometimes cite articles by
weaving several key elements into your text (such as name and date
of the paper and the author of the article). Some of this
information can appear in parentheses, even if it does not follow
parenthetical note form.
Shortened Notes
In most cases, if you have given a complete citation (in
the note) the first time you mention a source, you can
use a shortened form in subsequent notes.
A shortened note should include enough information
for the reader to find the full citation in a previous note
or in the bibliography.
Author-only
14. Green, 276
 Author-title
14. Green, “Politics of Exit,” 276.
 Title-only (no author) 14. “Politics of Exit,” 276.
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Parenthetical Notes
For sources that readers can identify with only a few
elements (newspaper article, legal case, biblical/sacred
work, art)
Example: According to one scholar, “The railroads had made Chicago the
most important meeting place between East and West” (Cronon, Nature’s
Metropolis, 92-93).
When using parenthetical notes, most such sources
should have a full citation in the bibliography
As previously mentioned, if you use a footnote instead
of a parenthetical note, you do not need to include a
bibliographic entry for that source.
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After the quote, sentence, or clause
Remember!
Some professors have specific
guidelines that vary from traditional
Turabian style. Always follow your
professor’s guidelines.
Helpful Resources
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The Writing Lab!

Kate L. Turabian—A Manual for Writers of Research
Papers,Theses, and Dissertations (7th ed.)
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http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_
citationguide.html
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http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/chicagoturabianstyle.pdf
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http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/
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http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguid
e.html