Kuliah 2 Proses Komunikasi
Oleh Coky Fauzi Alfi
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Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication
Topics
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Types and Forms Communication
Definition of Terms
Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Types and Forms
Communication
Communication
Verbal
Visual
Written
Language
Nonverbal
Oral
Spoken
Language
Visual
Pictures
Symbols
Body
Languages
Others
Oral
Wordless
Sounds
Definition of Terms
Verbal communication is the process of
communication through sending and
receiving messages with the use of words.
Word is a unit of language that carries
meaning and consists of one or more
morphemes which are linked more or less
tightly together, and has a phonetical
value.
Nonverbal communication is the process of
communication through sending and receiving
wordless messages.
Visual communication is the conveyance of
ideas and information in forms that can be read
or looked upon.
Oral communication is the conveyance of ideas
and information in forms that can be listened to
or spoken.
Verbal Communication
Verbal
Communication
Theory of
Language
Theory of Language
Charles Morris (an influential 20th-century
semiotician), the study of language evolved
into three primary branches:
1. Semantics
2. Syntactics
3. Pragmatics
Semantics
Semantics is the
study of the
relationship
between words
and their
referents, or the
things designated.
“Words don’t mean; people mean.” The
meaning of a word is always determined by a
person.
People are not free to use words however they
wish. The society, culture, and tradition limit
what meanings might be inferred from a term.
Meanings are not fixed, however, and do
migrate as groups, cultures, and traditions
change in how they use various words.
Syntactics
Syntactics is the study of relationships
among signs, which in language involves a
focus on how speech sounds, words, and
structures are organized into larger
segments of meaning.
In classical linguistics, syntax refers to
grammar.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of signs as used in
actual situations. Pragmatics looks at even
larger levels of meaning—not just the
meaning of words and sentences, but the
intentions and goals that lie behind a
message and the attributions given to
others’ intentions.
Nonverbal Communication
The first scientific study of nonverbal
communication was seen in Charles
Darwin’s book The Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals.
He argued that all mammals show
emotions reliably in their faces.
People make judgments about the nature and
behavior of persons based on their nonverbal
and visual cues rather than on their verbal
communication.
We usually look first at their face to see if their
expression reflects what they are saying. Then
we listen to the tone of their voice to check if
there are any indications of the emotions
involved, and finally, we listen to the spoken
words to get the actual meaning.
Ray Birdwhistell:
The most human communication occurs
through gestures, postures, position, and
distance.
He described a 65 to
35% split between
actions and words.
Albert Mehrabian―There are three main
elements of communication:
1. The verbal refers to the words that are
spoken, the message.
2. The vocal refers to the intonation,
projection, and resonance of the voice
through which the message is conveyed.
3. The visual depicts the nonverbal behaviors
while speaking.
Mehrabian noted the impact of
communication across the three forms as
verbal, 7% (words); vocal, 38% (tone of
voice, inflection); and visual, 55%
(nonverbal physical behaviors).
The visual is the most controllable and
perhaps the most unconscious element of
the message from sender to receiver.
Modes of Nonverbal Communication
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Proxemics
Haptics
Oculesics
Chronemics
Kinesics
Physical Environment-Appearance
Paralanguage
Proxemics
Edward T. Hall (1950 -1960) ―Proxemics:
The studies of how human demonstrate
territoriality (human behavior regarding
personal space).
Owen Hargie and David Dickson identified
four such territories; Primary, Secondary,
Public and Interaction territory.
Primary Territory
Primary territory refers to an area that is
associated with someone who has
exclusive use of it—for example, a house
that others cannot enter without the
owner’s permission.
Secondary Territory
Secondary territory, if using the previous
example, means that there is no right to
occupancy, but people may still feel some
degree of ownership of a particular space.
For example, someone may sit in the same seat
on a train every day and feel aggrieved if
someone else sits there.
Public Territory
Public territory refers to
an area that is available
to all, but only for a set
period, such as a parking
space or a seat in a
library.
Interaction Territory
Interaction territory is the space created by
others when they are interacting.
For example, when a group is talking to
each other on a footpath, others will walk
around the group rather than disturb it.
Edward T. Hall defines three basic types of
space:
1. Fixed-feature space consists of unmovable
things such as walls and rooms.
2. Semifixed-feature space includes moveable
objects such as furniture
3. Informal space is the personal territory
around the body that travels with a person
and determines the interpersonal distance
between people.
Haptics
Haptics is the study of touching behavior in
nonverbal communication.
Touches that can be defined as
communication include handshakes,
holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand),
back slapping, a pat on the shoulder, and
brushing an arm.
The meaning conveyed from touch is highly
dependent upon the context of the
situation, the relationship between
communicators, and the manner of touch.
Oculesics
The study of the role of eyes in nonverbal
communication is referred to as oculesics.
Eye contact can indicate interest, attention, and
involvement.
Gaze comprises the actions of looking while
talking, looking while listening, amount of gaze,
and frequency of glances, patterns of fixation,
pupil dilation, and blink rate.
Chronemics
Chronemics is the study of the concepts and
processes of human temporality, or connections
with time, as they are bound to human
communication interactions.
Our notions of time, how we use it, the timing
of events, our emotional responses to time, and
even the length of our pauses contribute to the
communicative effect of time.
William Gudykunst and Stella Ting-Toomey
identified two dominant time patterns:
1. Monochronic time schedule (M-time)
refers to cultures and contexts in which
time is seen as being very important.
2. Polychronic time schedule (P-time)
where personal involvement is more
important than schedules.
Kinesics
Kinesics is the study of bodily activity in
nonverbal communication.
Kinesics is also popularly known as body
language. Kinesic behaviors include mutual
gaze, smiling, facial warmth or
pleasantness, childlike behaviors, direct
body orientation, and the like.
Physical
EnvironmentAppearance
Environmental factors such as furniture,
architectural style, interior decorating, lighting
conditions, colors, temperature, noise, and
music affect the behavior of communicators
during interaction.
The physical appearance of the human body
elements such as physique, height, weight, hair,
skin color, gender, odors, and clothing send
nonverbal messages during interaction.
Paralanguage
Paralanguage (sometimes called vocalics) is
the study of nonverbal cues of the voice.
Vocalics is concerned with the use of the
voice in communication. Vocalics consists
of several features such as resonance,
articulation, lip control, and rhythm
control, intensity, tempo, pitch, fluency
and vocal patterns.
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