Biology
First Semester Final Exam Study Guide
Identify the building blocks for the
following macromolecules:
Define the following terms:
Independent variable: ____________________
Proteins: __________________________
______________________________________
Carbohydrates: _____________________
Dependent variable: _____________________
Lipids: ____________________________
______________________________________
Nucleic Acids: ______________________
Experimental group: _____________________
______________________________________
Identify the following parts of a
phospholipid: hydrophobic and
hydrophilic
Control group: __________________________
______________________________________
What is the
importance of a
control in an
experiment?
How many variables
do you test at one
time during an
experiment?
Answer the following question regarding scientific experiments.
Harvester ants often strip a bush of all its leaves. Some people believe
this helps the plant grow thicker, healthier stems. In an experiment, a
student stripped off all the leaves from a set of plants. In a second set of
identical plants, the student allowed ants to strip off the plants’ leaves.
What needs to be added to the experimental design in order to improve
the overall experiment? How would you accomplish this task?
Read the following experiment and answer the
accompanying questions.
A student investigated the effect of radiation on
the germination of bean seeds. He thought
that exposure to radiation would limit the seeds
ability to germinate (grow) much like ultraviolet light causing skin cancer. Three hundred
seeds were soaked in distilled water for one
hour. They were then divided into three
groups. One group was placed in a microwave
oven on high for three seconds. Another group
was microwaved on high for six seconds. The
last group was not microwaved. The seeds
were then planted in three separate flats and
given the same amount of water. The flats
were placed in a location with constant
temperature of approximately 27 degrees
Celsius. Each day for two weeks the number of
seeds that germinated each group was
recorded.
Three sec of radiation: 54
Six sec of radiation: 26
No radiation: 88
What is the dependent variable?
What is the independent variable?
What is the experimental and control group?
Identify which characteristic of living things is being described in each of the
statements below
A. all living things contain cells
B. all living things contain DNA
C. all living things obtain and use
energy
D. all living things reproduce
E. all living things respond to
stimuli
F. all living things maintain an
internal balance (homeostasis)
G. all living things grow and
Develop
H. all living things evolve as a
Population
___ 1. An adult hydra is producing its offspring trough budding.
___ 2. An amoeba is a unicellular organism.
___ 3. A pill bug eats a carrot.
___ 4. Over three years, Tim’s height has increased from 5’4” to 5’11”.
___ 5. A caterpillar hibernates in a cocoon, and emerges as a butterfly.
___ 6. It is thought that humans are chimpanzees once shared a common
ancestor.
____ 7. A tulip opens up in the morning at sunrise and closes up in the evening
at sunset.
Lab safety Questions:
1. What important eye equipment needs to
be used during a lab? __________________
2. Before you leave the lab for the day you
should always _________________________
_________________________________ (2
answers)
3. This should happen before you begin work
in a lab ______________________________
4. Waste should always be deposited in one
of these ___________________________
5. These should not be worn on your feet in a
Identify whether the substance is an
acid or a base.
1. Baking soda (8.2)
2. Coca Cola (2.5)
3. Saliva (6.2)
4. Bleach (12)
5. Ammonia (11.6)
6. Stomach Acid (2)
7. Battery Acid (less
than 2)
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
What is the activation
energy?
What is the purpose of a
biological catalyst?
Identify the following parts of the compound light microscope
Fine adjustment knob
Eyepiece
Course adjustment knob
Arm
High powered objective
Base
Low powered (scanning) objective
Light source
lab______________________________.
Match the vocabulary word to the correct
definition.
a. adhesion
d. polarity
b. cohesion
e. covalent bond
c. ionic bond
_____ 1. A bond that results when electrons
share electrons
_____ 2. The attraction between molecules of
different substances
_____ 3. A bond that results when electrons
are transferred between atoms
_____ 4. The attraction between molecules of
the same substances
_____ 5. Oppositely charged poles are
produced as a result of an unequal
distribution of electrons
What organelles are found in plants, but not
in animal cells?
What organelles are found in animals, but
not in plant cells?
Label the following cell parts on both the plant and animal cells: cell
membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplast, golgi body, nucleus,
nucleolus, central vacuole, centriole, smooth ER, rough ER, flagella,
and cilla
Fill out the Venn diagram for prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
What is osmosis?
Identify the images as either Isotonic,
hypertonic, or hypotonic
What is the difference
between hypertonic
and hypotonic solution?
Match the organelle to the correct
function.
a. Mitochondria
e. Centriole
b. Chloroplast
f. Golgi body
c. Nucleolus
g. Lysosome
d. Ribosome
____ 1. Helps in separating
chromosomes during cell
division
____ 2. Manufactures ribosomes
____ 3. Distribution, packaging, and
shipping of proteins
____ 4. Brakes down food to produce
ATP through a series of chemical
reactions
____ 5. Manufactures proteins
____ 6. Digests and recycles cell material
____ 7. Uses the energy of the cell to
produce glucose through a series
of chemical reactions
What is the difference between active
and passive transport?
What is the difference between active
transport and facilitated diffusion?
What are the three
principles of the cell
theory?
What do all cells have in common?
Identify the images as either heterotrophs or autotrophs.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O  6 C6H12O6 + 6 O2
1. What formula does this chemical reaction represent?
2. Where does this chemical reaction take place?
3. What is produced at the end of this process?
6 O2 + 6 C6H12O6  6 CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
1. What formula does this chemical reaction represent?
2. Where does this chemical reaction take place?
3. What is produced at the end of this process?
Identify the stages of mitosis and meiosis shown in the
images below.
Match the term to the appropriate definition.
a. Light Reaction
b. Dark Reaction
c. Chlorophyll
d. Lactic Acid
Fermentation
e. Cellular Respiration
f. Photosynthesis
g. Alcoholic Fermentation
____ 1. Pigment that absorbs light energy
____ 2. A series of chemical reaction that produces
ATP and NADPH to fuel the dark reaction
____ 3. The process that releases energy by breaking
down food molecules in the presence of
oxygen
____ 4. Breaks down food molecules in the absence
of oxygen by producing CO2, ethyl alcohol,
and carrier molecules
____ 5. Uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon to produce
glucose
____ 6. Uses light energy to synthesize glucose from
carbon dioxide and water
____ 7. Breaks down food molecules when there is
not enough oxygen in the muscle cells of
animals
Label the steps of the cell cycle.
Cytokinesis, S phase, G2 phase, M phase, and G1
phase, Interphase
What takes places during
interphase?
What is the difference
between haploid and
diploid?
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
During which phase of the
cell cycle do cells spend
most of their time?
What is the diploid and
haploid number for
humans?
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Fill out the Venn diagram for Mitosis and Meiosis
What takes place during
crossing over?
Mitosis
Meiosis
What is genetic
recombination?
Why is genetic
recombination important
for the survival organisms?
How is cytokinesis different
between plants and animals?
Match the stage of mitosis to the correct
description.
a. prophase
d. telophase
b. metaphase
e. cytokinesis
c. anaphase
What is cancer?
___ 1. Sister chromatids align along the
center of the cell
___ 2. Two new nuclei are formed,
chromosomes start to uncoil, and the
nucleolus re-forms
___ 3. The nuclear envelope disappears,
chromosomes coil, centrioles appear
___ 4. Cell is pinched midway between the
cell, equally dividing the cytoplasm
between the two cells
___ 5. The sister chromatids are pulled
apart, and each chromatid is pulled
to the opposite poles
What are homologous
chromosomes?
How many cells are
produced at the end of
mitosis? of meiosis?
What causes cancer?
How does the genetic
make-up of the cells
produced in mitosis
compare to the cells
produced during meiosis?
What is the difference between
malignant and benign cancer?
Match the correct stages
of meiosis.
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Cytokinesis II
Label the following parts of a nucleotide:
nitrogen base, phosphate group, and sugar
Describe the structure of DNA.
What are the three
differences between DNA
and RNA?
What are the complementary
base pairing rules for DNA and for
RNA?
What happens during
transcription?
What is produced at the end
of transcription?
What are the steps of
replication?
Mrs. Smith has a baby named Tyra. She
believes one of two men can be the father of
her child. A paternity that is done and the
results are shown below. Which of the 2 men
are baby Tyra’s father? __________
Why is one strand replicated
continuously and the other
discontinuously?
Where does transcription
take place?
Mr. and Mrs. Jones just gave birth to fraternal twins- Bob and
Jane. Unfortunately, the nurse has confused the Jones twins
with 4 other babies. The doctors took samples of DNA from
each of the babies and Mr. and Mrs. Jones. Which of the 6
children are Mr. and Mrs. Jones twins?
When does translation begin?
Where does translation take place?
What is produced at the end of translation?
What are codons and anti-codons?
Use the codon wheel below to complete the protein synthesis problem
DNA
mRNA
amino acid
CGT
TCA
ATA
GCG
GGT
CCT
AAG
DNA
mRNA
amino acid
TGG
CTC
TCT
AGG
GTA
CGT
GTA
Describe what during each of the chromosomal
mutations pictured below.
What occurs during a framshift mutation?
What is the difference between a spontaneous mutation
and an induced mutation?
In the case of a point mutation, what happens during a
deletion? a substitution? an insertion?
What is the central dogma?
How are genes regulated?