< Alternative Refrigerants>
Updated by:
Yap Boon Thiam
Technical Engineer
Email: yapbt@oyl.com.my
Date: 15/5/2012
Page 1
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Ozone Layers
Ozone Depletion
List of Refrigerants
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
R22 Alternatives
OZONE LAYER
• Ozone (O3 ) is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms.
• 90% of the ozone is found in the upper atmosphere, 10-50km
above earth surface (stratosphere).
• The ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet-B
(UV-B) radiation from the sun.
• CFCs and HCFCs link to ozone layer depletion.
• If the ozone layer depletes, more harmful UV-B radiation will
reach the earth through the damaged ozone layer.
• Ecological damages and health risk.
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OZONE LAYER
Source: http://www.theozonehole.com/atmosphere.htm
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OZONE DEPLETION
Causes:
Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/causes-of-ozone-depletion.html
Page 5
OZONE DEPLETION
• In 1985, British scientists discovered a large
thinning in the ozone layer over the Antarctic
continent.
• In September 1998, the Antarctic ozone hole
reached a record size of 25 million km2 ,or
two and half times the size of Europe.
Source: American Chemical Society [August 29, 2011]
• UV-B levels are now about 7% higher than thirty years ago.(1970s)
• UV-B radiation has increased dramatically nearer the poles, 22%
higher in the Arctic and 130% higher in the Antarctic relative to values
in the 1970s.
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OZONE DEPLETION
OZONE “HOLE”
Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/causes-of-ozone-depletion.html
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LIST OF REFRIGERANT
Type
ASHRAE
No.
Chemical Name
Molecular
Formula
ODP
GWP
CFC
R-12
Dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl2F2
1.0
2,400
HCFC
R-22
Chlorofdiluoromethane
CHClF2
0.05
1,700
HFC
R-32
Difluoromethane
CH2F2
0
650
R-134a
Tetrafluoroethane
C2H2F4
0
1,300
R-407C
R32+R125+R134a
(23%+25%+52%)
23% CH2F2 25
% C2HF5 52%
C2H2F4
0
1,610
R-410A
R32 + R125
(50% + 50%)
50% CH2F2
0
1,725
R-717
Ammonia
NH3
0
0
R-744
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
0
1
Refrigerant
Azeotropic
Mixtures
Natural
Refrigerant
Source: www.ashrae.org/technology/page/1933
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LIST OF REFRIGERANT
OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL
(ODP)
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL
(GWP)
0.06
0.5
0.05
0.4
0.04
0.3
0.03
0.2
0.02
0.1
0.01
0
0
R22
R22 R134a R407c R410a R717
R134a
1500
1000
500
0
R22
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R410a
R717
Based on R12 GWP= 1
Based on R12 ODP= 1
TOTAL EQUIVALENT
WARMING IMPACT
(TEWI)
R407c
R134a
R407c
R410a
R717
REFRIGERANT TRANSITION
Page 10
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
1. Developed under the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) in 1987.
2. Objective is to protect the Ozone layer by phasing
out the production of numerous Ozone depletion
substances.
3. Requirement to phase out CFCs in year 1996 and
HCFCs in year 2030.
4. In Malaysia, CFCs total phase out in year 2010.
HCFCs total phase out in year 2040.
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MONTREAL PROTOCOL
100
100
HCFC Phase Out
Montreal Protocol
European Union
90
80
65
Percent
70
65
60
50
40
40
35
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1996
Page 12
2004
2007
2010
2015
0.5
0
2020
2030
KYOTO PROTOCOL
World Top Ten GHGs Emitters (2010)
Source: BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (London: June 2011)
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
To phase out R22, alternatives to R22 should be chosen carefully
though overall evaluations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Energy efficiency
Total emission
Safety
Economic aspects
There are several candidates:
1. HFC32 : Intermediate GWP and efficient
2. Propane(R290): Natural and efficiency but highly flammable
3. CO2: Natural but poor in efficiency
4. HFC410A: High GWP but applications are widely commercialized
In comprehensive points of view, R32 is recommended as best
alternative to new split air conditioners.
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
Energy Efficiency
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
Total Emissions
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
Safety
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
Safety
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
Cost
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R22 ALTERNATIVES
Summary
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