Mr. Cappello
Sir Robert Borden High School
October 18, 2010
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Three Part Principle:
1. The Law is Necessary to govern society
2. The Law applies equally to everyone
3. People are not governed by arbitrary power
◦ Case examples from class:
 Kroger, DUI
 The fifth estate: The Wrong Man. George Dangerfield,
Crown Prosecutor.
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4 Characteristics of Justice:
◦ 1. Treat like cases alike, treat different cases different (the rule of
precedent)
◦ 2. We consider a law unjust if it discriminates n unjust
characteristics (Case study, The fifth estate, Air Security)
◦ 3. Justice Should be impartial, that is, the law should be applied
regardless of a person’s position or financial status (Class
discussion, the homeless and access to justice, social services)
◦ 4. We expect the law to be just in that it conforms to society’s
values and beliefs (Class discussion, DNA registry vs. Privacy)
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Sociology:
Science of society, social institutions, and social
relationships, and specifically the systematic study of the
development, structure, interaction, and collective behaviour
of organized human groups. It emerged at the end of the 19th
century through the work of Émile Durkheim in France, Max
Weber and Georg Simmel in Germany, and Robert E. Park and
Albion Small in the U.S. Sociologists use observational
techniques, surveys and interviews, statistical analysis,
controlled experiments, and other methods to study subjects
such as the family, ethnic relations, schooling, social status
and class, bureaucracy, religious movements, deviance, the
elderly, and social change.
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Anthropology
The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical,
social, and cultural development of humans.
Psychology:
Scientific discipline that studies mental processes and behaviour in
humans and other animals. Literally meaning "the study of the
mind," psychology focuses on both individual and group behaviour.
Clinical psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of
mental disorders. Other specialized fields of psychology include
child psychology, educational psychology, sports psychology, social
psychology, and comparative psychology. The issues studied by
psychologists cover a wide spectrum, including learning, cognition,
intelligence, motivation, emotion, perception, personality, and the
extent to which individual differences are shaped by genetics or
environment. The methods used in psychological research include
observation, interviews, psychological testing, laboratory
experimentation, and statistical analysis.
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Criminology:
Scientific study of nonlegal aspects of crime, including its
causes and prevention. Criminology originated in the 18th
century when social reformers began to question the use
of punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and
reform. In the 19th century, scientific methods began to
be applied to the study of crime. Today criminologists
commonly use statistics, case histories, official records,
and sociological field methods to study criminals and
criminal activity, including the rates and kinds of crime
within geographic areas. Their findings are used by
lawyers, judges, probation officers, law-enforcement and
prison officials, legislators, and scholars to better
understand criminals and the effects of treatment and
prevention.
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Victimology:
Victimology is the scientific study of victimization, including the
relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions
between victims and the criminal justice system — that is, the
police and courts, and corrections officials — and the
connections between victims and other social groups and
institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social
movements. Victimology is however not restricted to the study of
victims of crime alone but may cater to other forms of human
rights violations that are not necessarily crime.
An Overview of Investigating
1. Defining an Investigation
2. Practices to follow during an Investigation
3. Art or Science?
Types of Investigations
1. Criminal-Non criminal
2. Reactive- Proactive
3. Overt-Covert
The Investigating Questions
1. Patterns, Leads, Tips, and Theories
Please see the
wiki for intro to
investigations!
Defining an Investigation
"to examine and inquire into something
systematically and thoroughly"
The word investigate can be traced back to the Latin
word investigare, meaning "to search into.”
Investigare is based on another Latin word, vestigare,
meaning "to track or to trace."
 Both!
Investigating is a science because there are certain rules that
should be followed to conduct a successful investigation. Pure
sciences and applied sciences play an increasingly important role
in the investigating process.
Investigating is an art because it depends on the human skills of
the investigator, including interpersonal communication and
creativity.
Practices to follow during an Investigation
 A logical sequence must be followed
 Real, physical evidence must be legally obtained
 Real, physical evidence must be properly stored and
preserved.
 Witnesses must be identified, interviewed, and
prepared for any potential or actual litigation
 Leads must be developed.
 Reports and documentation must be collected
 Information must be accurately and completely
recorded.
 Evidence collected must correlate to
the claim cause of action, or offence charged
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Criminal vs. Non Criminal
Criminal: jurisdiction of police/government agencies.
Non-criminal investigations: involve the investigation
of non-criminal incidents or events.
Non-criminal investigations may be conducted by the public, police
or private investigators. The main difference between non-criminal
investigations by the public, police and by private investigators is
that police investigations are funded by the government, whereas
private investigations are paid for by individual clients or
businesses.
Reactive vs. Proactive, Overt vs. Covert
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Reactive investigation is one that is instigated on the basis of a
complaint registered by a victim or client. For example, a person is
the victim of a robbery and reports this robbery to the police-the
police then conduct a reactive investigation.
2 Types of reactive: The preliminary investigation and the follow-up
or latent investigation. The preliminary investigation is the initial
inquiry into a reported crime and is generally conducted by a
uniformed patrol officer.
5 tasks during the preliminary reactive investigation by
a patrol officer:
1)
Conducts a preliminary search of the area of crime:
to determine if the suspect is still present;
2)
Renders first aid to any injured parties,
3)
Detains, separates, and interviews any possible
suspects or witnesses;
4)
Restricts access to the area where the crime was
committed to prevent the destruction of evidence.
5)
Prepares the first written report of the crime, which
is generally called an incident or complaint report.
Proactive investigations are investigations
conducted by the police based on their own
initiative.
The proactive investigation is:
 Designed to catch a criminal in the act of
committing a crime, rather than waiting until
a citizen reports a crime. The three main
types of proactive investigations are:
1. Decoy operations
2. Repeat offender programs
3. Undercover drug operations
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An overt investigation is one that is conducted
openly-investigators do not try to hide their true
identity or hide the fact that they are conducting
the investigation. Most reactive investigations are
overt.
A covert investigation, on the other hand, is
conducted in secret-the investigator tries to hide
his identity and the fact that he is conducting an
investigation. Generally proactive investigations
are covert.
Covert investigations are more commonly called
undercover investigations.
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A pattern is a series of similarities that may
link particular cases or indicate that the same
person is committing a series of crimes.
Leads are clues or pieces of information that
aid in the progress of an investigation. Leads
can be physical evidence or information
received by witnesses or other persons or
through surveillances, undercover
investigations, and record searches. A lead is
anything that can assist an investigator in
resolving an investigation.
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Tips are leads provided by citizens that aid in the
progress of an investigation. Generally tips
involve the identity of the suspect (eg. Crime
Stoppers)
Theories are beliefs regarding the case based on
evidence, patterns, leads, tips, and other
information developed or uncovered in a case.
Theories are important because they direct the
investigation. Investigators have to be very
careful in building theories about a case, because
if the theory is wrong, it may lead them in the
wrong direction.
DVD: I Want to be A Firefighter
Topics:
1. History of Firefighting
2. What Does a Firefighter Do?
3. Overview of the Fire Station
4. Climbing the Ladder (Fire Department
Organization)
5. How Do I Become a Firefighter?
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DVD: 150 years of policing in Ottawa:
Beginning in 1855 and leading up to the
present year, this production gives an inside
look at the journey taken by the Ottawa Police
that has led to the foundation of the Service
as it is known today.
Guest speaker: Cst. Arun Daniels.
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Police/Paramedic Volunteering
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Krav Maga:
(pronounced /ˌkrɑːv məˈɡɑː/; Hebrew: ‫ קרב מגע‬,
IPA: [ˈkʁav maˈɡa], lit. "contact combat", "close combat" or "full
contact") is an eclectic hand-to-hand combat system developed in
Israel that involves wrestling, grappling and striking techniques,
mostly known for its extremely efficient and counter-attacks, as it is
also taught to elite special forces, law enforcement/emergency
service personnel and civilians around the world.
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Krav Maga has a philosophy emphasizing threat neutralization,
simultaneous defensive and offensive manoeuvres, and aggression.
Krav Maga is used by the IDF Special Forces units and several closely
related variations have been developed and adopted by law
enforcement and intelligence organizations, Mossad, Shin Bet, FBI,
SWAT units of the NYPD and United States Special Operations Forces.
6 Basic Principles of Krav Maga
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Maintaining environmental awareness, know your surroundings
Disengage the attacker by giving up valuables, but never move to a second
location at the attacker’s request
If attacked, counter attack as soon as possible
Target attacks to the body's most vulnerable points such as the eyes, jaw,
throat, groin, knee etc.
Neutralize the opponent as quickly as possible by responding with an unbroken
stream of counter attacks.
Maintain awareness of surroundings while dealing with the threat in order to
look for escape routes, further attackers, objects that could be used to defend
and so on.
***As Students/ Civilians, it is
very important that you escape and/
or disengage as a primary means
of self defence***
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Date: Monday, October 25th
 Content: all materials reviewed in this presentation.
 A full period will be provided
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(approximated test duration of 40 min).
Format:
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Part 1: Short answer,
Part 2: Multiple choice,
Part 3: T/F
Part 4: 1 Long answer question (...from a choice of
options/case studies)