(i) terms synonymous with disordered eating: eating disorder$ or disordered eat$ or eating
behav$ or eating psychopatholog$ or binge$ or grazing or graze$ or bulimia or bingeeating disorder or eating habit$ or eating pattern$ or eating attitude$ or loss of control or
over eat$;
(ii) terms synonymous with overweight/obesity: weight or BMI or body mass or waist hip
ratio or adipos$ or waist circumference or obes$ or over weight$ or body size or body
fat;
(iii) terms synonymous with surgery: surgery or surgical or obesity treatment or bariatric
surg$ or gastric bypass or gastroplasty or LAGB or Lap-Band$ or gastric band$ or
postoperative outcome$.
Figure S1. Search Strategy Key Words and Mapped Subject Headings.
1
1.
eating disorder$ or disordered eat$ or eating behav$ or eating psychopatholog$ or binge$
or grazing or graze$ or bulimia or binge-eating disorder or eating habit$ or eating
pattern$ or eating attitude$ or loss of control or over?eat$ or over eat$
2.
exp eating disorders/
3.
#1 OR #2
4.
weight or BMI or body mass or waist hip ratio or adipos$ or waist circumference or WC
or obes$ or over?weight$ or over weight$ or body size or body fat
5.
"body weights and measures"/ or exp body fat distribution/ or exp body mass index/ or
exp body size/ or exp waist-hip ratio/
6.
#4 OR #5
7.
surgery or surgical or obesity treatment or bariatric surg$ or gastric bypass or
gastroplasty or LAGB or Lap-Band$ or gastric band$ or postoperative outcome$
8.
exp general surgery/ OR exp Bariatric Surgery/
9.
#7 OR #8
10. #3 AND #6 AND #9
11. Limit #10 to english language
12. Limit #11 to animals
13. #11 NOT #12
14. Limit #13 to All child 0-18yrs
15. #13 NOT #14
Figure S2. Example Search Strategy – Medline Database.
2
Table S1. Studies Assessing Disordered Eating in the Post-operative Bariatric Surgery Population.
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
[1]
39
90%F
50.3±7.6
90.23±17.88 kg
LRYGB
4 yr
[2]
35
80%F:20%M
NR
NR
RYGB
1 yr
[3]
1001
NR
NR
RYGB
Up to 30 mths
[4]
131
Non-BED: 80
initially, 51 had
12mth weight
measure.
BED: 51 initially,
30 had 12mth
weight
measure.
138
804F:187M
(80%F)
NR
US
Caucasian 75%
African American (8)
Hispanic (1)
US
White 53%
US
NR
NR
RYGB or AGB
12 mths
US
138F (100%F)
42 (22-62)
NR
NR
NR
Netherlands
Grp
1=28F:7M
(80%F)
Grp
2=21F:4M
(84%F)
Grp1=39.7±11.5
Grp2=43.9±12.6
Grp1=31.6±5.1
Grp2=31.3±4.5
Laparoscopic
sleeve
gastrectomy
Grp 1 <1yr;
Grp 2 >1 yr
Israel
12F:4M
24-44 (36.8)
NR
NR
NR
Sweden
[5]
[6]
[7]
78 total; 60
(76%)
completed
questionnaires
Grp 1 n: 35,
post-op (mths):
6.7±3.0
Grp 2 n: 25,
post-op (mths):
18.8±5.8
16
3
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
70
43
136
(75%F)
F (100%F)
F (100%F)
101F:35M
(74.3%F)
[8]
[9]
[10]
38.6 (10.3)
NR
41.4±10.6 (2064)
47.4 (7.6)
NR
29.5±4.7 (19.7-42.1)
RYGB
NR
GBP
France
Switzerland
Switzerland
[11]
30
NR
NR
NR
VBG
1 yr
1 & 2 yrs
>1yr
(22.5±17.2
mths)
3, 12, 36 mths
[12]
[13]
22
132
NR
43±11
NR
34.4±7.1 (22.1-42.6)
LAGB
BPD
27 (variable)
NR
LRYGB
[15]
197 (148
participated,
75%)
84%F
45.9
Weight (kg) selfreport=86.33±17.26
Weight (kg)
physicianreport=90.23±17.88
Pre-op=46.2
Post-op NR
NR
≥1yr
(40±4.3mths)
4yrs
UK
Italy
[14]
NR
84F:49M
(63.6%F)
26F:1M
(96.3%F)
LRYGB
40.1±15.3
mths (15.472.1mths)
[16]
6mth=311
(86.1%)
12mth=294
(81.4%)
24mth=171
(47.4%)
1yr=135 (96%)
Last visit at
8±1.2yrs=80
(59%)
497
NR
NR
NR
GBP
6, 12, 24 mths
US
Hispanic 20%
White 72.3%
Black 12.8%
Asian 0.7%
American Indian or
Alaskan Native 3.4%
US
NR
NR
1 yr=31.6±6.2
Last visit=34.5±6.2
RYGB
8±1.2 yrs
Switzerland
475F:22M
43.2 (8.4) (21-
NR
RYGB
3-10yrs (4.2)
US
[17]
[18]
Greece
US
4
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
(95.6%F)
65)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
White 90.1% (445)
Black/African American
5.5% (27)
Hispanic/Latino 2.8%
(14)
Native American 0.8% (4)
US
[19]
59
NR
50F:9M
32.6
RYGB
[20]
60
44F:16M
(73.3%F)
NR
Pre=42.3 (38.1-63.5)
Post=31.7 (22.338.1)
BPD
1.9yrs (0.4)
(18-35mths)
24-72 mths
[21]
112
NR
NR
31.9±5.9
VGB
2 yrs
Netherlands
[22]
151
F&M
NR
LAGB
4yrs
Germany
[23]
34
BED: 16
No BED: 18
F (100%F)
BED=38.4 (7.6)
No BED=42.7
(6.5)
Post BMI
no T1 diagnosis=
38.3 ± 7.0
T1 Anx/dep= 43.9
6.4
BED=40.2 (8.2)
No BED=35.8 (6.0)
NR
Netherlands
[24]
1yr=131
84%F
1 yr=30.55 (6.09)
3 yr=30.18 (6.98)
GBP
[25]
3yr 2mth=122
(attended both
follow-ups=79)
11
1yr=44.03
(11.30)
3yr=47.05
(10.35)
BED: 42.6mths
(15.1);
No BED:
46.0mths
(13.1)
Mean 1yr, 3yr
81%F:19%M
52.00±7.59
41.42±5.41
LAGB, RYGB
5.63±2.91mths
[26]
105 (initial)
86 F:14M
(81.9%F)
45.8 (10.3)
Max BMI=48.6 (9.1)
Entry BMI=28.4 (5.6)
RYBG, LAGB
NR;
Assessment
made at 1yr
US
White 91%
Black 9%
US
Surgical:
Caucasian 92.4%
Italy
US
5
Study
[27]
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
after registry in
study
African American 6.7%
Hispanic 0.0%
Others 1.0 %
US
NR
NR
NR
RYGB
20, 40, 66, 92
wks
[28]
Wk 20=198
Wk 40=147
Wk 66=92
Wk 92=112
7
6F:1M
(85.7%F)
54 (49-64)
35.0-52.4
GBP & LAGB
2-11 mths
[29]
15
12F:3M
(80%F)
NR
30.8±3.4
6mths
[30]
129
NR
35.0±6.0
12 mths
Australia
[31]
129
Same sample
as [30]
139
103F:26M
(79.8%F)
103F:26M
(79.8%F)
Laparoscopic
sleeve
gastrectomy
LAGB
US
African American (1)
Caucasians (6)
Austria
NR
35.0±6.0
LAGB
12 mths
Australia
123F:16M
(88.5%F)
80F:11M
(6mth
90.9%F;
1 yr 89.9%F)
28F:1M
(96.6%F)
F (100%F)
NR
NR
GBP
6 & 12 mths
US
NR
6mth=34.2±5.0
1yr=32.6±5.0
2yr=32.1±6.0
VBG
6, 12, 24 mths
Netherlands
NR
NR
AGB
5 yrs
UK
NR
NR
LAGB
4, 5, 6 yrs
Austria
[32]
[33]
6mth=88
1 yr=89
[34]
29
[35]
21
[36]
236
210F:26M
(89%F)
42.9
35.3 (7.02)
VGB (201) or
GBP (35)
8.2 (4.49) yrs
Netherlands
[37]
38
NR
32.98±5.29
VBG
1, 3, 6mths
Italy
[38]
176
32F:6M
(84.2%F)
140F:36M
(79.5%F)
Patients divided
into younger
NR
LAGB
50mths (3084)
Austria
6
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
(18-40) & older
(41-65) groups
NR
32.0 (5.8)
RYGB
12mth
US
[39]
13
F (100%F)
[40]
35
NR
37.8±5.5
LAGB
1 yr
Italy
[41]
77 (60% RR)
NR
38 (7) (25-55)
LAGB
12 mths
Netherlands
[42]
93 (47.9%)
31F:4M
(88.6%F)
68F:9M
(88.3%F)
81F:12M
(87.1%F)
44.3±9.7
NR
RYGB
78.4±35.7 wks
(17.3-199.4)
[43]
139
124F:15M
(89.2%F)
NR
NR
GBP
12 mths
[44]
144F:13M
(91.7%F)
140F
(100%F)
97F:12M
(89.0%F)
40.0 (7.9)
35.3 (6.9)
LAGB
33.9 (15.1)
NR
NR
AGB
[46]
157 (81.6%
response)
140 (63%
response)
109
US
Caucasian 75%
Hispanic 18.5%
US
White 70.5%
African American 16.5%
Hispanic American
11.5%
Other 1.4%
Netherlands
NR
6mth=37.06 (6.22)
12mth=33.04 (5.61)
GBP
>30mths, 50
(30-84)
6 & 12 mths
[47]
137
122F:15M
(89.1%F)
NR
NR
GBP
12 mths
[48]
65
NR
43.5 (9.8) (2165)
34.9 (5.5)
LAGB, RYGB
(47:9)
3.2 yrs (1.3)
(0.2-5.8)
[45]
Austria
US
White 67% (73)
Black 18% (20)
Hispanic 14% (15)
Asian 1% (1)
US
Caucasian 70.8% (97)
African American 16.8%
(23)
Hispanic-American
10.9% (15)
Other 1.4% (2)
Switzerland
7
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
[49]
22
21F:1M
40.86±8.39
37.92 (9.75)
LAGB (16),
RYGB (6)
15 mths (4-48)
[50]
21
NR
33.8
LAGB
[51]
149
NR
38.6±6.8
VBG or AGB
Every 6 mths
to 3 yrs
14±1.5
[52]
23
NR
39.2±1.0
LAGB
6 mths
Austria
[53]
[54]
[55]
64
56
65
21F
(100%F)
102F:47M
(68%F)
20F:3M
(87.0%F)
NR
NR
65F
(100%F)
UK
White 18
Black 3
Other 1
Germany
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
34.1 (8.5)
NR
GBP
GBP
≥6 mths
12
16.4
[56]
93
≤2 yrs: 40 (2461); Post>2 yrs:
41 (22-55)
≤2 yrs: 45.5 (37-72);
>2 yrs: 45.4 (36-63)
LAGB
68 mths
[57]
65 (BE: 33;
NBE: 32)
≤2 yrs:
42F:6M;
Post>2 yrs:
102F:7M
(91.7%F)
48F:17M
(74%F)
US
US
US
White 40%
African American 30%
Hispanic 30%
Netherlands
NR
40.8 (9.0)
RYGB
5-7 mths
[58]
45
42 (20.2-65.1)
34.6 (7.2) (21.9-65.2)
RYGB
[59]
40
NR
38.9 (7.5)
RYGB
1.5 yrs (6
mths-3 yrs)
6 mths
[60]
140
BE: 36.46
(11.72); NBE:
44.61 (9.92)
NR
VGB
18 mths
US
Caucasian 79% (31)
Spain
[61]
66 (97; 68%)
39F:6M
(86.7%F)
34F:6M
(85%F)
BE: 15F:10M;
NBE:
95F:20M
(78.6%F)
87.9%F:12.1
NR
39.7 (9.2)
LAGB
3, 6, 9, 12
Switzerland
Germany
US
White 77% (50)
Black 20% (13)
Hispanic 3% (2)
US
8
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
[62]
99 (156; 63.5%)
%M
BE: 31F:13M;
NBE: 46F:6M
(77.8%F)
[63]
99
[64]
100
[65]
78
[66]
152
[67]
[68]
[69]
NR
Same sample
as [64]
26
[70]
56
[71]
67
[72]
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
At operation:
BE: 40.4 (10.2);
NBE: 42.8
(11.2)
38 (8.87) (2058)
40.5±11.15
BE: 34.4 (7.8); NBE:
33.1 (6.7)
RYGB
mths
BE: 4.0 (1.5);
NBE: 4.0 (1.4)
(>2 - <7 yrs)
NR
AGB
≥2 yrs
Netherlands
33.49±6.31
VBG
18 mths
Spain
54.1 (31-77)
32.8 (22.7-49.5)
RYGB
35.5 (11.3) (1561)
NR
40.50 (11.15)
NR
LAGB
13.8 yrs (12.515.6)
<3 yrs
US
Caucasian 100%
Italy
NR
NR
GBP
VBG
US
Spain
NR
39.3 (7.3) (29-53)
RYGB
NR
18.0±4.95
mths
1-3 wks, 6 mth
45F:11M
(80.4%F)
86%F:14%M
42.3 (20-57)
BPD
43.5±9.7
Post Grp 2: 49.07
(0.67)
29.2±5.7
6 mths: 101;
1yr: 90; 2yr: 74
NR
NR
39.6 (11.1)
GBP: 58% (39);
VBG 18% (12);
Unspecified:
24% (16)
NR
[73]
50
NR
NR
41.89 (9.33)
RYGB
[74]
107
90F:17M
42.5 (10.75)
NR
GBP or LAGB
31F
(100%F)
85F:15M
(85%F)
65F:13M
(83.3%)
128F:24M
(84.2%F)
NR
85F:15M
(85%F)
NR
79 mths (2-15
yrs)
1.9 yrs
6 mths, 1 & 2
yrs & average
5.5 yrs (0.510.5 yrs)
3.84 (0.89)
mths
9
US
US
Caucasian 59%
African American 28%
Hispanic 6%
Other 6%
US
US
Caucasian 89.6%
US
Caucasian 73%
US
Australia
9
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
NR
NR
Gastroplasty
12 mths
Canada
NR
NR
BPD
3 yrs
Italy
NR
M: 31.5; F: 32.5
2 yrs
Sweden
NR
1, 2, 3 yrs
Italy
44.6±10.4
BED: 29.7±4.5; NonBED: 29.0±5.2
28.7±6.4
LAGB, VBG &
GBP
BPD
NR
32 (30) mths
40.4±10.1
29.86±5.4
GBP
GBP kg:71.42
(13.97); Waiting list
kg: 111.35 (15.79)
28.4 (20.3-40.3)
GBP
20.8±11.0
mths
2 yrs 8 mths
(11 mths)
US
White 94.7%
US
BPD
1, 2 yrs
Italy
Successes: 29.6
(SEM 1.1); Failures:
37.0 (SEM 1.6)
28.6 (0.55) (20.340.1)
28.6 (0.55) (20.340.1)
118.13 (17.47) kg
VBG
1, 3, 6, 12
mths
Sweden
BPD
1, 2 yrs
Italy
BPD
1, 2 yrs
Italy
GBP
24.42 (9.13)
mths
Australia
30.7 (18-53.4)
BPD
12 mths
Italy
40 (18-64)
26 (20-29)
BPD
NR
Italy
Post group: 35
28 (17-36)
BPD
12-177 mths;
Italy
[75]
89
[76]
63
[77]
487
[78]
51
[79]
111
[80]
27
(84.1%F)
81F:8M
(91.0%F)
48F:15M
(76.2%F)
327F:160M
(67.1%F)
39F:12M
(76.5%F)
91.3%F:8.7%
M
NR
[81]
34
NR
NR
[82]
65
NR
[83]
20
49F:16M
(75.4%F)
16F:4M
(80%F)
[84]
48F:15M
(76.2%F)
48F:15M
(76.2%F)
16F:4M
(80%F)
NR
[86]
Same sample
as [76]
Same sample
as [76, 84]
20
[87]
68
[88]
98
[89]
110
49:F19M
(72.1%F)
71F:27M
(72.4%F)
ST BPD (39):
[85]
NR
NR
F: 42 yr 6 mth
(9yr 4 mth); M:
47 yr (8 yr 7
mth)
NR
Australia
10
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
28F:11M; LT
BPD (71):
56F:15M
(76.4%F)
12F:4M
(75%F)
36F:3M
(92.3%F)
23F:6M
(79.3%F)
90.3%F
1 yr:
76F:24M; 3yr:
51F:9M
(>75%F)
1 yr:
76F:24M; 3yr:
51F:9M
(>75%F)
NR
(28-58)
3 mths: 17; 6
mths: 13; ≥12
mths: 7
44
Grp 1 (Q): 27;
Grp 2 (Int): 20
[90]
16
[91]
39
[92]
29
[93]
[94]
31
100 (1 yr: 100; 3
yr: 60)
[95]
Same sample,
methodology &
measurement of
ED as [94]
33
[96]
[97]
[98]
[99]
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
80.1 kg (15.6)
Scopinaro
operation
NR
ST BPD: 14
(12-23); LT
BPD: 53 (26177)
3 mths, 1 & 2
yrs
17 mths (2-24)
NR
226.36 lbs (38.01)
VBG
10.54
US
38.3 (24-55)
1 yr: 38±10; 3
yr: 39±9
Gastric stapling
RYGB
1.7 yrs (1-4)
1 (14±2), 3
(35±3) yrs
Canada
US
RYGB
1 (14±2), 3
(35±3) yrs
US
NR
NR
1 yr F: 118±15 kg; M:
152±23 kg. 3 yr
F:120±19; M:
146±17
1 yr F: 118±15 kg; M:
152±23 kg. 3 yr
F:120±19; M:
146±17
NR
GBP
24 mths
NR
NR
NR
Gastroplasty or
GBP
3, 6, 12 mths
US
White 76%
Black 24%
Canada
37F:6M (1
NR)
(84.09%F)
35.2 (22-50)
NR
NR
11 mths (3-35)
Grp 1:
20F:7M
(74.1%)
Grp 1: 37
Grp 1: 131±46 kg
(66-248)
Jejunoileal
bypass
>8 ≤18 mths
NR
NR
37 (median 38)
1 yr: 38±10; 3
yr: 39±9
UK
New Zealand
US
Anglo-American (34)
Hispanic (6)
Black (1)
American Indian (1)
Unspecified (2)
Grp 1: White (22) Black
(2) Native American (3)
11
Study
Sample N
Sex (%F)
Age yrs
(sd/range)
BMI (sd/range)
Surgery
Length of
follow-up
Country & Ethnicity % (n)
[100]
69
56F:13M
(81.2%F)
41±9.9 (21-54)
91 kg (17)
Jejunoileal
bypass
37±19 mths
(>1 yr)
US
AGB: Adjustable Gastric Banding; BED: Binge Eating Disorder; BPD: Biliopancreatic diversion; GBP: Gastric Bypass; LAGB: Laparoscopic Adjustable
Gastric Banding; NR: Not reported; RYGB/LRYGB: (Laparoscopic) Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass; VBG: Vertical Banded Gastroplasty.
12
Table S2. Methods of Assessing Disordered Eating Following Bariatric Surgery.
Assessment
method
Studies using
Questionnaires
TFEQ (EI)
[26]
[8]
[30]
[31]
[20]
[19]
[29]
[15]
[35]
[13]
[27]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[57]
[59]
[61]
[73]
[75]
[77]
[81]
[83]
[84]
[87]
[89]
[2]
[60]
[62]
[68]
[69]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Construct: Assess eating
behaviour & cognitions.
Items: 51
Response Format: T/F &
Likert-type scale.
Subscales: 3 scales of
cognitive restraint of eating
(conscious control over food
intake, efforts taken for limiting
food intake), disinhibition
(inability to resist
emotional/social eating cues,
susceptibility to lose control
over food consumption), &
hunger (subjective feelings of
hunger & food cravings).
Clinically abnormal scores
are >13 for restraint, >11 for
disinhibition, & >10 for hunger.
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: n/a
S: Simple to administer. The
most commonly used
measure in BS patients.
L: Not indicative of diagnosis.
No validation in BS patients.
32
13
Assessment
method
[71]
[86]
Amendments
[8]
[51]
[52]
[61]
[77]
[89]
[71]
EDE-Q
[39]
[28]
[25]
[16]
[32]
[43]
[46]
[47]
[58]
[62]
[71]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: The four
subscales of the EDE and
EDE-Q were significantly
correlated, with correlation
coefficients ranging from
moderate (α=0.53) to strong
(α=0.80) [58]. Mean
differences between the
measures for the Restraint
and Eating Concern
subscales were significant,
with scores consistently
higher on the questionnaire
Classification system:
DSM-IV
BED: DSM-IV
LOC: presence of any LOC
episodes in past 28 days.
OBE: eating unusually large
amounts of food while
experiencing a sense of
LOC. SBE: experiencing
LOC when eating small or
normal amounts of food.
S: Examines objective and
subjective bingeing. Assesses
the number of episodes and
days so that diagnosis can be
aligned with BED or BN, and
DSM-IV or 5 criteria. Items
about the number of days
eliminate ambiguity about
whether a prolonged OBE
counts as 1 episode or
several. The subscales have
utility for assessing ED
attitudinal psychopathology.
L: Overestimates certain
aspects of ED pathology
relative to clinical interview.
The volume & quantity of food
required to meet binge criteria
12
French version
German version; extended to
include further questions on
eating behaviour to assess
'rigid control' & 'flexible control'
German version
Swedish version
Italian version
2 additional items to assess the
number of times per day the
subjects typically eat & how
often, in an average week, they
eat at restaurants.
Construct: Adapted from the
EDE structured interview, the
EDE-Q reports on attitudes,
feelings and behaviour related
to eating & body image.
Assesses eating disorder
psychopathology, including the
frequency of overeating and
binge eating.
Items: 28
Response Format: Items are
rated on 7pt scales with higher
scores reflecting higher
severity/frequency. Most items
refer to past 28 days.
Subscales: Four subscales of
dietary restraint, eating
concerns, weight concerns, &
14
Assessment
method
Description
Validation in BS patients
shape concerns, + global
score.
compared to the interview.
OBEs and OOEs reported in
the EDE-Q were not
confirmed by the EDE. EDEQ and EDE agreement for
SBEs was also poor (k=0.28)
[58].
Amendments
[43]
[58]
[62]
[71]
BES
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
are not specified. It relies on
subjective self-report
(therefore true 'objective
overeating' is unknown).
Limited utility for assessing
OBEs and SBEs postsurgery.
.
Times
used
S: Simple to administer.
11
BED: BE ≥8 times/mth.
Regular BE: ≥ but <8
times/mth.
Infrequent BE: <4 times in
last mth.
The item 'Definite desire to
have a flat stomach' from the
shape subscale was removed.
Subjects who did not want to
complete the questionnaire
were contacted by telephone
and asked a screening
question about binge eating ('If
I define a binge as eating
within a concentrated period of
time what most people would
regard as an unusually large
amount of food, how often
have you binged in the past
month?').
Only used 2 items assessing
frequency of binge eating and
self-induced vomiting in past
28 days.
Construct: Assesses the
BE: ≥1 episode LOC/wk.
OBE & SBE were combined
for classification of binge
eaters – binges defined by
subjective sense of LOC
rather than quantity
consumed.
NBE: <1 episode of
LOC/wk (OBE or SBE) for
past 4 weeks.
Reliability
Classification system:
15
Assessment
method
[39]
[40]
[23]
[37]
[15]
[54]
[56]
[59]
[44]
[60]
[68]
Amendments
[56]
[44]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
feelings, cognitions and
behavioural aspects of being
eating in overweight & obese
individuals.
Items: 16
Response Format: Each item
contains 4 statements that
reflect severity. Scores range
from 0-46; <18 is minimal (mild
or none), 18-26 is moderate,
and ≥27 indicates severe BE.
Subscales: n/a
Internal consistency: α=0.88
in [44].
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Severity. Scores range from
0-46; <18 is minimal (mild
or none), 18-26 is
moderate, and ≥27
indicates severe binge
eating.
Dutch version
Reliability of the D-BES in
sample before & after BS
proved satisfactory, α=0.87;
factor loadings for all items
were >0.3. Moderate
agreement (k=0.59) between
D-BES & D-EDE.
BE group: BES score ≥18.
NBE group: BES score <18.
[60]
EDI
[70]
[78]
[81]
[84]
[87]
[88]
[93]
[64]
Construct: Measure of
psychological & behavioural
dimensions of eating disorders.
Items: 64
Response Format: 6 pt Likerttype scale.
Subscales: 8 subscales, 3 to
assess eating disorder
concerns & 5 to assess
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
BE absent: <23.
Moderate: >23-<27.
Severe: >27.
Classification system: NR
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Designed for an overweight
and obese sample. Dutch
version has some validation
in BS patients.
L: Assesses LOC aspects of
episodes of eating, but not
objective consumption of a
large amount of food. Does
not include subscales to
diagnose BE disorders.
Scores can be high if an
individual has very rigid rules
about eating & feels guilty for
breaking these rules, even if
an OBE has not occurred.
Times
used
S: Includes assessment of
psychological aspects of
eating disorders.
L: No validation in BS
patients.
10
16
Assessment
method
[68]
[74]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
DEBQ
[36]
[11]
[33]
[21]
[56]
[63]
[44]
Construct: Measures restrained
eating, eating in response to
emotional states & eating in
response to external foodrelated stimuli.
Items: 33
Response Format: 5 pt Likerttype scale.
Subscales: 3 subscales of
Restrained Eating (conscious
restriction of food intake),
Emotional Eating (eating in
response to emotions), &
External Eating (eating in
response to external foodrelated cues).
Reliability
Internal consistency: α=0.870.95 [44].
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: n/a
S: Has Dutch normative
scores. Good reliability.
L: No validity data available.
7
QEWP-R
[18]
[14]
[3]
[69]
[1]
Construct: Assesses symptoms
& history of ED behaviours.
Screens for BED & other eating
disorders by assessing the
components, duration and
frequency required for DSM-IV
diagnoses. Measures the
number of OBEs and SBEs in
the past 28 days, and the
number of days episodes
occurred.
Items: 28
Response Format: Y/N and
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system:
DSM-IV
BED: DSM-IV
S: Assesses number of
episodes and days so that
diagnosis can be aligned with
BED or BN, and DSM-IV or 5
criteria. Items about number
of days eliminate ambiguity
about whether a prolonged
OBE counts as 1 episode or
several.
L: Assessment of OBEs and
SBEs is over the past 28
days, whereas the duration
required for an indication of
5
personality features or
psychological constructs
associated with eating
disorders.
17
Assessment
method
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
categorical.
Subscales: n/a
Amendments
[18]
[14]
[3]
EDI-II
[17]
[37]
[9]
[21]
Modified to consider the
change in stomach capacity
following surgery (e.g., ‘did you
eat...what most people would
regard as an unusually large
amount of food for someone
who has had weight-loss
surgery?’.
2 questions added to assess
grazing.
Times
used
S: Includes assessment of
psychological aspects of
eating disorders.
L: No validation in BS
patients.
4
BE: consumption of
subjectively large amounts
of food with experiences of
LOC.
LOC: cannot stop or control
eating.
Grazing: pattern of eating
or nibbling continuously
over an extended period
with LOC, for grazing
disorder the grazing must
be present ≥2 days /wk. for
6mths.
Assessed via telephone
interview.
Self-administered eating
patterns survey adapted from
the QEWP-R; includes items
on overeating, LOC and
distress related to eating
behaviour.
Construct: Measure of
psychological & behavioural
dimensions of eating disorders.
Items: 91
Response Format: 6 pt Likerttype scale.
Subscales: 11 scales evaluate
drive for thinness, bulimia,
body dissatisfaction,
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
diagnosis is 3 to 6 months.
No validation in BS patients.
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Includes subclinical
diagnosis of episodic
overeating & binge eating.
Patients classified as:
normal eating behaviour,
episodic overeating, or
binge eating behaviour.
Classification system: NR
18
Assessment
method
EES
[28]
[69]
BITE
[90]
[68]
ESES
[28]
Description
ineffectiveness, perfectionism,
interpersonal distrust,
interoceptive awareness,
maturity fears, asceticism,
impulse regulation and social
insecurity.
Construct: Emotional eating.
Includes 25 different emotions
& participant’s rate their urge to
eat in response to that
emotion.
Items: 25
Response Format: Rate
strength of urge to eat in
categories ranging from ‘no
urge to eat’ to ‘overwhelming
urge to eat’.
Subscales: Depression, anxiety
& anger.
Construct: Detection and
description of binge eating.
Items: 33
Response Format: Frequency
of binges assessed on 5pt
scale, includes severity scale.
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assess bariatric
surgery patients’ perceptions of
their overall eating self-efficacy
and confidence in their ability
to control their eating.
Items: 29
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: n/a
S: Range of 25 different
emotions assessed.
L: No published guidelines
regarding what constitutes
high or low EES scores. No
validation in BS patients.
2
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system:
BN: Cut-off score of 20 for
symptom scale & 5 for
severity score.
S: NR
L: NR
2
Reliability
Internal consistency: α=0.89
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: NR
S: Reliable in BS patients.
L: No validity information
available.
1
19
Assessment
method
DSQ
[5]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Construct: NR
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Classification system: NR
Multidimensional
questionnaire
[6]
Construct: Assesses health
behaviours, food selection,
food tolerance and satisfaction.
Includes: eating patterns
(number of meals p/day), and
eating style (eating without
chewing, eating without feeling
hungry, binge eating, grazing
and emotional eating).
Items:
Response Format: Rated on
3pt scale.
Subscales: NR
Construct: Measures appetite
for rather than consumption of
palatable foods. Indicates
hedonic hunger motivation at
different levels of food
availability.
Items: 15
Response Format: Rated on
Reliability
Internal consistency: α≥0.80.
Temporal (µ=14 days):
α=0.32-0.97, p<0.01.
Validity
Construct: Significant
correlation between sweet
eating (from dietary
interview) and DSQ (r=0.33,
p<0.01). Significant
difference between sweet
and non-sweet eaters on
DSQ (t=24.72, p<0.01).
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
PFS
[10]
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
S: Developed in sample of
female BS patients, with
some validation.
Times
used
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: Does not permit any
conclusion on actual food
intake.
1
20
Assessment
method
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system:
DSM-IV
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
5pt scale.
Subscales: Categorises 3
domains according to food
proximity: 1) food readily
available in the environment
but not physically present
(‘food available’); 2) food
present but not tasted (‘food
present’); 3) food when first
tasted but not consumed (‘food
tasted’).
Amendments
[10]
Questionnaire
[24]
Questionnaire
[26]
Questionnaire
[30]
German version
Construct: Structured
questionnaire reflecting DSMIV criteria for a diagnosis of
BED.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Frequency of night
eating.
Items: NR
Response Format: 5pt scale
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses eating
behaviour, including how many
times a day the patient eats
(considering all meals and
snacks as separate eating
episodes), subjective feelings
of fullness, return of ‘old eating
habits’, and the situations or
emotions considered by the
21
Assessment
method
Screen for NES
[31]
Eating behaviour
self-efficacy scale
of the Obesity
Psychosocial State
Questionnaire
[41]
Questionnaire
[53]
Binge Scale
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
subject to stimulate
eating/overeating.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Screen for NES with
behaviours confirmed by
interview.
Items: 6
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system:
NES: persons usually (i)
had no appetite for
breakfast, (ii) consumed
50% or more of total energy
intake after 7 pm, & (iii) had
trouble getting to sleep or
staying asleep on ≥3
nights/wk within the
previous 3 mths.
Classification system: n/a
S: NR
L: NR
1
S: Reliable in BS candidates
and patients.
L: Only 3 items; provides
limited information and cannot
be used to indicate symptoms
of disordered eating.
1
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Classification system: NR
S: NR
1
Construct: Efficacy of
regulation of eating behaviour.
Items: 3
Response Format: 5pt scale, a
high score means the person
feels capable of regulating
his/her eating behaviour
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses postsurgery eating patterns (e.g.,
lack of control, return of old
patterns, binge eating &/or
grazing behaviour, rumination,
self-induced vomiting after
binge eating, including
frequency).
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Measures frequency
Reliability
Internal consistency: α=0.73
pre-op & 0.84 post-op.
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
22
Assessment
method
Questionnaire
[61]
Questionnaire
[67]
Restraint Scale
[70]
Questionnaire
[72]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Times
used
and intensity of binge eating &
concern about binge eating.
Items: 9
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Asks patients to
describe a typical day in terms
of eating, e.g., if they know
when they are full and, if so, if
they still continue to eat; if they
crave sugars & fats; if they are
preoccupied with food; if they
notice old eating patterns
returning (e.g. grazing,
emotional eating); and if they
are purging.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses the
cognitive tendency to restrict
food intake as a means of
losing weight or avoiding
weight gain. Contains items
regarding both dieting concern
& weight fluctuation.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses frequency
of binge eating and vomiting.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
L: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system:
Binge eating: ≥1/wk.
S: NR
L: NR
1
23
Assessment
method
Eating patterns
questionnaire
[81]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Construct: NR
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Classification system: NR
Bulimia Cognitive
Distortion Scale
(BCDS)
[92]
Construct: Measure of
cognitive distortions commonly
associated with bulimia.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assess obesity in
the psychiatric population. III is
a structured interview that
includes attitudes about food,
patterns of hunger and food
intake (e.g., motivation for
eating such as boredom,
nervousness, parties/holidays,
being alone etc).
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Includes an
extensive exploration of eating
habits, such as preoccupation
with food, eating unaware,
number of snacks, night binges
and eating alone, eating in
response to affective states.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses risk of
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Eating Behaviour
Questionnaires II &
III
[96]
Structured selfrating schedule
[97]
EAT-26
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
S: NR
L: NR
Times
used
1
Classification system:
DSM-III-R
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Classification system:
S: NR
1
24
Assessment
method
[12]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
disordered eating behaviour.
Items: NR
Response Format: Score of 20
or more indicates high
concerns about body weight,
shape, and eating.
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses binge
eating, frequency and severity
of ‘emotional eating’ before and
since surgery, and comparison
of actual to expected effect of
weight loss on emotional wellbeing.
Items: NR
Response Format: Indicate the
frequency of binge eating on
5pt scale: 5 = ≥2 times /wk, 4 =
once /wk, 3 = 1-3 times /mth, 2
= <1 time /mth, & 1 = never.
Subscales: NR
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
EAT score >20 used to
identify patients who may
be at risk of disordered
eating.
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Questionnaire
[45]
Construct: Assesses eating
behaviour
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Questionnaire
[49]
Construct: Includes items to
assess experiences of eating,
such as ‘Over the past month
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: Positive
experiences (α=0.62);
Survey of
frequency of binge
eating
[42]
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
L: NR
Times
used
Classification system:
BE: Eating an amount of
food that most people
would consider to be very
large or that, since your
surgery, is physically
uncomfortable, i.e., you eat
the food quickly, feel that
you have little or no control
over yourself, and tend not
to stop until you are
physically uncomfortable or
the food is all gone. During
&/or afterwards, you
typically feel ashamed
and/or disappointed in
yourself.
Pre-op BE: 1-2 times/wk
NBE: <1/wk.
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
25
Assessment
method
Brief Form
[79]
Questionnaire
[91]
Questionnaire
[91]
Questionnaire
[98]
Description
Validation in BS patients
when you have eaten a meal,
to what extent have you felt the
following: pleasure, content,
satisfaction, nauseated,
overfull, the need to be sick’.
Items: NR
Response Format: 5pt scale.
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assessment of
NES.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
negative experiences
(α=0.61).
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Construct: Assesses
postoperative changes in
eating habits.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses the
results of the operation on the
patient's eating patterns,
drinking and ability to cope with
a small stomach.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Assesses changes
in eating habits since surgery.
Includes amounts & types of
food consumed, eating when
bored, frequent thoughts of
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Classification system:
NES: morning AN, delay of
eating after awakening for
several hours, excessive
evening eating, evening
tension &/or feeling upset,
and insomnia in the past 2
mths.
Classification system:
Number of meals p/day,
snacks, portion size,
bingeing, and self-induced
vomiting.
S: NR
L: NR
1
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system:
Number of meals p/day,
snacks, portion size,
bingeing, and self-induced
vomiting.
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
26
Assessment
method
Questionnaire
[99]
Description
Validation in BS patients
food, eating in secret, snacking
between meals, food binges,
eating when upset or angry,
feelings of starvation, craving
for sweets, feeling guilty about
overeating, feeling full,
vomiting.
Items: NR
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Construct: Items about food
behaviours. Retrospective
recall of pre-op eating patterns
such as 'night eating
syndrome', 'binge eating', and
'eating without satiation'.
Assessment of post-op food
behaviour including snacking,
restricted food intake because
of complications or to maintain
weight loss.
Items: 117
Response Format: NR
Subscales: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Total
112
Studies using
Interviews
EDE
[19]
[23]
[34]
[4]
[55]
Construct: Structured clinical
investigator-based interview to
assess eating-related attitudes
and behaviours. Yields
diagnoses for the major eating
disorders. Initially queries past
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: The four subscales
Classification system:
DSM-IV
OBE: eating a large amount
of food (as defined by the
examiner) during a discrete
period of time with LOC.
S: Items about number of
days eliminate ambiguity
about whether a prolonged
OBE counts as 1 episode or
several. Allows for a more
thorough assessment of
9
27
Assessment
method
[56]
[73]
[58]
[80]
Amendments
EDE-BSV
[19]
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
28 days, which can be
extended to past 3-6mths.
Items/Duration: 45-75 mins.
Subscales: Four subscales of
dietary restraint, eating
concerns, weight concerns, &
shape concerns, + global
score. Items rated by the
investigator on a 7pt scale.
of the EDE and EDE-Q were
significantly correlated, with
correlation coefficients
ranging from moderate
(r=0.53) to strong (r=0.80)
[58]. Mean differences
between the measures for
the Restraint and Eating
Concern subscales were
significant, with scores
consistently higher on the
questionnaire compared to
the interview. OBEs and
OOEs reported in the EDE-Q
were not confirmed by the
EDE. EDE-Q and EDE
agreement for SBEs was
also poor (k=0.28) [58].
SBE: ingestion of an
amount of food that is not
considered objectively large
but a feeling of LOC is
present.
OOE: ingestion of an
objectively large amount of
food).
Extended & adapted to account
for altered upper
gastrointestinal tract; to
differentiate compensatory
behaviours for shape or weight
reasons from behaviours
resulting from surgery (e.g.,
‘Did you vomit because of
plugging or dumping?’; ‘Have
you had thoughts about how
vomiting might influence your
weight or shape?; ‘Would you
be concerned if you vomited
less but ate the same?’; ‘Do
you sometimes eat certain
foods even though you know
EDE-BSV not
psychometrically evaluated
yet.
Assessed chewing &
spitting out food; picking or
nibbling food (eating in an
unplanned & repetitious
way without LOC);
nocturnal eating; and
compensatory behaviours.
All symptoms were rated for
presence & monthly
frequency during the past
6mths.
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
current BE and purging
behaviour than the SCID.
L: Requires a trained
interviewer with good
knowledge of EDs. Time
consuming. Assessment of
OBEs is over the past 3
months, whereas the duration
required for diagnosis of BED
is 6 months.
Times
used
28
Assessment
method
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
there is a high likelihood that
this will result in nausea and/or
vomiting?’); and questions to
assess the adverse physical
effects of surgery related to
eating (e.g., plugging, defined
as food getting stuck in the
small opening of the pouch
with epigastric discomfort; &
dumping, rated using the cutoff of +7 on Sigstad's Clinical
Diagnostic Index). Gives clear
definitions of aberrant eating
behaviours.
[23]
[4]
Abbreviated version to assess
OBEs and SBEs; assessed for
OEs at screening only.
[55]
[56]
[73]
BED: Proposed DSM-5
criteria of ≥1 OBE /wk for
3mths.
BED: Proposed DSM-5
criteria of ≥1 OBE /wk for
3mths with associated
behavioural characteristics
and free of compensatory
behaviours.
No ED: no OBE and not >1
overeating episode /wk.
Conducted by telephone
although interview has only
been validated in face-toface contexts.
Dutch version
BE group: ≥1 binge /wk for
3 mths.
Binge eaters: ≥1 binge /wk
for past 28 days.
Alternative cut-off for Binge
eaters: ≥2 binges /wk.
29
Assessment
method
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
S: NR
L: NR
2
S: NR
2
Non-binge eaters: <1 binge
/wk over past 28 days.
[58]
[80]
Clinical interview
[84]
[87]
Structure interview
Additional standardised probe
questions added to make sure
that restraint was due to weight
and shape reasons and not
exclusively to physical
discomfort, lack of hunger or
post-surgery dietary
recommendations (e.g., Has
this been because you are not
hungry? Has this been to avoid
physical discomfort, nausea or
vomiting? Have you been
eating less than you could
have eaten? Have you been
eating less than recommended
by the dietician?).
Supplemental questions about
excessive fluid intake (drinking
quantities of high caloric
beverages such as soda
≥2L/day).
Construct: Assesses the
presence and frequency of
binge eating.
Items/Duration: NR
Construct: Telephone interview
Did not include criteria
'eating large quantities of
food in a discrete period'.
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Classification system:
BED: Consuming a large
amount of food in a discrete
period of time with sense of
LOC and marked
psychological distress. ≥2
binge episodes /wk for 6
mths. No compensatory
behaviour.
Non-BED: never or seldom
report binge episodes.
Classification system: NR
30
Assessment
method
[94]
[95]
SIAB-EX (short
version)
[22]
Description
Validation in BS patients
including issues of food and
eating. Eating patterns studied
in depth were bulimia, night
eating syndrome and
restrained eating. Post-surgery
modified binges were
assessed.
Items/Duration: One hour
Construct: Assesses BN, BED
& EDNOS according to DSMIV criteria.
Items/Duration: NR
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
SCID-I
[38]
Construct: Assesses current &
lifetime axis I disorders.
Items/Duration: NR
Interview
[7]
Construct: Questions like ‘can
you please describe your
relationship to food?’
Items/Duration: NR
Interview
[13]
Construct: NR
Items/Duration: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
L: NR
Times
used
Classification system:
DSM-IV
BED: DSM-IV
BN: DSM-IV
EDNOS: criteria of ≥2
binges /wk not met.
Classification system:
Overeater: frequent
consumption of a large
amount of food without
LOC.
Atypical Eating Disorder
(EDNOS): e.g., grazing &
NES.
Classification system: NR
S: Permits assessment of
atypical binges (grazing)
defined as ‘permanent
eating’.
L: No validation in BS
patients.
S: NR
L: NR
1
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system:
BED: ≥2 binge episodes
/wk for at least 6mths +
marked psychological
distress and absence of
purging behaviour.
EE: eating specifically in
S: NR
L: NR
1
1
31
Assessment
method
Description
Interview
[17]
Construct: Screen for eating
disorders.
Items/Duration: 30 mins
Clinical interview
[25]
Construct:
Items/Duration:
Semi-structured
interview
[31]
Construct: Interview to confirm
presence of BED, LOC, NES
and grazing. Assessed quantity
of food consumed, whether
LOC was present, extent of
associated distress, and
frequency of OBEs and SBEs.
Emotional disturbance rated on
5pt scale.
Items/Duration: NR
Semi-structured
interview
[33]
Construct: Semi-structured
interview regarding motivation
for WL, expectations of the
procedure & WL, dieting history
& eating behaviour.
Validation in BS patients
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system:
DSM-IV
Full BED: DSM-IV
Uncontrolled eaters: LOC
during OBE or SBE ≥1/wk
for 6mths.
Grazing behaviour:
consumption of smaller
amounts of food
continuously over an
extended period of time,
eating more than the
subject considers best for
them (during previous
6mths).
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
S: NR
L: NR
1
response to anxiety,
boredom, & positive or
negative emotions.
Classification system:
DSM-IV
BED: DSM-IV
NES
32
Assessment
method
Description
Validation in BS patients
Items/Duration: NR
Criterion: NR
M-FED semistructured
interview
[65]
Construct: Includes questions
regarding weight, height,
frequency of binges
(present or past), and episodes
of vomiting, spontaneous or
induced (present or past).
Items/Duration: NR
Construct: 5 items: 1. Are you
on a diet? 2. Do you eat
regular meals? 3. Do you eat
snacks? 4. Do you eat only
until you have satisfied your
hunger? 5. Do you drink
special high-calorie
beverages?
Items/Duration: 5 items
Construct: Assesses DSM-IV
criteria for BED. Uses modules
from the EDE and SCID.
Items/Duration: NR
Structured
interview
[76]
Construct: Assesses BED and
night eating.
Items/Duration: NR
Semi-structured
interview
[37]
Brief structured
interview
[48]
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system:
DSM-IV
Binge: DSM-IV
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system:
DSM-IV
Also used modified DSM-IV
criteria by eliminating the
large amount of food
criterion.
Classification system:
BED: Recurrent binge
eating episodes with LOC
on food intake at least twice
a week on average for
previous 6 mths,
accompanied by a marked
psychological distress
about these occurrences.
Night eater: No appetite for
breakfast, consuming 50%
S: NR
L: NR
1
S: NR
L: NR
1
33
Assessment
method
Description
Validation in BS patients
ED criteria used
or more of food intake after
7pm, & having trouble
getting to sleep or staying
asleep.
Classification system:
Bingers: frequent episodes
of binge eating with
behavioural indicators of
LOC on food intake in past
6 mths.
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
S: NR
L: NR
1
Semi-structured
interview
[82]
Construct: NR
Items/Duration: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Semi-structured
interview
[83]
Construct: Includes
assessment of eating
behaviour.
Items/Duration: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Structured
interview
[85]
Construct: Assesses eating
habits, dieting and hunger,
hunger-related feelings, and
attitudes towards body and
shape.
Items/Duration: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Interview
[49]
Construct: Open-ended
interview questions including
'Has the operation changed
how you feel about food?'
Items/Duration: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Interview
[66]
Construct: Assesses eating
behaviours and attitudes,
including binge eating, sweet
eating, nibbling and gorging.
Items/Duration: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
34
Assessment
method
Description
Semi-structured
interview
[86]
Construct: Includes
assessment of eating patterns.
Items/Duration: NR
Informal interview
[99]
Construct: Retrospective recall
of pre-op eating patterns such
as 'night eating syndrome',
'binge eating', and 'eating
without satiation'. Assessment
of post-op food behaviour
including snacking, restricted
food intake because of
complications or to maintain
weight loss.
Items/Duration: NR
Construct: Includes questions
on changes in eating habits;
response options ranged from
'much more than before
surgery' to 'much less than
before surgery'. Rating of
eating behaviour during
periods of intense emotion (6
negative and 2 positive
emotions).
Items/Duration: NR
Structured clinical
interview
[100]
Total
Validation in BS patients
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
Reliability
Internal consistency: NR
Temporal: NR
Validity
Construct: NR
Criterion: NR
ED criteria used
Reported Strengths (S) /
Limitations (L)
Times
used
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
Classification system: NR
S: NR
L: NR
1
33
AN: Anorexia Nervosa, BE: Binge eating, BED: Binge Eating Disorder, BES: Binge Eating Scale, BITE: Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh, BN: Bulimia
Nervosa, BS: Bariatric surgery, DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, DSQ: Dutch Sweet Eating Questionnaire, ED: Eating Disorder, EDE: Eating
Disorder Examination, EDE-Q: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, EDI: Eating Disorder Inventory, EDO: Eating Disorders in Obesity, EDNOS:
Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, EE: Emotional eating, EES: Emotional Eating Scale, EOQ: Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, ESES: Eating
35
Self-Efficacy Scale, FCQ-T: Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait, IBES: Inventory of Binge Eating Situations, LOC: Loss of control, M.I.N.I.: MINI International
Neuropsychiatric Interview for DMS-IV (Axis I), NEDQ: Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire, NES: Night Eating Syndrome, NEQ: Night Eating
Questionnaire, NR: Not reported, OBE: objective binge episode, OE: Overeating episode, PFS: Power of Food Scale, QEWP & QEWP-R: Questionnaire on
Eating & Weight Patterns (Revised), SBE: Subjective binge episode, SCID: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, SIAB-EX: Structured Interview for
Anorexia & Bulimia Nervosa (short version), TFEQ: Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (also known as the EI: Eating Inventory), WALI: Weight & Lifestyle
Inventory, WL: Weight loss.
36
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