Second house people involvement in local community and political life
NordPlus intensive field course lecture at Tartu, 5.5.2015
What is peripherisation and what makes
peripheries different?
The long lasting story of N+ courses ...
Ilkka Pyy
Peripheries, second-homes – everyday and
academic perspectives
• Periphery and boundary both are products of nation state building – in many
respects e.g. Joensuu is much more peripheral in national than in global context
• Why to bother to study peripheries?
– Problem sites, which preserve conservative values but ruin the nature, do not offer decent
income but imitate the ways of life from the centers
– Idyll sites, where small is beautiful and where the assessment of societal change and
development can be done from the distance and deeply
• “It is clear that peripherality is, or should be, a contextual category rather than a mere
technical instrument to be employed in the classification of social – mainly economic
– space. … peripherality should be a contextual but is also a relativistic category;
there are no ‘absolute’ peripheries.” (Paasi 1995, 253-4)
• ”However, there still seems to be some agreement that the role of second-home
phenomena for regional development is not fully understood. Thus, Second Homes:
Curse or Blessing? [1977] remains a powerful reminder that scientific problems are
not solved easily, particularly since they are objects of continuous change and
diversification.” (Müller & Hoogendoorn 2013, 366)
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What is Peripherisation and what makes
peripheries different?
Table of contents
•(Extensive) perspectives to peripheries
•Investigating and studying peripheries – N+ field course
story
•Peripherisation and regionalisation
– From dualisms . . .
– . . . to three-fold analyses of differentiated peripheries . . .
– . . . and towards intensive development & training strategies
Ilkka Pyy
5.5..2015
3
Extensive perspectives to
peripheries
The dimensions of (the Northern) peripheries
Regional differentiation can be divided into core areas and peripheral areas. We can
see this division on different regional scales from global to local. The cores are
typically diverse centres of economic growth, political power, culture life etc.
Main characteristics of peripheral regions:
“Peripheral in both a spatial and a social sense means being out of the centre of
resources, such as wealth, power, or connection” (Oksa 1995,183).
• geographically remote (distance to/from centers), territorially remote (border areas)
• dependent up on external political and industrial decision-making
• resource-based economy (agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing)
• strong dependence on the state as provider of employment, services, subsidies etc.
• relatively low levels of income, education, health, housing etc.
• culturally traditional
• decline of population, employment, services
• out-migration of young people, aging of the population
• unfavourable climate and geological conditions (archipelago, mountainous etc.)
Peripherality as an expenditure factor: some
Nordic features
LOW POPULATION DENSITY AND LONG DISTANCES
A The share of people living outside population centres (the share of
people in sparsely populated areas)
B The density of the people living in sparsely populated areas
- conventional density: average number of inhabitants/km2
- grid square model of density: average number of
inhabitants/populated km2-grids
C Wideness
- the size of the area
- the length of general roads
- the average distance of farms from the population centre
REMOTE LOCATION
D The distance from the population as a demand potential
- the lack of collaboration possibilities
- the lack of purchasing power
- the lack of political power
E The distance to the town centres
F The site of location on the border
OTHER FACTORS OF UNFAVOURABILITY (RELATED TO
REMOTENESS)
- bilingualism
- special support for salaries in remote municipalities
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Two population
densities
(Rusanen et al. 1993)
Population in municipality /
areal size of municipality (km²)
Population in inhabited grids (1 km²)
according to municipal division
Remoteness index according
to crow fly
Remoteness index
(Pyy 1996)
Remoteness index according
to road distance
Source: Simo Rautianen 2015
5.5..2015
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Remoteness index according
to road distance
The impact of water bodies
by increasing remoteness
Index category
Remoteness
Population / 2 km² grid
remoteness index
rate
Population in index grids
2013
Hirvensalmi
Mikkeli
Savonlinna
Enonkoski
Puumala
Sulkava
Category change
Archipelago
0,00 - 0,99 1,00 - 1,49
1
2 094
53 458
33 375
332
0
309
1,5
161
1 029
1 360
1 102
195
1 996
1,50 - 2,00
fixed charge
3 207,12 €/resident
83
148
1 521
88
2 124
489
lump sum charge
368,87 €/resident
Specified revenue Present revenue Total
Specified revenue
(€)
(€)
population
(€)
422 208
0
2 338
862 418
1 258 931
0
54 635
20 153 212
4 557 633
755 315
36 256
13 373 751
557 734
35 806
1 522
561 420
2 327 532
369 487
2 319
855 410
1 265 409
230 928
2 794
1 030 623
Source: Simo Rautianen 2015
5.5..2015
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Investigating and studying
peripheries
Nordplus research areas
in 1999-2015
Source of the map: Spiekermann, K.
& Aalbu, H., Nordic Peripherality in
Europe. Nordregio Working Paper
2004:2
NordPlus –course themes 1999-2015 (2016?)
• 27.9. – 8.10. 1999 in Saltdal, Rognan (140 km south-east of
Bodø) with a 3-days excursion to Rana, Lurøy and Træna:
LOCAL RESTRUCTURING OF THE NORDIC WELFARE
SOCIETY
• 3.-14.11.2008 in Pärnu with a 3-days excursion to Southern
Estonia: RESILIENT REGIONS AND PEOPLE:
TRANSFORMATION AND ADAPTATION OF LOCAL
ECONOMIES
• 2. – 13.10. 2000 in Saltstraumen (30 km east of Bodø) with a
3-days excursion to the Lofoten Islands: INNOVATIONS,
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORDIC CONTEXT
• 5.-16.10.2009 in Valga-Valka with excursions along Via
Hansaetica between Tartu and Riga: NEW FORMS OF
POSTPRODUCTIVISM, RURAL-URBAN
INTERACTION AND REGIONALISM IN BALTIC
BORDERLANDS
• 30.9. – 11.10. 2002 in Røkland (100 km south-east of Bodø)
with a 3-days excursion to the Lofoten Islands: SOCIAL
CAPITAL, LOCAL MOBILIZATION AND REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORDIC CONTEXT
• 19. – 31.10. 2003 in Tornio/Haparanda with a 3-days
excursion to Luleå, Piteå, Pajala, Pello, Rovaniemi and
Kemi: LEARNING REGIONS AND CROSS-BORDER
COOPERATION IN THE NORDIC PERIPHERY
• 4. – 15.10. 2004 in Ylitornio with a 4-days excursion to
Kolari, Enontekiö, Kautokeino, Karasjokk, Utsjoki, Inari and
Rovaniemi: NEW DYNAMICS OF ETHNIC AND
REGIONAL POLITICS IN THE NORDIC PERIPHERY
• 2. – 13.10. 2006 in Ylitornio with a 3-days excursion to
Pajala, Kiruna, Gällivare, Jokkmokk, Boden and Luleå:
MOBILITY IN A BRIDGING AND BONDING
CAPACITY IN THE NORDIC PERIPHERY
• 1.-12.10.2007 in Kuusamo with a 4-days excursion to Eastern
Lapland and Rovaniemi: MAPPING TACIT
KNOWLEDGES. UNDERSTANDING THE
TRANSFORMATIONS OF RURAL ECONOMIES
• 11.-22.10.2010 in Riga with a 3-days excursion to Eastern
Latvia (Latgale): DUALISMS AND DIALOGUES IN
BALTIC REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLICY
• 15-27.4.2012 in Tartu with a 3-days excursion to Vöru and
Valga County, Vidzeme and Riga. KNOWLEDGE
INSTITUTIONs AND LOCALISED LEARNING IN
SPATIAL AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN
PERIPHERAL FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREAS OF THE
BALTIC SEA REGION
• 14 – 27.4.2013 in Tartu with a 3-days excursion to EstonianLatvian-Russian corner border regions. BORDERING
PERSPECTIVES AND PROCESSES IN EVERYDAY LIFE
AT THE EU'S EXTERNAL FRONTIERS
• 11-24.5.2014 in Pärnu with a day s excursion to Hiiumaa
and Saaremaa. INVISIBLE POPULATIONS AND THE
FUTURE OF RECREATIONAL PERIPHERIES
• 3-16.52015 in Tartu with a 3 excursion Valga, Sigulda, Riha,
Häädemeeste and Halliste: SECOND HOUSE PEOPLE
INVOLVELMENT TO LOCAL COMMUNITY AND
POLITICAL LIFE
• Spring 2016 ? in Lithuania ?? ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZENSHIP AND
RURAL CENTRE RENEWAL IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH ???
5.5..2015
12
Ongoing research project based on
Nordplus-courses 1999-2015
1
2
3
4
How the students structure the problems of regional
development in the context of peripheral regions?
How the argumentation is connected to societal/grand
principles and tensions (of e.g. efficiency and equity)?
What are main results/findings/observations/remarks in
the study papers
Problem-solving and recommendations - what explains
the orientation and articulation? (Zeitgeist?, EU-guidelines?, bestseller theoretical approaches?, charisma of teaching/supervision?, content of the
courses?, intensive course dynamics?, general group dynamics?, group work habits
like SWOT-analysis?)
5
The processes of knowledge in expert training and
regional development work?
Approaches to study reports
• Periphery (dualisms)
– global-local, state-municipality, centralizationdecentralization, vertical-horizontal, citycountryside, capital-labor, economy-culture,
effectiveness-equity
• Competitiveness and welfare (three-fold analyses)
–
–
–
–
competence – connections – concept (Moss-Kanter 1995)
specialization – productivity – know-how
hierarchy – partnership – network
having – loving – being (Allardt 1976)
• Would these classifications reach the ideas of intensive
development work …?
Peripherisation and
regionalisation: From
dualisms. . .
Towards combined LAU 1 & 2 in Finland?
Country
LAU 1
LAU 2
Estonia
Counties (Maakond)
15
Municipalities
(Vald, linn)
227
Finland
Sub-regions
(Seutukunnat /
Ekonomiska regioner)
70
Municipalities
(Kunnat /
Kommuner)
317
Latvia
Districts, republic
cities (Rajoni,
republikas pilsētas)
33
Cities,
municipalities,
parishes (Pilsētas,
novadi, pagasti)
118
Lithuania
Municipalities
(Savivaldybės)
60
Elderships
(Seniūnijos)
518
Norway
Economic regions
89
Municipalities
431
Iceland
Regions
8
Municipalities
74
North Karelia in future: three municipalities?
Dimensions and examples
• Reforms about how to secure regional equity of urban type of services
(border regions are usually peripheral in nature, thus removing borders by
creating sub-regional municipalities (larger functional urban-rural regions
will decrease peripherisation)
 more people and/or services on wheels
 revaluation of real estate property in the centres of suspended municipalities
 Sustainability in terms of economic, social, political, cultural and ecological
change
• The renaissance of industries based on natural resources. Mining boom in
Finland (e.g. 4 mines in action in Lapland and 7 more will be started up in
the near future)
• ”Pop in/pop out countryside/peripheries”
• Broadband networked regionalisation and remote telecommuting work
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. . . to three-fold analyses . . .
Three perspectives of estimating
development/change
a) Statistical indicators
– Certainties at the level of large numbers and avarages
– GNP, HDI …
b) Single success stories and failures
– Options for understanding the mechanisms of change and innovation
processes
– Uniqueness versus general lessons
c) Views from the bottom
– Less developed areas / poor people as critical determinants of ”real”
development
– e.g. absolute change of income at the lowest deciles of distribution
Triangle of (local) development/success
(Developed from Almås 1985)
production
consumption ownership
Local resources
ANCHOR
CATALYST
Impulse from outside
- business consultant
- project manager
- voluntary worker
- developer-reseacher
regulation
ENABLER
Public sector
- legislative reforms and control
- fiscal subvention, support
- programmes, guidance
. . . and towards intensive
development & training
strategies
From triple to quadruple helix?
“Live” beer -“Rezeknes bryuvers”
produced from natural,
ecologically clean materials. Not
pasteurized.
• Spheres of action
– rational
– normative
– communicative
– emotional
• Types of knowledge
– commercial
– state-oriented
– academic
– local
An incident at the course 2013
• In year 2013 the expectations towards field studies were made as challenging as possible, since
the preparation seminar ended up an open disagreement and miscommunication among
teachers about strictly guided or more freely chosen methodological approach in front of the
students.
• In the evening, just before students’ departure for field study locations, each teacher tried to
calm down the situation within groups and by collectively shared e-mail with apologies,
explanations and promises of full online accessibility of teachers during the field days.
• Work in high stress and time squeeze is very common in many organizations, nowadays even
within an academia. Very turbulent time needs ever higher degree of flexibility, ad hoc
solutions and good will for a proper communication. If you cannot make it then it will not
cost you a job. Somehow by accident this was an opportunity to put our students’ abilities to
the test.
• Obviously, the crisis before the field study strengthened the ties between group members as
well as the working spirit. Students were doing so well that also local people seemed to
recognize the good humour of the teams. They were wished to welcome and doors for
interviews and observations opened easily to local authorities, services and industries.
• Consequently, students achieved materials they could analyze in the frameworks of
knowledge/identity resources and codified/tacit knowledge. In many papers there were
serious efforts to find means and matters to understand whether there is a phenomenon called
local knowledge.
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Accommodation service
Salmela Art Center
(28 000 visitors in 2012)
Repovesi National Park
(89 000 visitors in 2012)
Free-time residence
Converted free-time
residence (”grandma's
villa”)
Tourism development
area
Mäntyharju water-route
Cycling route
Hiking route
1650
Vehicles per day,
average
Railway passengers,
2011
Mäntymotelli
22 hotel rooms +
33 cottages
= 205 beds
Linkkumylly
5 cottages / 20 beds
Mäntyharju as second house
& tourism region
Thank You!
www.uef.fi