FEM 3204 : 3 (2+1)
Perancangan Kewangan Dalam Pasaran Global
HUSNIYAH BT. ABD. RAHIM
BILIK A2-14
Jabatan Pengurusan Sumber & Pengajian Pengguna
Fakulti Ekologi Manusia

Global Marketing
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It refers to marketing activities coordinated & integrated across multiple country markets (Johansson,
2000)
Global marketing & international marketing has a slight difference with global marketing a broader marketing compared to international marketing
Global marketing is an extension of international marketing

Global Marketing
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A global approach is used to international marketing.
What are being focused by managers are on the product markets, that is, groups of customers seeking shared benefits or to be served with the same technology, emphasizing their similarities regardless of geographic areas in which they are located
They should not be focusing on country markets, that is, the differences due to the physical location of customers groups

Global Marketing
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Global marketing is the process of conceptualizing & conveying a final product or services worldwide hoping to reach the international marketing community
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With proper global marketing, it can enable to eleviate a company to the next level,
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Need different strategies based on the region the company is marketing to

Global Marketing
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The operation mode is very different from marketing locally
Organisations begin to develop and run operations in the targeted country or countries outside of the domestic one
In practice, organisations evolve from domestic to global enterprises
It involves 4 stages of change & the characteristics of companies at different stages in the process of evolving from domestic to global enterprises are different as follows:.

Global Marketing
1. Stage one:
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Focus on domestic, all activity concentrated in the home market.
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Many organisations can survive doing business domestically, but may bring to long term failure.
2. Stage two:
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Home focus, but with exports.
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Rely in home values, but creates an export division

Global Marketing
3. Stage three:
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Stage two organisations which realise that they must adapt their marketing mixes to overseas operations.
The focus switches to multinational & more on adaption
4. Stage four:
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Global organisations create value by extending products
& programmes, & focus on serving emerging global markets
They have to recognise that markets around the world consist of similarities & differences

Global Marketing
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Thus, for stage 4, it is possible to develop a global strategy based on similarities to obtain scale economies, but also recognises & responds to cost effective differences.
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Its strategies are a combination of extension, adaptation
& creation
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Unpredictable in behaviour & should always alert to opportunities

Global Marketing
In planning to do global marketing, must consider the following:
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A number of environmental factors
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Generally the company should be looking for
"unifying" or "differentiating" influences that will dictate a "standard or "adapted" planning approach
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Demographic factors of the locals in each country: income, age; purchasing power

Global Marketing: Orientation of
Management
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Based on Perlmutter (1967): There are 4 orientations of management of global/international organisations.
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Named as the "EPRG" scheme
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Associated with successive stages in the evolution of international operations
1.
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Ethnocentrism : home country orientation - exporting surplus
Polycentrism : host country orientation - subsidiary operation (international)

Global Marketing: Orientation of
Management
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3. Regiocentrism: regional orientation - world market strategies (multinational)
4. Geocentrism: world orientation - world market strategies (global)
Number 3 & 4 are based on
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 similarities & differences in markets capitalising on similarities to obtain cost benefits, but still recognising differences

Global Marketing: Theoretical
Approaches
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Theory of comparative advantage (Adam Smith &
David Ricardo), the product trade cycle (Raymond
Vernon), & The Business Orientation (Howard
Perlmutter)
The theory of comparative advantage: is a demonstration (under assumptions) that a country can benefit from trade even if it has an absolute disadvantage in the production of all goods, or it can gain from trade even if it has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods.

Global Marketing: Theoretical
Approaches
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Even though a country has an absolute production advantage it may be better to concentrate on its comparative advantage.
To maximise the wellbeing of both individuals and countries, countries are better off specialising in their area of competitive advantage and then trading and exchanging with others in the market place.

Global Marketing: Financial Products
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Covers financial products marketing across three different continents - US, UK, & China
Marketing of financial products in the US focuses on banking, insurance, & credit cards
The banking system in the US has undergone a transformation over the years & maturing
Expanded their business into other financial services, other than bank & branch.
Many banks in the US make a shift from depending on fund-based products to fee-based services.

Global Marketing: Financial Products
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Pricing of credit cards has also evolved over the years with changes in pricing policies & computational methods
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Ethnic groups in the US form a major customer segment for insurance marketers.
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Marketers have tailored the communication patterns to appeal to these groups & this approach has increased the profit

Global Marketing: Financial Products
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Worksite marketing has also shown tremendous growth, especially for insurance products
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Most financial products in the future will continue to be marketed through this channel
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Among the three broad categories of pension plans, only about 20 percent of the workforce opts for individual retirement accounts

Global Marketing: Financial Products
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Mutual fund marketers use extensively online advertising.
In the UK, the banking sector has adopted technologies to monitor/ understand customer behavior, that would alert staff to the customer needs & also help devise methods to improve delivery of services.
In life insurance pricing, lifestyle-linked obesity risk has been used as premium determination
However, the preferred lives concept has not been very successful due to operational difficulties

Global Marketing: Financial Products
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IFAs (Independent Financial Advisors) have gained prominence as a new channel of distribution for a majority of financial products like life insurance, pension, & mutual funds
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A recent development in the UK. Is the emergence of fund supermarkets
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These are like grocery stores where a wide variety of funds are available for the customers at one place
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The fees levied are lower compared to dealing directly with a fund house due to the large number of mutual fund products that the fund house sells.

Global Marketing: Financial Products
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The Chinese financial services industry is a major target destination for global financial players
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The magnitude of foreign investments is huge in the
Chinese banking sector, especially in retail banking & vehicle financing.
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Another attractive segment for global players is the consumer credit market, which includes credit cards, loans, & mortgages
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The mutual funds sector is undergoing a major change with commercial banks being allowed to deal with mutual funds.

Global Marketing: Cultures
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Important issue facing marketers is the extent to which one or more global consumer cultures or segments are emerging
There are proofs to the movement in this direction
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This kind of culture would have a shared set of consumption-related symbols, with common meaning & desirability among members
One example of global culture is that portion of local cultures that view themselves as cosmopolitan,* knowledgeable, and modern.
* international in scope: having worldwide relevance or scope

Global Marketing: Cultures
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These individuals share many values & consumptionrelated behaviors with similar individuals across a range of national cultures
Such cultures are created by the globalisation of mass media, work, education,and travel

Global Marketing: Globalisation of
Financial Product
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Advances in communication & technology together with financial deregulation abroad (eg. Lifting of regulatory structures that inhibit competition & protect domestic markets ) have diminished the distinction between domestic & foreign financial markets
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With necessary technology & reduced cost of transaction, the world has become one interconnected market

Global Marketing: Globalisation of
Financial Product
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Markets for government securities and certain stocks, foreign exchange trading, interbank borrowing & lending operate continuously 24 hours around the world & in enormous size
This result in a big competition among key financial centers & financial institution that helps to reduce costs of issuing new securities

Global Marketing: Globalisation of
Financial Product
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This growing competition led to increasing of deregulation of financial markets worldwide whereby users of capital markets will issue & trade securities in financial market with the lowest regulatory standard, lowest costs.
Treasurers no longer confined to domestic markets as the source of funding & are quick to exploit any attractive opportunity occurs elsewhere in the world

Global Marketing: Globalisation of
Financial Product
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The competition drives the international financial system
It further result in financial innovation that segments, transfers and diversifies risk
Enables companies to tap previously inaccessible markets & permits investors & issuers to take advantage of tax loopholes
International capital mobility has increased tremendously