Name:
Class:
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Meristematic tissue
• Cells that undergo cell
division
• Usually found in the
roots and shoots of
plants
• Referred to as
meristems
1. Dermal tissue
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Cover surface of plant
Protection from cuts and microorganisms
Epidermis: protects plant body
Cuticle: prevents water loss
Root hairs: aid water and mineral absorption
Dermal
stoma, trichomes, & root hairs
http://www.ucd.ie/botany/Steer/hair/roothairs.html
2. Ground tissue
• Internal cells
• Storage, support and photosynthesis
Ground
3. Vascular tissue
• Conducting tissue
• Transports substances
• Xylem
– Transports water
– Dead cells
• Phloem
– Transports “phood”: sugar
– Living cells
Xylem
Phloem
• Sieve tube cells:
– Have no nucleus, mitochondria or
vacuole.
– Cytoplasm is free flowing between
pores at ends of cell wall.
– Pores allow for a channel which
sugars flow through.
• Companion cells:
– Found beside sieve cells.
– Have a nucleus and other organelles
to help control sieve tube cells.
Vegetative Organs
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
Function of roots
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Anchor the plant
Absorb water and minerals from soil
Storage of glucose
Zone of cell division
Zone of cell elongation
Zone of maturation
• Tap roots: large tapering main root moves vertically
• Fibrous roots: smaller roots of equal size, don’t go
deep but hold soil in place
• Roots provide surface area for water to be taken up.
• Surface area increased by root hairs.
• Water enters through osmosis.
• Root pressure is a force pushing water up.
• Minerals are actively transported through specific
channels in the root cell plasma membranes.
• Many plants have root nodules, which contain nitrogenfixing bacteria.
• The bacteria enter the root hairs from the soil and infect the
root, causing it to swell into a nodule. The nodule is well
connected to the plant transport systems and the bacteria
are contained within the root nodule cells.
• Nitrogen-fixing organisms make life possible by providing
nitrogen in a form that they, and other organisms, can use.
• Nitrogen is required in large amounts because it is a
component of all proteins.
Fig. 38.21
Function of stems
• Support leaves to maximize light absorption
• Part of a channel for transporting water, minerals,
and organic solutes
• Adhesion and cohesion allow continuous
movement of water through plant in xylem tissue.
• Storage of glucose
• The continuous movement of water through the plant
is known as the transpiration.
• Translocation is the movement of sugars in solution
through the plant. Sugars, usually in the form of
sucrose, are actively transported against a
concentration gradient (from high to low
concentration) into the sieve cells. This requires
energy. The energy for this comes from respiration
occurring in the mitochondria of the companion cells.
Fig. 38.25a
Fig. 38.25b
Fig. 38.28a
Fig. 38.28b
Fig. 38.28c
Function of leaves
• The continuous movement of water through the
plant is known as the transpiration.
• This constant upwards movement is driven by the
evaporation of water from the leaves.
• Storage of glucose.
• Leaves are also the MAIN photosynthetic structure.
• Many leaves have a distinct upper and lower surface.
• The cells containing chloroplasts (mesophyll cells) are
localised under the upper (dorsal) surface to receive
the most sunlight.
• Their stomata are found on the lower (ventral) and
cooler surface to reduce the loss of water.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg&fea
ture=related
Fig. 38.8
Fig. 38.30
Systems – Heinemann Biology
• Energy
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Soil
Photosynthesis
Mycorrhiza
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Carnivorous plants
• Gas exchange
– Epidermis
– Stomata
– Diffusion
• Transport system
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Transpiration
Adhesion/cohesion
Translocation
Xylem
Phloem
Vascular bundles
• Waste removal
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In leaves
Dropping leaves & limbs
Dissolving in vacuoles
Resins, waxes, etc
KEYWORDS
The basic structure of a plant comprises
stem (for support), leaves (for
photosynthesis) and roots (to anchor
into the soil).
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• Mechanical digestion
• Chemical digestion
– enzymes
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Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Egestion
Varies with differing diets
• http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/he
alth-and-human-body/human-body/digestivesystem-article/
• http://bioanimations.blogspot.com.au/2008/04/humanbiology-digestive-system.html
Koala
Keywords
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O2
by
diffusion
Keywords
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Keywords
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Human
Information
Environment
Water availability
Type of nitrogenous waste
excreted
Toxicity of waste product
Energy expended to
remove waste product
Bird
Fish
Worm
Keywords
Explain the gas exchange that
occurs between the alveoli and
capillaries.
LUNGS
THE BODY
Complete the following:
1. Colour in the systems
Red: Oxygenated Blood
Blue: Deoxygenated Blood
2. Label the heart diagram
3. Add the arrows and detail
to the circulatory system
diagram
4. Explain how the circulatory
& respiratory system are
linked.
What is the lymphatic system?
Name and structure
Glomerulus: a cluster of
capillaries that carry blood
from the renal artery.
Bowman’s capsule: a
hollow, cup-shaped end of
the nephron with double
walls one cell thick.
Proximal tubule: a hollow,
winding, large-diameter
tube.
Loop of Henle
(descending): straight part
of the loop moving away
from proximal tubule.
Loop of Henle (ascending):
straight part of loop
leading to the distal
tubule.
Distal tubule: a hollow,
winding, large-diameter
tube.
Collecting ducts: a system
of urine-collecting ducts
that widen as they near
the renal pelvis.
Function
Use the key words listed below to complete the concept map summarising the key ideas of reproduction. Write along the linked lines between
words and phrases to show the relationships between ideas in your concept map. Add diagrams to show understanding.
Key words: flower, budding, haploid, stigma, fertilisation, pistil, vegetative reproduction, ovaries, diversity, mitosis,
stamen, gametes, zygote, uterus, clone, fission, diploid, pollination, testes, implantation, pollen
Single-celled
organisms eg.
Fragmentation
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Offspring are genetically identical to parent.
REPRODUCTION: The continuity of life in the next generation.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Specialised reproductive systems/structures involved in ‘reduction division’ –
meiosis.
Flowering Plants
Mammals
Worksheets