Carrot Pest In Indonesia
By Haris Setyaningrum
Email :abu_harist99@yahoo.co.id
Carrot (Daucus carota) production
in the world
No
Country
Production (
tones)
No
Country
Production (
tones)
1
China
6.611.984
11
Span
400.000
2
United states
1.900.000
12
India
350.000
3
Russia
1.520.000
13
México
341.412
4
Poland
900.000
14
Indonesia
320.000
5
United kingdom
700.400
15
Canada
290.000
6
Japan
690.300
16
Australia
265.000
7
Italia
600.000
17
Nigeria
231.000
8
France
481.697
18
Morocco
198.000
9
Ukraine
465.000
19
Colombia
177.009
10
Germany
430.000
20
Chile
98.500
Carrot in Indonesia



Most distributed in Java and Sumatera island
Produced ,43 ton/ha(1985), 8,90 ton /ha
(1986), 12,89 ton/ha (1991) and 16.4 ton/ha
(2000), 16.3 ton/ha (2001), 14.0 to/ha (2002),
16.5 (2003) and 16,97 (2006)
Research based on pest not more/ advance
(Prihandarini, 2007; Indonesia statistic, 2007)
Carrot production in Indonesia
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1985
1986
1991
2000
2001
2002
2003
2006
percentage
ton/ha
Carrot pest in Indonesia






Aphid (Aphis sp and Semiaphis dauci)
Wireworms larva of Agrotis ipsilon Hufn
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Beetle Bothynus gibbosus (Coleoptera :
Scarabidae)
Carrot weevil, Listronatus oregoneusus
Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera;
Agromyzidae)
Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa sp
(Cahyono, 1997; Hills, 1975; Duke, 1993)
Aphid (Aphis sp and Semiaphis dauci)
Biology

Not found any data that shown the biology of
aphids in Indonesia because generally aphid
biology also influence by the environment
Damaged





Peircing the plant tissue
Wilting plant
Curling plant
Covering the plant with honey dew
Economic losses not been reported
(Webb, 2007; Hills, 1975)
Control
Kind of control
Chemical
Treatments
Spray with : Decis 25 E.C; Dicarzol 25 S.P; Folidol;
Roxion 40 E.C.
Cultural
Biological

Crop rotation

Monoculture in same time and area



Lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens)
Lacewings (Chrysoperla rufilabris)
Larvae Cecidomyiid fly/ diptera (Aphidoletes aphidimyza)

Wasp (Aphidius colemani, A. ervi and Aphelinus
abdominalis)

Fungus Verticilium lecanii (Cahyono, 1997 and Webb, 2007)
Fig.1. Aphid attack on crown
carrot
Fig.2. Aphid attack on leaf of
carrot
Fig. 3.Aphidius
colemani adult laying
an egg in an aphid
Fig.4.Aphidius ervi
Fig.5.Aphid ‘mummy'
parasitised by Aphidius
ervi
http://www.hdc.org.uk/herbs/page.asp?id=5
Fig.6.Aphidoletes
aphidimyza larva
attacking an aphid
Fig.7.Lacewing larva
with aphid
Fig.8.Aphid infected
with Verticillium lecanii
http://www.hdc.org.uk/herbs/page.asp?id=5
Wireworms larva of Agrotis ipsilon Hufn
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)




Eggs are laid singly in soil 1 to 6 inches dept
Hatching takes place in 2 to 4 weeks
Larvae body are smooth and soft with dark
brown to black color
In Indonesia the research based on this pest
not advance
(Davidson & Peairs, 1966;Webb, 2007; Cahyono, 1997)
.
Damaged



http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info
_000919f12.jpg
Making hole in tuber
Wilting
Causing several losses but not found the
detail data percentage of losses
(Cahyono, 1997).
Control
Kind of control
Chemical
Cultural
Biological
Treatments

Carbaryl

Chlordane

Diazinone

Dylox

Phosdrin

Strobane

Azadirachtin

Crop rotaion

Monoculture in same place and time

Mechanical by cathing the larvae

Food trap

Parasitized wasp (Apanteles spp)

Tachinid flies (Whinthemia leucaniae)
(Potter, 1997; Cahyono, 1997)
Fig 8. Larvae of Agrotis
Fig 9. Symptom that caused by
larvae Agrotis
http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/194/crops
Beetle Bothynus gibbosus
(Coleoptera : Scarabidae)




abroad, stout, red brown, and about ½ inch
long
hibernate in soil and the hatching larvae
white grubs
one generation a year
Larvae usually make C shape
(Davidson & Peairs, 1966; Cahyono, 1997; White, 1998)
Damaged




Larvae of this beetle feed on root or tuber
adult feed on foliage
Making wound , as entry point of other
pathogens
Infestation are most common in sandy soil
(Cahyono, 1997; Larry, 2006
Control
Kind of control
Chemical
Treatments
 Dieldrin (pour allow the line plant)
 Imidacloprid
 Halofenozide
Cultural
 Crop rotation
 Irrigation timing
Biological
 Bioinsecticide with fungus Beauveria bassiana
(Potter, 1997; Cahyono, 1997).
Fig. 10 Larvae of
Bothynus gibbosus
Fig. 11. Adult Bothynus
gibbosus
http://sanangelo.tamu.edu/agronomy/sunflow
r/carotbtl.jpg
Carrot weevil, Listronatus oregoneusus



The adult weevil is nearly ¼ inch in length,
dark brown with typical chewing mouthpart
The larvae are white, legless, curved grubs
The beetles fly but not far
( Davidson & Peairs, 1966; Ellis et.al,1996 )
Damaged





http://ohioline.osu.edu
Making tunnel through stem and tuber
Wilting
Unfit harvest crop
Stunting
Percentage of economic losses not been find
(Ellis et.al, 1996)
Control
Kind of control
Chemical
Cultural



Treatments
Esfenvalerate
zeta-cypermethrin
azadirachtin

Cover seedbeds with floating row
cover
Biological

Crop rotation

Irrigation timing

Parasitic nematode
(Webb, 2007; Cahyono, 1997; Ellis et.al, 1996)
Fig. 12. Carrot
weevil in leaf of
carrot
Fig. 13. Symptom
that caused by
larvae (tuber
broken)
Fig. 14. Symptom on
harvest crop
www.entm.purdue.edu & ohioline.osu.edu
Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Burgess
(Diptera; Agromyzidae)




The adult leafminer is a small fly,about 1/8 to
1/10 of an inch long with a yellow abdomen
inserts the eggs in feeding punctures on the
upper leaf surface
Larvae stage 2 weeks longs
The complete life cycle can be as short as 18
to 21 days
(Webb, 2007, Davidson & Peairs, 1966).
Damaged
http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/veg/leaf/amer_leaf
miner01.jpg





No any data found for number of the
economic losses in Indonesia
Sporadic foliar pest on carrots
Larvae feed between the upper and lower
leaf surfaces (minning)
Heavy damage may cause leaf drop
Adult female leaf miner puncture the leaf
sometime petals to feed on exuding sap
(Webb, 2007; Dreistadt, 2001)
Control
Kind of control
Chemical
Cultural
Biological
Treatments



Diazinon
Parathion
Guthion

Mechanical catching

Crop rotation

Solenotus begini (Ashmead)

S. websteri (Crawford)

Derostenus pictipes Crawford

Chrysocharis ainsliei Crawford

C. parksi Crawford

Nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae
(Upadhyay, et.al2002; Cahyono, 1997; Davidson & Peairs, 1966)
Fig 15. Leaf miner adult
Fig 16. Symptom that caused by leaf miner
http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Liriomyza_trifolii/LIRITR_0
2.jpg &
http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology/vegisite/insect_ID_pics/CH10
_Celery/leafminer_damage.jpg
Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa sp





One generation per year
Eggs are laid in chambers, 4 to 12 inches
underground, during the summer
Eggs hatch after about three weeks
These adults overwinter and breed in the
spring
most commonly seen during their brief
mating flights
(Webb, 2007; Cahyono, 1997; Davidson & Peairs, 1966)
Damaged
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




http://www.lochmantransparencies.co
m/Uploads/Images/thm_mole-cricketxa-126-copy.jpg
Mainly feed on plant roots or tuber of carrot
Making wilting and rot
In Warm also feed on stems and leaves
Damaging to young seedlings
Making hole around the plant
Damaged either as nymph or adult stage.
(Webb, 2007; Cahyono, 1997; Davidson & Peairs, 1966).
Control
Kind of control
Chemical
Cultural
Biological
Treatments




Diazenon
Preplant insecticide
Chlordane
Poisoned baits

Crop rotation



Monoculture planting
The tachinid fly Ormia deplete
The parasitic nematode Steinernema scapterisci
(Webb, 2007; Cahyono, 1997; Davidson & Peairs, 1966)
Fig 17. Mole cricket
Fig 18. Mole cricket attack the plants
www.pustaka-deptan.go.id/www.ento.vt.edu/.../crickets/molecricket.jpg
Integrated control




Combine between Chemical, Cultural and
Biological control for generally all pest
Can reduce the losses that caused by
conventional control
More safety
Apply regularly
Kind of control
Chemical
Agent or treatment
•Diazenon
•Azadirachtin
•Chlordane
• Poisoned baits (Webb, 2007; Cahyono, 1997; Ellis et.al, 1996;
Davidson & Peairs, 1966)
Cultural
• Crop rotation
• Time planting
• Time irrigation
• Covering the plant
• Mechanical catching
• Monoculture planting
• Food trap (Webb, 2007; Cahyono, 1997; Ellis et.al, 1996; Davidson &
Peairs, 1966)
Biological
Depend on the kind of pest that shown
Monitoring
• Monitoring for the plant
• Monitoring for the pest
• Monitoring for the time for treatment of control
Pre planting
Planting
Early( 1st month)

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
Take different crop
Sanitation
Preplanting insecticide
Solarization
Drying the land
Covering

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


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
Monitoring the seedling
Time watering
Monitoring the pest
Catching the pest
Selective Insecticide in precise dose
Biological control
Monitoring the cover
Sorter the seedling
Pre planting
planting
Mid (2nd month)

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
Take different crop
Sanitation
Preplanting insecticide
Solarization
Drying the land
Covering






Monitoring the plant
Monitoring the pest
Time watering
Biological control
Selective Insecticide in precise dose as needed
Sorter plant
Pre planting
planting
End (3rd month)

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
Take different crop
Sanitation
Preplanting insecticide
Solarization
Drying the land
Covering

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

Monitoring the plants
Monitoring the pest
Biological control
Sorter plant
Pre planting


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


Take different crop
Sanitation
Preplanting insecticide
Solarization
Drying the land
Covering
Post planting

Drying the land

Solarization the land

Sorter harvest

Destroying infested harvest permanently

Worker training
References
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Bradeen, James M. and Simon, Philipp W.2007. Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in
Plants, Volume 5
Vegetables, C. Kole (Ed). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Cahyono , Bambang.1997. Wortel, Teknik Budi Daya Dan Analisis Usaha Tani. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. Indonesia
Davidson, Ralph. H. and Peairs, Leonard. M,.1966.Insect pest of farm, garden and Orchard . 7th ed. John Wiley &
sons. New York.
Dreistadt ,Steve H. 2001. Integrated Pest Management for Floriculture and Nurseries. Division of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, University of California (System). ANR Publications.
California.
Duke , James A . 1993. CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops. CRC Press
Ellis , Barbara W . et.al.1996. The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Insect and Disease Control: A
Complete Problem-solving Guide to Keeping Your Garden & Yard Healthy Without Chemicals. Rodale. Publ
Hill, Dennis S. 1975. Agricultural insect pest of the tropics and their control. Cambridge
University Press.
London
Anon 2. http://www.agnet.org/library/tb/136/
Monroy, Alberto & Moscona, A.A. 1996. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Academic
Press.
Porter, C.L.1967. Taxonomy of the flowering plants. W.H. Freeman and Company. San Fransisco
and London.
Potter , Daniel A . 1997. Destructive Turfgrass Insects: Biology, Diagnosis, and Control. John
Wiley and Sons.
New York
Prihandarini MS, Ririen. 2007. Teknologi budidaya organic. Info Biotama. Jakarta .
Strand , Larry . 2006. Integrated Pest Management for Potatoes in the Western United States.
ANR Publications
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Upadhyay , R. K.et.al. 2002. Biocontrol Potential and Its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 2: Insect
Pests. Springer Publ. New York
Webb. S. E. August 2007. Insect Management for Carrots. Florida Cooperative Extension Service,
no
ENY-462 (IG148). University of Florida.
Wertz, Betsy Ann. Anon. Wild carrot (Daucus carota ). Cooperative extension service ( number IV C 9 10M587
U.ed. 86-797) Pensylvania state University .
White, Richard E. 1998. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America: Of North America (Contributor Roger Tory
Peterson). HMCo Field Guides.
Anon, 1. http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?id=209
http://www.bps.go.id/pubs/index.html
Thanks for your attentions
http://z.about.com/d/gardening/1/7/L/8/carrot_rainbow.jpg