VISUALIZING
Prepared By: Dawn More,
Algonquin College
Chapter 12:
Personality
Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Lecture Overview
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Trait Theories
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories
Humanistic Theories
Social-Cognitive Theories
Biological Theories
Personality Assessment
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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T r a i t
T h e o r i e s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain how early trait theorists
approached the study of
personality.
2. Identify the “Big Five” personality
traits.
3. Summarize the major critiques of
trait theory.
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Trait Theories
• Personality: unique and relatively stable
pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
• Traits: relatively stable personal
characteristics used to describe someone
• Key Figures:
– Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck
– Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae and Costa—
Five-Factor Model (FFM)
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Trait Theorists:
The Five-Factor Model
• Openness (original and open to new ideas vs.
conventional and narrow in interests)
• Conscientiousness (responsible and organized
vs. irresponsible and careless)
• Extroversion (sociable and talkative vs.
withdrawn and quiet)
• Agreeableness (trusting and good-natured vs.
suspicious and ruthless)
• Neuroticism (emotionally unstable and
moody vs. emotionally stable and easygoing)
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
Study Tip:
Note the first
letter of each
5 factors
OCEAN
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Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?
• Psychology helps us
understand personality
and relationships. For
example, place a dot on
each line to indicate
your traits of openness,
extroversion, etc. Then
do the same for your
ideal romantic partner.
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Trait Theorists: The
Five-Factor Model
• Researchers asked over
10,000 men and
women from 37
countries what they
wanted in a mate.
• They found:
– high degree of
agreement
– five-factor traits are at
the top of both lists
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Evaluating Trait
Theories
• Pro:
– Evolutionary, cross-cultural,
and cross-species studies
support five-factor model.
– Five-factor model helps
describe and organize
personality characteristics
using the fewest number of
traits.
• Con:
– Lacks explanation and
specificity.
– Ignores situational effects and
rule expectations.
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. A relatively stable personal characteristic
used to describe someone is called a
_____.
2. Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive,
and reserved is known as _____ on the
five-factor model.
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P s y c h o a n a l y t i c
/ P s y c h o d y n a m i c
T h e o r i e s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify Freud’s most basic and
controversial contributions to the
study of personality.
2. Explain how Adler’s, Jung’s, and
Horney’s theories differ from
Freud’s views.
3. Explore the major criticisms of
Freud’s psychoanalytic theories.
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Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories
• Psychoanalytic Theories: examines how
unconscious mental forces interplay with
thoughts, feelings, and actions
• Key Figures:
– Founding Father—Freud
– Neo-Freudians—Adler, Jung, Horney
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Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories:
Levels of Consciousness
• Conscious: thoughts or
motives person is currently
aware of or remembering
• Preconscious: thoughts,
motives, or memories that
can be voluntarily brought
to mind
• Unconscious: thoughts,
motives, or memories
blocked from normal
awareness
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Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories:
Personality Structures
• Id: instinctual energy
(pleasure principle)
• Ego: rational part of
psyche (reality
principle)
• Superego: the
conscience (morality
principle)
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Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories:
Personality Structures
• Defence
mechanisms: ego’s
protective method of
reducing anxiety by
distorting reality
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P s y c h o a n a l y t i c /
P s y c h o d y n a m i c T h e o r i e s :
S a m p l e D e f e n c e M e c h a n i s m s
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P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c
T h e o r i e s : P s y c h o s e x u a l S t a g e s
o f D e v e l o p m e n t
• Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five
developmental periods key to personality
development.
– Oral Stage: birth-18 months
– Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs
– Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs
– Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty
– Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood
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P s y c h o a n a l y t
/
P s y c h o d y n a m
T h e o r i e s :
P s y c h o s e x u a
S t a g e s
o f
D e v e l o p m e n
•
•
i c
i c
l
t
Freud believed all
children pass
through five
psychosexual
stages
At each stage the
id’s pleasure
seeking energies
focus on specific
pleasure areas of
the body
(erogenous zones)
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Psychoanalytic/Psychodyn
amic Theories: NeoFreudian Theorists
• Adler: suggested that most people
experience an inferiority complex, which
later results in a will-to-power
• Jung: proposed an inherited collective
unconscious consisting of archetypes
• Horney: developed concept of basic anxiety
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Evaluating Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories
• Pro:
• Con:
– Historical credit for some
Freudian concepts (e.g.,
defence mechanisms)
– Modern psychodynamic
theories use more
empirical methods
– Psychoanalytic concepts
difficult to test
– Overemphasizes biology
and unconscious forces
– Inadequate evidence,
sexism, and lack of crosscultural support
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s
three levels of consciousness.
2. Describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages.
3. What are two examples of Jungian
archetypes?
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H u m a n i s t i c
T h e o r i e s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain the importance of the self
in Rogers’ theory of personality.
2. Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy
of needs affect personality.
3. Identify three criticisms of
humanistic theories.
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Humanistic Theories
• Humanistic Theories
– Personality develops from internal experiences
(feelings and thoughts) and individual feelings
of basic worth.
– Human nature is innately good (or, at worst,
neutral) with a positive drive toward selffulfillment.
• Key Figures: Rogers and Maslow
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Humanistic Theories:
Rogers’ Key Concepts
• Emphasis on the
importance of the
self.
• Mental health is
related to the degree
of congruence
between the selfconcept and life
experiences.
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Humanistic Theories:
Rogers’s Key Terms
• Conditional Positive
Regard: positive
behaviour toward a
person contingent on
behaving in certain ways
• Unconditional Positive
Regard: positive
behaviour toward a
person with no
contingencies attached
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Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
• As a child did you receive primarily
conditional or unconditional positive
regard? Did this affect your childhood
and/or your adult personality?
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Humanistic Theories:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs
• Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal that
basic physical necessities must be satisfied
before higher-growth needs
• Self-Actualization: Maslow’s belief in an
inborn drive to develop all one’s talents and
capabilities
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Evaluating Humanistic
Theories
• Pro:
• Con:
– Many concepts
incorporated into
successful therapy
– Naïve assumptions
– Poor testability and
inadequate evidence
– Narrowness
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S o c i a l
–
C o g n i t i v e
T h e o r i e s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain Bandura’s concepts of selfefficacy and reciprocal determinism
and how they affect personality.
2. Describe the role that Rotter’s
concept of locus of control plays in
personality.
3. Summarize the attractions and
criticisms of the social-cognitive
perspective on personality.
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Social-Cognitive
Theories
• Social Cognitive Theories
– Personality reflects:
• Individual’s interactions with the environment
• How people think about the world and interpret
what happens to them
• Key Figures: Bandura and Rotter
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Social-Cognitive Theories:
Bandura’s Key Terms
• Self-Efficacy: person’s
learned belief that one
is capable of producing
desired results
• Reciprocal
Determinism:
cognitions, behaviours,
and the environment
interact to produce
personality
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Evaluating SocialCognitive Theories
• Pro:
• Con:
– Emphasizes how
environment affects and
is affected by individuals
– Meets most standards
for scientific research
– Narrow focus
– Ignores unconscious and
emotional aspects of
personality
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. The _____ approach to personality
emphasizes internal experiences and the
basic goodness of the individual.
2. Rogers thought _____ was essential to a
child’s healthy personality development.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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B i o l o g i c a l
T h e o r i e s
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Summarize the roles that brain
structures and neurochemistry play
in personality.
2. Describe how researchers study
genetic influences on personality.
3. Describe how the biopsychosocial
model integrates different theories
of personality.
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Biological Theories
• Three major biological contributors to
personality:
– Brain Structures
– Neurochemistry
– Genetic Factors
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Biological Theories:
Biopsychosocial Model
• Biopsychosocial
model suggests
multiple theories
provide different
insights and
contribute different
proportions to
personality.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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P e r s o n a l i t y
A s s e s s m e n t
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the major methods that
psychologists use to assess
personality, and explore the benefits
and limitations of each.
2. Summarize the major features of
objective personality tests.
3. Explain why psychologists use
projective tests to assess personality.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Personality Assessment
• Four methods to
measure personality:
–
–
–
–
Interviews
Observations
Objective Tests (MMPI)
Projective Tests
(Rorschach, TAT)
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Evaluating Methods of
Personality Assessment
• Interviews and
Observations
– Pro: insights
– Con: time consuming
and expensive
• Projective Tests
– Pro: insights
– Con: low reliability and
validity
• Objective Tests
– Pro: standardized
information
– Con: possible deliberate
deception, social
desirability bias,
diagnostic difficulties,
possible cultural bias,
and inappropriate use
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Web Links
Centre for Psychology Resources
Personality
The Personality Project
Personality and Individual Differences
Online Psychological and Personality Tests
Please enjoy our Online Psychological and
Personality Tests and Quizzes links, as well as our
guide to Books with Psychological Tests. Included in
our site, you will also find information relevant to
Psychology, IQ and Vocational Testing, and
Psychological Assessment in general.
Trait Theory of Personality
The trait approach to personality is one of the major
theoretical areas in the study of personality.
Personality Synopsis
Personality Factors
Description of Five Factor Model
The five factor model of personality focuses upon
those behaviors that you express while dealing with
people, changing circumstances and your
environment.
Face Perception 1
Find out whether your ideal partner is an extrovert
or an introvert.
The Id, Ego and Superego
The Structural Model of Personality
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
According to Sigmund Freud, personality is mostly
established by the age of five. Early experiences play
a large role in personality development and continue
to influence behavior later in life.
Defense Mechanism
Because of anxiety provoking demands created by
the id, superego and reality, the ego has developed a
number of defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Web Links
Centre for Psychology Resources
Personality
Feeling Good and Grades
When it comes to education, which comes first, the
chicken or the egg? As this ScienCentral News video
reports, education researchers are questioning
whether high self-esteem brings academic success or
the other way around.
Everybody’s Above Average
If you think you need to make a new year's
resolution to better yourself, odds are you're right.
As this ScienCentral News video explains,
psychologists who study how we rate ourselves say
we consistently over-rate ourselves.
Sports Esteem
With the Superbowl on the horizon, fans of teams
still in the hunt are sure to let you know who they're
behind. You might call that gloating, but as this
ScienCentral News video reports, psychologists have
a different word for it, and say it has a deeper
meaning than just a love of sports.
Various Theories
Albert Bandura’s Personality Theory
Personality Synopsis
Biological Theory: An Introduction
Introduction to Biological & Evolutionary
Perspectives on Personality
One of the main criticisms of most Western
personality theories is that they fall prey to
Descartes' mind-body dualism, and treat personality
and almost exclusively psychological.
Testing and Assessment
APA responds to a large number of testing questions
each day, ranging from "What guidelines or
standards govern testing and assessment?" to "What
is APA's stand or viewpoint on a particular testing
issue?“
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Web Links
Projective Personality Tests Measure Your SubConsciousness
The projective personality tests claim to measures
your underlying personality traits, fears, anxieties
and attitudes.
Human Metrics
Jung Typology Test
Using the MBTI & Myers Briggs Personality Types
Are you interested learning more about the various
applications of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ®
personality type concepts, the MBTI ® instrument,
and the psychological type framework of Carl Jung to
personal & career development, leadership,
teamwork, team building, workplace diversity and
business management?
Personality Test
We all see and act with the world around us in
different patterns. This quiz will help you understand
your inner self: why you behave or make decisions in
certain ways.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Videos
Dog Personality (1:31)
Do canines have character? As this ScienCentral
News video reports, according to one psychologist,
personality testing is going to the dogs.
Shy Brains (1: 32)
Some of us would never go up and talk to strangers
at a party, while others may prefer to work the room.
As this ScienCentral News video reports,
psychologists could see the signature of shyness
imprinted in the brain, from toddlers to twenty-yearolds.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Animations
Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Have you ever found yourself trying to alleviate
internal anxiety by denying something you know is
true? Or have you ever justified an unacceptable
behaviour by saying something like “Everyone else is
doing it”? If you are like most people, chances are
that you have. These are examples of what
psychologists call defense mechanisms.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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